The first book in this exciting new series, written and edited by a group of international experts in the field, this exciting new volume covers the latest advances and challenges in the next generation of antennas.
Antenna design and wireless communication has recently witnessed their fastest growth period ever in history, and these trends are likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Due to recent advances in industrial applications as well as antenna, wireless communication, and 5G technology, we are witnessing a variety of developing and expanding new technologies. Compact and low-cost antennas are increasing the demand for ultra-wide bandwidth in next-generation (5G) wireless communication systems and the Internet of Things (IoT). Enabling the next generation of high-frequency communication, various methods have been introduced to achieve reliable high data rate communication links and enhance the directivity of planar antennas. 5G technology can be used in many applications, such as in smart city applications and in smartphones. This technology can satisfy the fast rise in user and traffic capacity in mobile broadband communications.
Therefore, different planar antennas with intelligent beamforming capability play an important role in these areas. The purpose of this book is to present the advanced technology, developments, and challenges in antennas for next-generation antenna communication systems. This book covers advances in next-generation antenna design and application domain in all related areas. It is a detailed overview of cutting-edge developments and other emerging topics and their applications in all areas of engineering that have achieved great accuracy and performance with the help of the advancement and challenges in next-generation antennas.
This outstanding new volume:
- Covers all the latest developments and future aspects of antenna communication
- Is concisely written, lucid, and comprehensive, practical application-based, with many informative graphics and schematics
- Will help students, researchers, as well as systems designers to understand fundamental antenna design and wireless communication
- Compares different approaches in antenna design
Table of Contents
Preface xiii
1 Different Types of Microstrip Filters for UWB Communication 1
Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Previous Work 2
1.2.1 Multiband Microwave Filter for a Wireless Communication System 2
1.2.2 Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Bandpass Filter 5
1.2.3 Ultra-Wideband Filter with Notch Band Characteristic 10
1.3 Conclusions 16
References 17
2 Design, Isolation Analysis, and Characterization of 2×2/4×4 MIMO Antennas for High-Speed Wireless Applications 23
Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur
2.1 Introduction 24
2.2 Understanding 2×2 MIMO Antenna Configuration 25
2.3 Diversity Performance Analysis of 2×2 UWB-MIMO/Dual-Polarization/UWB: Single, Dual, Triple, and Four Notched Bands 32
2.4 4×4 MIMO Antenna 39
2.5 Conclusions 40
References 41
3 Various Antenna Array Designs Using Scilab Software: An Exploratory Study 49
V. A. Sankar Ponnapalli and Praveena A
3.1 Introduction 49
3.2 Scilab: An Open-Source Software Solution 51
3.3 Antenna Array Design Using Scilab: Codes and Results 52
3.4 Conclusions 57
References 58
4 Conformal Wearable Antenna Design, Implementation and Challenges 61
Brajlata Chauhan, Vivek Kumar Srivastava, Amrindra Pal and Sandip Vijay
4.1 Introduction 62
4.2 Conformal Antenna 63
4.2.1 Singly Curved Surfaces 63
4.3 Characteristics of Conformal Antenna 64
4.3.1 Radiation Pattern 64
4.3.2 Scan-Invariant Pattern 65
4.3.3 Phase-Scanned Pattern 65
4.3.4 Polarization 65
4.4 Design Methodology - Antenna Modeling 66
4.4.1 Overview 66
4.4.2 Geometry and Calculation of Planar MSA 66
4.4.3 Calculated and Optimized Value of Antenna 69
4.5 Wearable Conformal Antenna 69
4.5.1 Wearable Technology 71
4.5.2 Wearable Devices for Medical Systems 72
4.5.3 Wearable Medical Devices Applications 72
4.5.4 Measurement of Human Body Temperature 73
4.5.5 Measurement of Blood Pressure 73
4.5.6 Measurement of Heart Rate 73
4.5.7 Measurement of Respiration Rate 74
4.5.8 Measurement of Sweat Rate 74
4.5.9 Measurement of Human Gait 74
4.6 Textile and Cloth Fabric Wearable Antennas 76
4.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 76
4.6.2 Interaction with Human Body 77
4.6.3 Wearable Devices Tracking and Monitoring Doctors 77
4.6.4 Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) 78
4.7 Design of Liquid Crystalline Polymer (LCP) Based Wearable Antenna 79
4.7.1 Dimensions of the Proposed Model 80
4.7.2 Slot Loaded Ground: (Defective Ground Structure - DGS) 80
4.7.3 Radiation Characteristics 81
4.8 Result Discussion and Analysis 82
4.9 Challenges and Future Needs 83
4.10 Conclusion 83
References 85
5 Design and Analysis of On-Body Wearable Antenna with AMC Backing for ISM Band Applications 91
B Prudhvi Nadh and B T P Madhav
5.1 Introduction 92
5.2 Design of Star-Shape with AMC Backed Structure 92
5.2.1 Characterization of AMC Unit Cell 94
5.3 Discussion of Results of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Structure 95
5.3.1 Bending Analysis of Star-Shaped Antenna with AMC Backed Structure 96
5.4 On-body Placement Analysis of Proposed Antenna with AMC Structure 97
5.4.1 Specific Absorption Rate Analysis 97
5.4.2 On-Body Gain of the Star-Shaped Antenna With and Without AMC 98
5.4.3 Far-Field Characteristics of An Antenna 99
5.5 Transmitting Signal Strength 100
5.6 Conclusion 101
References 101
6 Antenna Miniaturization for IoT Applications 105
Sandip Vijay and Brajlata Chauhan
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 Issues in Antenna Miniaturization 108
6.3 Antenna for IoT Applications 109
6.4 Miniaturize Reconfigurable Antenna for IoT 112
6.5 Conclusion & Future Work 114
References 114
7 Modified Circular-Shaped Wideband Microstrip Patch Antenna for Wireless Communication Utilities 119
Manpreet Kaur, Jagtar Singh Sivia and Navneet Kaur
7.1 Overview of Wireless Communication 120
7.2 Introduction to Microstrip Patch Antenna 120
7.3 Literature Review 122
7.4 Design and Implementation of Projected Antenna 124
7.5 Results and Discussion 126
7.5.1 Scattering Parameters (S11) 126
7.5.2 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 127
7.5.3 Bandwidth 128
7.5.4 Gain 128
7.5.5 Radiation Pattern 130
7.5.6 Surface Current Distribution 132
7.5.7 Axial Ratio 132
7.5.8 Group Delay 132
7.6 Parametric Analysis 132
7.6.1 Effect of Parameter ‘RP’ 134
7.6.2 Effect of Parameter ‘Fw’ 135
7.6.3 Effect of Parameter ‘LPG’ 135
7.6.4 Effect of Different Substrate Materials 135
7.7 Summary 138
References 138
8 Reconfigurable Antenna for Cognitive Radio System 143
Dr. Swapnil Srivastava, Vinay Singh and Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
8.1 Introduction 143
8.2 Antenna 144
8.3 Antenna Reconfigurations 146
8.4 Uses and Drawbacks of Reconfigurable Antenna 146
8.5 Spectrum Access and Cognitive Radio 147
8.6 Cognitive Radio 147
8.7 Spectrum Sensing and Allocation 147
8.8 Results and Discussion 149
8.9 Conclusions 153
References 154
9 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna: Advancement and Challenges 155
Prashant Ranjan, Krishna Kumar, Sachin Kumar Pal and Rachna Shah
9.1 Introduction 155
9.2 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna 156
9.3 Ultra-Wideband Filtering Antenna with Notch Band Characteristic 159
9.4 Conclusions 162
References 163
10 UWB and Multiband Reconfigurable Antennas 165
Manish Sharma, Rajeev Kumar and Preet Kaur
10.1 Introduction 166
10.2 Need for Reconfigurable Antennas 167
10.3 RF PIN Diode and MEMS Switch as Switching Devices 168
10.4 Triple Notched Band Reconfigurable Antenna 171
10.5 Tri-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna 180
10.6 Conclusions 180
References 181
11 IoT World Communication through Antenna Propagation with Emerging Design Analysis Features 185
E.B. Priyanka and S. Thangavel
11.1 Introduction 186
11.2 Design and Parameter Analysis of Multi-Input Multi-Output Antennas 188
11.3 Measurement Analysis in 3D Pattern with IoT Module 190
11.4 Comparison of Antenna Design Concerning the IoT Data Transmission 193
11.5 Conclusions 196
Acknowledgement 197
References 197
12 Reconfigurable Antennas 203
Dr. K Suman
12.1 Introduction 203
12.2 Reconfigurability of Antenna 205
12.2.1 Frequency Reconfigurable Antennas (FRAs) 205
12.2.1.1 Continuous Tuning 206
12.2.1.2 Discrete Tuning 206
12.3 Polarization Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 207
12.3.1 Polarization RA with Single Band 207
12.3.2 Dual-Band Polarization RA 208
12.3.3 Pattern Reconfigurable Antenna (RA) 209
12.3.4 Main-Beam Shape 209
12.3.5 Main Beam Scanning 209
12.4 Compound Reconfigurable Antennas (RAs) 210
12.5 Reconfigurable Leaky Wave Antennas 211
12.6 Reconfigurable Antennas - Applications in Wireless Communication 212
12.6.1 Reconfigurable Antennas - MIMO Communication Systems 212
12.6.2 Reconfigurable Antennas - Mobile Terminals 213
12.6.3 Reconfigurable Antennas for Cognitive Radio Applications 213
12.6.4 Reconfigurable Antennas - MIMO-Based Cognitive Radio Applications 214
12.6.5 Reconfigurable Antennas - WLAN Band Rejection 215
12.6.6 Reconfigurable Antennas - Wireless Sensing 215
12.6.7 Reconfigurable Antennas - Terahertz (THz) Communication Applications 216
12.6.8 Reconfigurable Antennas - Millimeter-Wave Communication Applications 216
12.7 Optimization, Control, and Modeling of Reconfigurable Antennas 217
12.8 Conclusions 218
References 219
13 Design of Compact Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Antennas for Microwave Imaging Applications 221
Dr. J. Vijayalakshmi and Dr. V. Dinesh
13.1 Introduction 222
13.1.1 Ultra-Wideband Antennas (UWB) 222
13.2 Microwave Imaging 224
13.3 Antenna Design Implementation 226
13.3.1 Design of Reflector-Based Antipodal Bowtie Antenna 226
13.3.2 Fabrication of Slotted Bowtie Antenna with Reflector Prototype 228
13.3.3 Parametric Study on the Effect of Slot in the Bowtie Antenna 229
13.3.4 Radiation Pattern 232
13.4 Design of a UWB-Based Compact Rectangular Antenna 232
13.4.1 Parametric Results of the Strip Attached at the Top of the Antenna 233
13.4.2 Effect of Inserting Slot L1 xW1 and Location of the Slot ds 236
13.4.3 Effect of Varying the Length of Slot L2 and L3 237
13.4.4 Performance Comparison of the Measured and Simulated Results of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna 238
13.4.5 Radiation Characteristic of the Proposed Miniaturized UWB Antenna 240
13.5 Validation of the Miniaturized UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 240
13.5.1 Validation of the Staircase UWB Antenna with the Human Breast Model Developed 242
13.5.2 MUSIC Beamforming Algorithm 243
13.5.3 Estimation of DOA Using MUSIC Algorithm 246
13.6 Conclusions 247
References 248
14 Joint Transmit and Receive MIMO Beamforming in Multiuser MIMO Communications 251
Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi
14.1 Introduction 252
14.2 System Model: Proposed Mimo Beamforming Architecture 253
14.3 Mimo Beamforming Based on Generalized Least Mean (GLM) Algorithm 254
14.3.1 Update of the Receive Weight Vector 255
14.3.2 Update of Transmit Weight Vector 255
14.4 Mean and Mean Square Stability of the GLM 255
14.5 Simulation Results 256
14.5.1 Effect of K on the MSE 257
14.5.2 Effect of μ on the MSE 257
14.5.3 Effect of M and N on the MSE 258
14.5.4 Effect of SNR on the MSE 258
14.5.5 Effect of SNR on Bit Error Rate 259
14.6 Summary 260
References 260
15 Adaptive Stochastic Gradient Equalizer Design for Multiuser MIMO System 263
Muhammad Moinuddin, Jawwad Ahmad, Muhammad Zubair and Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi
15.1 Introduction 264
15.2 Related Literature Review 264
15.3 System Model 265
15.4 Derivation for the Probability of Error 267
15.5 Design of Adaptive Equalizer by Minimizing BER 270
15.5.1 Interior Point Approach 270
15.5.2 Stochastic Gradient Approach 270
15.6 Simulation Results 273
15.7 Summary 274
References 275
Index 279
