This new volume in this exciting new series, written and edited by a group of international experts in the field, covers the latest advances and challenges in wearable and neuronic antennas for medical and wireless applications.
Antenna development and engineering is changing at a rapid pace, and it is incredibly important that engineers, scientists, and students in the field have a valuable reference work to consult. Students are able to use this book as a learning tool, and professors and industrial short courses are able to use it as a textbook. Covering all of the advances and developments of wearable and neuronic antennas for medical and wireless applications, this outstanding new volume offers information not available anywhere else in any other format.
Covering new research and development of antenna designs never seen before, this volume, written and edited by a team of experts in the field, breaks new ground, offering new solutions to engineering and scientific problems to experts in the field, while providing the full theoretical and conceptual background for the practical applications. Whether for the veteran engineer or scientist, the student, or a manager or other technician working in the field, this volume is a must-have for any library.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
1 Machine Learning Aided Channel Equalization in Filter Bank Multi-Carrier Communications for 5G 1
Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf, Muhammad Moinuddin, Syed Saad Azhar Ali, Syed Sajjad Hussain Rizvi and Muhammad Faisal
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Related Literature Review 2
1.3 System Model 3
1.4 Existing Methods for Equalization in FBMC 5
1.4.1 One-Tap Zero Forcing Equalizer 5
1.4.2 MMSE Block Equalizer 5
1.5 Proposed Machine Learning-Based FBMC Equalizer 6
1.6 Results and Discussion 6
1.7 Summary 7
References 8
2 Implantable Cardio Technologies: A Review of Integrated Low Noise Amplifiers 11
P. Vijaya Lakshmi, Sarada Musala and Avireni Srinivasulu
2.1 Introduction 12
2.2 Background on Low Noise Amplifiers 13
2.2.1 ECG Signal Characteristics 13
2.2.2 General ECG Readout Amplifier System Architecture and Design Considerations 14
2.2.3 Low Noise Amplifier Circuit Design 16
2.2.4 Operational Transconductance Amplifier Circuits Used in LNA Design 18
2.2.4.1 Typical Telescopic Cascode Amplifier 20
2.2.4.2 Complementary Input Closed Loop Amplifier 21
2.2.4.3 Fully Differential Current Reuse OTA 22
2.2.4.4 Fully Reconfigurable OTA Using Floating Gate Transistors 23
2.2.4.5 Low Noise OTA with Output Boosting Technique 24
2.2.4.6 Low Noise Low Power OTA 25
2.2.4.7 Cross Coupled Load Current Reuse OTA 26
2.2.4.8 Fully Differential Stacked OTA 27
2.3 Applications of Low Noise Amplifiers 30
2.3.1 For Implantable Bio-Sensors 30
2.3.2 For Measuring and Recording ECG Signal 31
2.4 Conclusion 31
References 31
3 Detecting COVID-19 Through Lung X-Ray Imaging: An Alternative Using Modified CNN Architecture 37
Ahan Chatterjee and Sovik Mukherjee
3.1 Introduction 38
3.2 Literature Review 39
3.3 Proposed Methodology 40
3.3.1 Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) 40
3.3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 44
3.3.2.1 General Model of CNN 44
3.3.2.2 Convolutional Network 45
3.3.2.3 Pooling Layer 46
3.3.2.4 Fully Connected Layer 46
3.3.2.5 Activation Function 46
3.3.2.6 Calculation of Gradient Descent in CNN Architecture 47
3.3.3 Proposed Algorithm 49
3.3.4 Model Architecture 51
3.4 Results 52
3.5 Conclusion 54
References 55
4 Wireless Body Area Network Antenna 57
Inderpreet Kaur, Hari Kumar Singh and Tejasvini Thakral
4.1 Introduction 58
4.1.1 On Body WBANs 59
4.1.2 In Body WBANs 61
4.1.3 Non-Medical Applications for WBAN 62
4.1.4 Principle of Operation 63
4.1.4.1 Transmitter 64
4.1.4.2 Receiver 65
4.1.5 Design Aspects of WBANs 67
4.1.6 Hardware Requirements 68
4.2 Literature Review 70
4.3 Proposed Work 78
4.3.1 Geometry of Antenna 78
4.3.2 Parametric Analysis 79
4.3.2.1 Effect of Radius of Vias 79
4.3.2.2 Effect of Length of Feed 80
4.3.2.3 Effect of Length of Conductive Portion of Ground 80
4.4 Result 80
4.5 Conclusion 81
References 82
5 Analysis of RF-DC Rectifier Input Impedance for the Appropriate Design of Matching Network for Wireless RF Energy Harvesters 85
Kamini Singh, Sanjeev Yadav, J.K. Deegwal and M.M. Sharma
5.1 Introduction 86
5.1.1 Need and Advantages of Energy Harvesters 86
5.1.2 RF Energy Sources 87
5.2 RF Energy Harvesting Processing Block 88
5.3 Matching Network & RF-DC Rectifier 90
5.4 Study of Input Impedance of Rectifier 93
5.5 Conclusion 101
Acknowledgment 101
References 101
6 Secured Schemes for RF Energy Harvesting Mobile Computing Networks with Multiple Antennas Based on NOMA and Access Points Selection 105
Van-Truong Truong, Anand Nayyar and Dac-Binh Ha
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 System and Channel Models 108
6.3 Performance Analysis and Optimization 117
6.3.1 Performance Analysis 117
6.3.2 Optimization 121
6.4 Numerical Results and Discussion 124
6.5 Conclusion 128
Appendix A 129
References 133
7 Performance and Stability Analysis of CNTFET SRAM Cell Topologies for Ultra-Low Power Applications 137
Hemant Kumar, Subodh Srivastava and Balwinder Singh
7.1 Introduction 138
7.2 CNTFET Based SRAM Memory Cell 139
7.3 Simulation Results and Comparative Performance Analysis 142
7.4 Stability Analysis of Proposed SRAM Cells 152
7.5 Conclusion 158
References 159
8 Arrow Shaped Dual-Band Wearable Antenna for ISM Applications 163
Mehaboob Mujawar
8.1 Introduction 163
8.2 Antenna Design 167
8.3 Results 170
8.4 Analysis of Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 173
8.5 Conclusion 175
References 175
9 Edge-Fed Semicircular Antenna Enabled With Pins and Slots for Wireless Applications 179
Mohd Gulman Siddiqui and Anurag Mishra
9.1 Introduction 179
9.2 Configuration of Proposed Antenna 180
9.2.1 Analysis of Notch Loading Antenna 183
9.2.2 Analysis of Slots in Antenna 184
9.3 Specifications 186
9.4 Result and Discussions 186
9.5 Conclusion 189
References 189
10 A Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground for UWB Application 191
Suraj Kumar, Arun Kumar, Manoj Gupta, Kanchan Sengar, Mohit Kumar Sharma and Manisha Gupta
10.1 Introduction 192
10.2 Antenna Design 195
10.3 Simulation Results 197
10.4 Conclusion 198
References 199
11 Waveform Optimization in Multi-Carrier Communications for 5G Technology 203
Muhammad Moinuddin, Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf and Jawwad Ahmed
11.1 Introduction 204
11.2 Related Literature Review 204
11.3 System Model: OFDM System 205
11.4 POPS: A Popular Existing Method for OFDM Waveform Optimization 207
11.5 Proposed Method for the Waveform Optimization in OFDM Systems 209
11.6 Results and Discussion 212
11.7 Summary 212
References 213
12 Wearable Antennas for Biomedical Applications 217
Ajay Kumar Singh Yadav, Mamta Devi Sharma, Namrata Saxena and Ritu Sharma
12.1 Introduction 218
12.2 Need of Wearable Antennas 219
12.3 Design Considerations for Wearable Antenna 220
12.4 Materials for Wearable Antenna 223
12.4.1 Fabric Materials 223
12.4.2 Non Fabric Materials 225
12.5 Fabrication Methods for Wearable Antenna 229
12.5.1 Stitching and Embroidery 229
12.5.2 Screen Printing 231
12.5.3 Inkjet Printing 231
12.5.4 Chemical Etching 232
12.6 Measurements for Wearable Antenna 234
12.6.1 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 234
12.6.2 Performance on Human Body 235
12.6.3 The Bending and Crumpling Effects 236
12.7 Frequency Bands for Wearable Antenna 236
12.8 Applications of Wearable Antenna in Biomedical 238
12.9 Conclusion 241
References 241
13 Received Power Based Jammer Localization Using Unscented Kalman Filtering 249
Waleed Aldosari, Muhammad Moinuddin, AbdulahJeza Aljohani and Ubaid M. Al-Saggaf
13.1 Introduction 250
13.2 Related Work 251
13.3 System Model 252
13.3.1 Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) 253
13.4 Simulation and Results 255
13.5 Summary 257
References 257
Index 259
