The newly revised Fifth Edition of Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology delivers a fully updated new edition of the most complete reference to hematology and cytology in exotic animals. The book features high-quality images and step-by-step descriptions of practical techniques.
Organized by animal class to make it easier to quickly find critical information, the authors have included 45 new case studies to highlight the application of the content in a real-world setting. All major exotic animal groups are covered, including mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.
Clinicians seeking a decision-making aid for patient workup, treatment, and prognosis will find what they need in Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology. The book also includes:
- Thorough cellular descriptions unique to mammalian, avian, herptile, and fish species, with extensive discussions of blood and bone marrow sample collection and hematologic techniques for each group
- Comprehensive evaluation of the peripheral blood specific to mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as the evaluation of bone marrow
- Practical discussions of hematology case studies with applications to common real-world clinical problems
- Color atlas of hemic cells of select species for quick and easy reference
- Extensive examinations of cytodiagnosis and exploration of unique features within mammals, birds, herptiles, and fish, as well as cytology case studies and wet-mount cases in fish
- Access to video clips and additional case reports on a companion website
Exotic Animal Hematology and Cytology is an essential reference for veterinary clinical pathologists, anatomic pathologists, clinicians, and technicians, as well as for veterinary students taking courses involving exotic hematology and cytology.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xii
About the Companion Website xiv
Scientific Names xv
Section I Mammal 1
1. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Small Mammals 3
Blood Sample Collection 3
Bone Marrow Collection 15
References 17
2. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Mammals 19
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 19
Leukocyte Parameters 21
Platelet Parameters 21
References 21
3. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Mammals 23
Mammalian Erythrocytes 23
Erythrocyte Response to Disease 28
Mammalian Leukocytes 32
Leukocyte Response to Disease 34
Platelets of Mammals 40
Hemogram Evaluation of Specific Species 42
References 55
4. Evaluation of Mammalian Bone Marrow 59
Mammalian Hematopoiesis 59
Mammalian Bone Marrow Responses in Disease 66
Bone Marrow Evaluation 67
References 67
5. Mammalian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 69
Case 1: Chinchilla with Dental Disease 69
Case 2: Guinea Pig with Gastric Stasis 71
Case 3: Hedgehog with Anorexia 73
Case 4: Ferret with Lethargy, Inappetence, and Labored Breathing 75
Case 5: Ferret with Lethargy and Weakness 79
References 82
6. Sample Collection for Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 83
Cytology Sampling and Evaluation Techniques 83
Sample Locations 83
Preparation for Cytologic Examination 88
Sample Collection Techniques 89
Sample Preparation and Evaluation 94
References 97
7. Mammalian Cytodiagnosis 99
Normal Mammalian Cytology 99
Inflammation 110
Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 124
Malignant Neoplasia 129
Effusions 153
Infectious Agents 160
References 168
8. Mammalian Cytology: Clinical Case Presentations 175
Case 1: Hedgehog with Swelling under the Right Forelimb 175
Case 2: Dumbo Rat with a Mass on Its Face 175
Case 3: Hedgehog with a vaginal mass 178
Case 4: Sugar Glider with a Mass in the Left Axilla 179
Case 5: Ferret with an Abdominal Mass 181
References 184
Section II Avian 185
9. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Birds 187
Blood Sample Collection 187
Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 192
Bone Marrow Collection 195
Preparation of the Bone Marrow Sample 197
References 199
10. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Birds 200
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 200
Leukocyte Parameters 204
Thrombocyte Parameters 207
Quantitative Evaluation of Bone Marrow Aspirates 207
References 207
11. Evaluation and Interpretation of Peripheral Blood of Birds 209
Avian Erythrocytes 209
Factors Affecting the Avian Erythrogram 214
Erythrocyte Response to Disease 216
Avian Leukocytes 220
Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Birds 228
Leukocyte Response to Disease 228
Avian Thrombocytes 235
Avian Blood Parasites 237
Bacteremia 244
References 244
12. Evaluation of Avian Bone Marrow 253
Avian Hematopoiesis 253
Avian Hematopoietic Tissue other than Bone Marrow 259
References 260
13. Avian Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 262
Case 1: Cockatoo with Lethargy and Anorexia 262
Case 2: Swainson’s Hawk with Head Trauma 265
Case 3: Pionus Parrot with Weight Loss, Exercise Intolerance, and Sneezing 269
Case 4: Conure with Lethargy and Anorexia 273
Case 5: Hawk with Dehydration and Emaciation 274
References 278
14. Sample Collection for Avian Cytodiagnosis 279
References 286
15. Avian Cytodiagnosis 288
Normal Avian Cytology 288
Inflammation 298
Hyperplasia/Benign neoplasia 315
Malignant Neoplasia 319
Effusions 332
Infectious Agents 338
References 354
16. Avian Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 365
Case 1: Lethargic Parrot 365
Case 2: Macaw with Periorbital Swelling 366
Case 3: Eagle with Swollen Right Foot 369
Case 4: Owl with Oral Lesions 370
Case 5: Hawk with Skin Lesions 371
References 374
Section III Herptile 375
17. Blood and Bone Marrow Sample Collection and Preparation in Reptiles and Amphibians 377
Blood Sample Collection 377
Blood Sample Handling and Preparation 387
Bone Marrow Collection 388
References 389
18. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Reptiles and Amphibians 391
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 391
Leukocyte Parameters 394
Thrombocyte Parameters 397
References 397
19. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Reptiles 399
The Interpretation of the Reptile Hemogram 399
Reptile Erythrocytes 399
Factors Affecting the Reptile Erythrogram 401
Erythrocyte Response to Disease 404
Reptile Leukocytes 405
Normal Variation to the Leukogram of Reptiles 413
Leukocyte Response to Disease 414
Reptile Thrombocytes 419
Reptile Blood Parasites 420
Reptile Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 425
References 428
Section IV Fish 529
20. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow of Amphibians 433
Amphibian Erythrocytes 433
Amphibian Leukocytes 435
Amphibian Thrombocytes 439
Amphibian Blood Parasites 440
Amphibian Hematopoiesis and Bone Marrow Evaluation 440
References 441
21. Herptile Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 443
Case 1: Snake with Nasal Discharge and Mites 443
Case 2: Snake with Neurologic Behavior and Skin Nodules 445
Case 3: Comparison of two chelonian respiratory cases 448
Case 4: Case Series of Chelonian Dystocia and Follicular Stasis 454
Case 5: Lizard with Limb Lameness, Lethargy, and Anorexia 463
References 465
22. Sample Collection for Herptile Cytodiagnosis 466
Sample Locations 466
References 469
23. Herptile Cytodiagnosis 470
Normal Cytology 470
Inflammation 475
Hyperplasia/Benign Neoplasia 488
Malignant Neoplasia 489
Effusions 498
Infectious Agents 500
References 511
24. Herptile Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 518
Case 1: Snake with a Bulging Right Eye 518
Case 2: Lizard with Lethargy and Neurologic Disorder 521
Case 3: Lizard with Skin Lesion 524
Case 4: Thin Snake with Swollen Mouth 524
Case 5: Snake with Diarrhea 527
References 528
25. Blood Sample Collection and Preparation in Fish 531
Blood Sample Collection 531
Blood Sampling Handling and Preparation 537
References 539
26. Hematologic Techniques for Quantitative Assessment in Fish 541
Erythrocyte and Plasma Parameters 541
Leukocyte Parameters 545
Thrombocyte Parameters 546
Whole Blood Preservatives 547
References 547
27. Evaluation and Interpretation of the Peripheral Blood of Fish 549
Fish Erythrocytes 549
Factors Affecting the Piscine Erythrogram 552
Erythrocyte Response to Disease 554
Fish Leukocytes 556
Variations in the Leukogram of Fish 565
Fish Thrombocytes and Hemostasis 567
Fish Blood Parasites 569
Viral Inclusions 570
References 571
28. Piscine Hematopoiesis 575
References 576
29. Piscine Hematology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 578
Case 1: Nurse Shark with Excessive Gilling 578
Case 2: Reticulated Stingray with Bite Wounds 581
Case 3: Southern Stingray with Anorexia 582
Case 4: Knifefish with Tail Wound 586
Case 5: Toadfish Found Abnormally Floating 586
References 591
30. Sample Collection for Wet Mounts and Cytodiagnosis in Fish 593
Sampling Techniques for Wet Mounts 593
Sampling Techniques for Cytodiagnosis 596
References 599
31. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish 600
Sample Evaluation 600
Nonparasitic Pathogens 603
Cutaneous Fish Parasites 605
Nonpathogenic Organisms 618
References 619
32. Wet- Mount Microscopy in Fish: Clinical Case Presentations 622
Case 1: Tiger Barb with Skin and Behavior Changes 622
Case 2: Newly Arrived Goldfish 622
Case 3: Cichlid with a Missing Eye 624
Case 4: Catfish with Rapid Breathing and Lethargy 625
Case 5: Damselfish with Skin Lesions and Behavior Changes 625
33. Piscine Cytodiagnosis 627
Skin 627
Calcinosis Circumscripta 630
Fecal Cytology 630
Mycobacteriosis 630
Saprolegniasis 631
Thyroid 631
Hepatic Lipidosis 631
Neoplasia 631
Effusions 635
Parasites 636
Sample Contamination 636
References 637
34. Piscine Cytology and Clinical Chemistry: Clinical Case Presentations 639
Case 1: Shark with Cutaneous Nodules 639
Case 2: Trout with a Mass on Mandible 640
Case 3: Seahorse with Possible Gas Bubble Disease 643
Case 4: Carp with Swollen Operculum 644
Case 5: Perch with Mass on Left Gill 645
References 647
Appendices 648
A. Stains and Solutions Used in Hematology and Cytology 648
Acid- Fast Stain 648
Gram’s Stain 648
Macchiavello’s Stain 649
Modified Giménez Stain 649
New Methylene Blue Stain 650
Standard Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain 650
Elasmobranch- Modified Natt and Herrick’s Solution and Stain 651
Quick or Stat Stains 651
Sudan III and Sudan IV Stains 652
Wright-Giemsa Stain 652
B. Hematologic Values 653
C. Plate Captions 663
Mammal Plates 663
Avian Plates 665
Herptile Plates 668
Piscine Plates 676
D. Common Artifacts Found in Blood Film and Cytologic Samples 681
Artifacts Associated with Contamination of the Sample 681
Artifacts Associated with Poor Sample Preparation 683
Index 686
