An in-depth introduction to applications and analysis of energy systems, covering both renewable and traditional types of energy systems
In Introduction to Energy Systems, the content is uniquely designed to cover comprehensive descriptions and assessments of all the key types of energy sources, including fossil fuels-based, nuclear, and renewable energy systems, with a special focus on their design, analysis and assessment, technical and operational aspects, and applications. As a comprehensive resource, the work also introduces many topics not typically covered in other energy system textbooks, such as system design and assessment through exergy, environmental impact assessment of energy systems, and life cycle assessment. From a theory standpoint, the book provides context on the importance of energy and the issues related to energy we face in our world today, with close attention paid to key environmental and sustainability issues. Furthermore, the book includes illustrative examples and problems, and case studies. To aid in seamless reader comprehension, helpful questions and problems are included at the end of each chapter.
Sample topics covered in Introduction to Energy Systems include: - Fundamental concepts and thermodynamic principles, traditional and innovative systems, and detailed applications in renewable energy systems, including solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, hydro, and marine energies - Different types of fuels used in energy systems today, discussions of their combustion characteristics with a clear analysis of each one, and analyses and assessments through energy and exergy approaches - Industrial ecology and life cycle assessment, with the intention of clearly assessing the environmental impacts of energy systems - How to write balance equations for mass, energy, entropy and exergy, calculate the required capacities, and find the energy and exergy efficiencies and/or energetic and exegetics coefficient of performance values
Introduction to Energy Systems serves as a valuable learning resource for both undergraduate and graduate students studying courses, such as Introduction to Energy Systems, Energy System Design, Renewable Energy, Energy & Sustainability, and Fundamentals of Renewable Energy.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Nomenclature xiii
About the Companion Website xvii
1 Energy and Environment Perspectives 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Importance of Energy 3
1.3 Energy Issues 4
1.4 Environmental Issues 5
1.5 Smart Solutions 8
1.6 3S Concept 10
1.7 Role of Engineering 11
1.8 Life Cycle Assessment 12
1.9 Industrial Ecology 17
1.10 Energy Labeling 18
1.11 Closing Remarks 22
2 Energy Sources and Sustainability 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Three Key Points 27
2.3 Five Major Economic Drivers 28
2.4 Historical Perspectives 29
2.5 Exponential Growth in Energy Dynamics 30
2.6 Energy Intensity 36
2.7 Dimensions of Sustainability 39
2.8 Sustainable Development 45
2.9 Closing Remarks 51
3 System Analysis 55
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Zeroth and Third Laws of Thermodynamics 58
3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics 59
3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics 59
3.5 Six-Step in System Analysis 60
3.6 Closed Systems 61
3.7 Open Systems 68
3.8 Performance Assessment 77
3.9 Closing Remarks 82
4 Fuels and Combustion 85
4.1 Introduction 85
4.2 Fossil Fuels 87
4.3 Impacts of Fossil Fuels 92
4.4 Combustion of Fuels 96
4.5 Thermodynamic Analysis of Combustion 103
4.6 Closing Remarks 112
5 Nuclear Energy 117
5.1 Introduction 117
5.2 Historical Perspectives 119
5.3 Types of Nuclear Energy 121
5.4 Types of Nuclear Radiation and Potential Effects 123
5.5 Nuclear Fuels and Production 124
5.6 Types of Nuclear Reactors 128
5.7 Nuclear Power Production 133
5.8 Small Modular Reactors and Their Utilization 142
5.9 Nuclear Cogeneration 143
5.10 Nuclear Hydrogen Production 147
5.11 Integrated Nuclear Energy Systems for Communities 153
5.12 Closing Remarks 160
6 Solar Energy 165
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Atmospheric and Direct Solar Radiation 168
6.3 Solar Energy Applications 176
6.4 Solar Thermal Systems 179
6.5 Solar PV Systems 194
6.6 Photovoltaic Thermal Hybrid Solar Panels (PVTs) 198
6.7 Closing Remarks 202
7 Wind Energy 209
7.1 Introduction 209
7.2 Historical Development of Wind Energy 212
7.3 Wind Effect and Global Wind Patterns 212
7.4 Wind Power 214
7.5 Classification of Wind Turbines 216
7.6 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines 217
7.7 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines 227
7.8 Offshore and Onshore Types of Wind Energy 230
7.9 Case Studies 231
7.10 Energy and Exergy Maps for Wind Energy Systems 237
7.11 Closing Remarks 241
8 Geothermal Energy 245
8.1 Introduction 245
8.2 Geothermal Resources 248
8.3 Advantages and Disadvantageous of Geothermal Energy Systems 250
8.4 Geothermal Applications 250
8.5 Geothermal Power Generation 252
8.6 Geothermal Heat Pumps 277
8.7 Geothermal District Heating 281
8.8 Other Applications of Geothermal Energy 283
8.9 Closing Remarks 286
9 Biofuels and Biomass Energy 293
9.1 Introduction 293
9.2 CO2 Balance 295
9.3 Biomass 297
9.4 Combustion, Gasification and Pyrolysis 298
9.5 Biofuels 302
9.6 Biogas 304
9.7 Waste to Energy Power Generation Systems 305
9.8 Biodigestion and Biodigesters 312
9.9 Micro-Gas Turbines 317
9.10 Case Studies 323
9.11 Closing Remarks 328
10 Hydro and Ocean Energies 335
10.1 Introduction 335
10.2 Hydro Energy 336
10.3 Classification of Hydropower Plants 340
10.4 Analysis of Hydro Energy System 346
10.5 Ocean Energy 355
10.6 Closing Remarks 371
11 Energy Storage 377
11.1 Introduction 377
11.2 Historical Development of Energy Storage Operations 380
11.3 Energy Storage Methods 380
11.4 Working Principles of Energy Storage Systems 383
11.5 Analysis of Energy Storage Systems 384
11.6 Mechanical Energy Storage Methods 385
11.7 Thermal Energy Storage Methods 394
11.8 Chemical Energy Storage Methods 404
11.9 Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems 407
11.10 Other Energy Storage Techniques 409
11.11 Closing Remarks 413
12 Hydrogen Energy 417
12.1 Introduction 417
12.2 Historical Development of Hydrogen Energy Systems 419
12.3 Hydrogen Production 421
12.4 Electrolysis 435
12.5 Hydrogen Storage Methods 441
12.6 Sectoral Hydrogen Utilization 445
12.7 Closing Remarks 456
13 Integrated Energy Systems 461
13.1 Introduction 461
13.2 System Integration 463
13.3 Multigeneration 464
13.4 Closing Remarks 500
14 Life Cycle Assessment of Energy Systems 505
14.1 Introduction 505
14.2 Case Studies 509
14.3 Closing Remarks 531
References 531
Questions/Problems 532
Index 535
