Nanostructured Multiferroics delivers an overview of recent research developments in the area of nanostructured multiferroics, along with their preparation, characterization, and applications. Covering single-phase and composite multiferroics, nanomultiferroics, and multiferroic composites, the book explains their physical properties, the underlying physical principles, and the technology and application aspects of the materials, including energy harvesting and spintronics.
With multiferroics undergoing a renaissance of renewed interest and development in the past few years, and with promising new breakthroughs in areas like superconductivity, spintronics, and quantum computing, Nanostructured Multiferroics offers both experienced scientists and young researchers inspirational and informative resources likely to spark ideas for further research.
Along with chapters discussing topics such as the specific heat and magnetocaloric properties of manganite-based multiferroics for cryo-cooling applications and the multiferroic properties of barium-doped BiFeO3 particles, further topics are:
A comprehensive discussion about the physical properties of multiferroic nanocomposites
An exploration of the basic theory underpinning a variety of multiferroic interactions
An in-depth analysis of the engineering functionality in nanomultiferroics
An introduction to nanostructured multiferroics accompanied by discussions of their synthesis, characterization, and common applications
A treatment of multiferroic materials, as well as single-phase and composite multiferroics
An examination of the use of nanostructured multiferroics in the field of spintronics
Perfect for materials scientists, Nanostructured Multiferroics will also earn a place in the libraries of solid-state physicists and chemists who seek to improve their understanding of the fundamentals of, and recent advances made in, multiferroics. The information contained within will inform anyone working in areas involving superconductivity, quantum computing, and spintronics.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Editors’ Bio xiii
1 Nanostructured Multiferroics: Current Trends and Future Prospects 1
P.M. Visakh and B. Raneesh
1.1 Single-phase Multiferroics 1
1.2 Multiferroic Study of Pure BiFeO3 Synthesized Using Various Complexing Agents by Sol-Gel Method 2
1.3 Nanostructured Multiferroics 3
1.4 Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3 and BaTiO3 Nanostructures: New Ideas and Insights from Recent Magnetoelectric Advancements 5
1.5 Effective Properties of Multilayered Nanomultiferroics 6
1.6 Correlation between Grain Size, Transport, and Multiferroic Properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 Nanoparticles 7
1.7 Specific Heat and Magnetocaloric Properties of Some Manganite-Based Multiferroics for Cryo Cooling Applications 8
1.8 Preparations, Characterization, and Applications of Multiferroic Nanocomposites 10
1.9 Conclusions 11
References 11
2 Single-Phase Multiferroics 23
Piotr Graczyk and Emerson Coy
2.1 Introduction 23
2.1.1 Considerations on Single-phase Multiferroics 26
2.1.2 Ferroelastic Multiferroics 29
2.2 Analysis of the Multiferroicity in the Hexagonal Manganites 30
2.2.1 Ferromagnetism in Hexagonal Manganites 30
2.2.2 Ferroelectricity in Hexagonal Manganites 32
2.3 Investigation of Charge States and Multiferroicity in Doped Systems 32
2.3.1 Sensitive Ordering-doped Perovskite Manganites 32
2.3.2 Frustrated LuFe2O4 - Multiferroism in Controversy 35
2.3.3 From the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction to the Exchange Striction 37
2.4 Multiferroic Phases of Lone-pair Ferroelectrics: Bismuth-Based Compounds 38
2.5 Studies on Proper Geometric Ferroelectrics 41
2.6 Conclusions 44
Acknowledgments 44
References 45
3 Multiferroic Study of Pure BiFeO3 Synthesized Using Various Complexing Agents by Sol-Gel Method 51
Vivek Verma, Neelam Singh, and Jarnail Singh Bangruwa
3.1 Introduction 51
3.2 Experimental 52
3.3 Results and Discussion 53
3.3.1 Structural Analysis 53
3.3.2 Morphological Analysis 54
3.3.3 FTIR Analysis 55
3.3.4 Magnetic Analysis 57
3.3.5 Ferroelectric Analysis 58
3.3.6 Dielectric Analysis 59
3.3.7 Leakage Current Analysis 60
3.4 Conclusions 61
References 62
4 Nanostructured Multiferroics 63
Heng Wu and Xinhua Zhu
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Multiferroic Nanoparticles 64
4.2.1 Solid-state Reactions 65
4.2.2 Molten-salt Synthesis (MSS) 66
4.2.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis 66
4.2.4 Wet Chemical Methods 68
4.2.4.1 Sol-Gel Process 68
4.2.4.2 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Process 69
4.2.4.3 Microwave-Hydrothermal (M-H) Process 70
4.3 Nanocomposites 73
4.4 Core-Shell Nanostructures 75
4.5 Nanostructures and Thin Films for Multifunctional Applications: Technology, Properties, and Devices 77
4.5.1 Fabrication Technologies 78
4.5.2 Physical Properties 79
4.5.2.1 Ferroelectric Properties 79
4.5.2.2 Magnetic Properties 81
4.5.2.3 Photocatalytic Properties 82
4.5.3 Multiferroic Devices 82
4.6 Thin Films for Photovoltaic Applications 84
4.7 Conclusions 87
Acknowledgments 88
References 88
5 Multiferroic Systems of BiFeO3 and BaTiO3 Nanostructures: New Ideas and Insights from Recent Magnetoelectric Advancements 95
K.C. Verma, R. K. Kotnala, and Navdeep Goyal
5.1 Introduction to Multiferroics 95
5.1.1 Multiferroic Approaches Toward Magnetoelectric Memories 96
5.1.2 Multiferroic Perovskites 97
5.1.3 Multiferroic Systems of BaTiO3 and BiFeO3 Nanostructures 99
5.1.3.1 BaTiO3 99
5.1.3.2 BiFeO3 100
5.1.3.3 Lone Pairs and Charge Ordering of Ferroelectric Activity 101
5.2 Crystalline Structure and Phase Transition 102
5.2.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) of BaTM0.01Ti0.99O3 [TM = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu (1 mol% Each)] Nanoparticles 102
5.2.2 Crystalline Structure of BiFeO3 Nanostructures with Pb Doping 103
5.2.3 Nanostructural Approach Toward Multiferroics 105
5.2.3.1 Nanostructural Influence on Ferroelectric Polarization 106
5.2.3.2 Nanosize-dependent Phase Structure 106
5.2.3.3 Lattice Defects-related Nanostructures 107
5.2.4 Magnetic Ordering 108
5.2.4.1 TM Ion-substituted BaTiO3 108
5.2.4.2 Magnetic Ordering in BiFeO3 110
5.2.5 Multiferroicity and Magnetoelectric Coupling: How to Enhance 112
5.2.5.1 Multiferroic Composites 112
5.2.5.2 Multiferroic Thin Films and Nanostructures 116
5.3 Synthesis Methods of BaTiO3 and BiFeO3 Multiferroics 122
5.3.1 Sol-Gel: Synthesis 122
5.3.2 Chemical Combustion 123
5.3.3 Liquid-phase Deposition Route 123
5.3.4 Hydrothermal Synthesis 123
5.3.5 Metallo-organic Decomposition Method (MOD) for Thin-Film Preparation 123
5.3.6 Modified Pechini Method 124
5.4 Conclusions 124
Acknowledgments 124
References 125
6 Effective Properties of Multilayered Nanomultiferroics 133
Ivan A. Starkov and Alexander S. Starkov
6.1 Introduction 133
6.2 Matrix Homogenization Method 134
6.2.1 Justification of the Matrix Homogenization Method 135
6.3 Laminate Nanocomposites 138
6.4 Fiber Nanocomposites 144
6.4.1 Basic Equations 144
6.4.2 Anti-plane Elasticity 147
6.4.3 Axial-symmetry Case 149
6.4.4 Maxwell-Garnett Theory 152
6.5 Core-Shell Nanostructures 153
6.5.1 Basic Equations 154
6.5.2 Homogenization Procedure for the Layered Hollow Sphere 156
6.6 Summary and Conclusions 159
Acknowledgments 159
References 160
7 Correlation Between Grain Size, Transport, and Multiferroic Properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 Nanoparticles 163
M. M. El-Desoky and M. S. Ayoub
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Characterization of Ba-doped BiFeO3 Multiferroic Nanoparticles 165
7.2.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD) 165
7.2.2 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 167
7.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 167
7.2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra 169
7.3 Transport Properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 Multiferroic Nanoparticles 170
7.3.1 Nature of Conduction Mechanism 172
7.3.2 Relation Between Activation Energy and Mean Distance Between Iron Ions 174
7.3.3 Nature of Small Polaron-hopping (SPH) Conduction 176
7.3.4 Small Polaron-hopping (SPH) Parameters 176
7.3.5 Hopping Carrier Mobility and Density 177
7.4 Multiferroic Properties of Ba-doped BiFeO3 Multiferroic Nanoparticles 178
7.4.1 Ferromagnetic Properties 178
7.4.1.1 Molar Magnetic Susceptibility (λM) 178
7.4.1.2 Néel Temperature (TN) 180
7.4.2 Ferromagnetic Hysteresis Loop 180
7.4.3 Ferroelectric Properties 184
7.4.3.1 Temperature Dependence 184
7.4.3.2 Frequency Dependence 187
7.4.4 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop 188
7.5 Conclusion 189
References 190
8 Specific Heat and Magnetocaloric Properties of Some Manganite-Based Multiferroics for Cryo Cooling Applications 193
N. Pavan Kumar, Elle Sagar, and P. Venugopal Reddy
8.1 Introduction 193
8.1.1 Magnetic Refrigeration 193
8.1.2 Magnetocaloric Effect 194
8.1.3 Magnetocaloric Effect and Magnetic Transition 195
8.1.4 Manganites as Magnetocaloric Materials 195
8.1.5 Magnetocaloric Effect in Rare Earth-Based Multiferroic Manganites 196
8.1.6 Methods for the Determination of Magnetocaloric Effect 196
8.1.6.1 Direct Measurements 196
8.1.6.2 Indirect Measurements 197
8.1.7 Properties of an Ideal Magnetic Refrigerator Material 198
8.2 Multiferroic Materials and Their Structure 198
8.2.1 Rare Earth-Based Multiferroic Manganites Based on Their Structures 198
8.2.1.1 Hexagonal Manganite Multiferroics 199
8.2.1.2 Orthorhombic Manganite Multiferroics 199
8.3 Specific Heat and Estimation of Magnetic Entropy 200
8.3.1 Specific Heat 200
8.3.1.1 RMnO3 (R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) 200
8.3.1.2 Tb1-xDyxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) 204
8.3.1.3 RMn2O5 (R = Tb, Dy, and Ho) 205
8.3.2 Estimation of Magnetic Entropy 208
8.3.2.1 RMnO3 (R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, and Dy) 208
8.3.2.2 Tb1-xDyxMnO3 (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) 211
8.3.2.3 RMn2O5 (R = Tb, Dy, and Ho) 211
8.4 Magnetocaloric Properties 213
8.4.1 RMnO3 Series 214
8.4.1.1 Orthorhombic NdMnO3, SmMnO3, and EuMnO3 214
8.4.1.2 Orthorhombic GdMnO3, TbMnO3, and DyMnO3 216
8.4.1.3 Hexagonal DyMnO3 220
8.4.1.4 Hexagonal HoMnO3 220
8.4.2 Group 2 Series (Doped Rare-earth Manganites) 221
8.4.2.1 Orthorhombic Dy-doped TbMnO3 221
8.4.2.2 h-YbMnO3 Doped with Transition Metals and Rare Earths 223
8.4.3 RMn2O5 (R = Tb, Dy, and Ho) Series 224
8.5 Conclusions 227
References 228
9 Preparations, Characterization, and Applications of Multiferroic Nanocomposites 233
P.M. Visakh
9.1 Introduction 233
9.2 Preparation of Multiferroic Nanocomposites 235
9.3 Characterizations of Multiferroic Nanocomposites 238
9.4 Applications of Multiferroic Nanocomposites 240
9.5 Conclusions 241
References 241
Index 249
