Explore the industrial fermentation processes of chemical intermediates
In Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation, distinguished researcher Dr. Walter Koch delivers an expert overview on industrial fermentation production technology as compared with natural extraction, organic chemistry, and biocatalysis. The book offers key insights for professionals designing and monitoring fermentation processes.
The author explores the applications, alternative production, biochemical pathways, metabolic engineering strategy, and downstream processing of various products - including C1 to C6 products - with a focus on low-value products with market prices below 4€ per kilogram. Products will include methane, ethane, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and others.
With specific commentary and insightful perspectives on the cost drivers and technological aspects critical to commercially successful applications, the book also includes: - Thorough introductions to methane, ethanol, acetate, lactic acid, alanine, and 3-Hydroxypropionic acid - Comprehensive explorations of 1,3-Propanediol, butanol, isobutanol, and isobutene - Practical discussions of 1,4-butanediol, succinic acid, itaconic acid, and glutamic acid - Fulsome treatments of isoprene, pentamethylenediamine, lysine, citric acid, and adipic acid
Perfect for process engineers, biotechnologists, and chemical engineers, Pathway Design for Industrial Fermentation will also benefit biochemists and professionals working in the chemical and food industries.
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Introduction xix
1 Methane 1
1.1 Application 1
1.2 Conventional Production of Methane 1
1.3 Carbon Dioxide as Feedstock 2
1.4 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methane 4
1.5 Biochemical Pathway Design 6
1.6 Integration of Hydrogen Production and the Biochemical Methanation 8
1.7 Process Development for the "Biochemical Sabatier" without Integrated Water Electrolysis 13
1.8 Commercial Application of Fermentative Methane Production 14
2 Ethanol Ex Glucose 20
2.1 Application 20
2.2 Production of Ethanol 21
2.3 Pathway Design 21
2.4 Process Development 29
2.5 Alternative Raw Material Source 32
2.6 Industrial Production and Capacity 38
3 Acetate and Ethanol Ex CO/H2 49
3.1 The Wood-Ljungdahl Pathway 49
3.2 Formation of Acetate in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 55
3.3 Formation of Acetate in A. woodii Based on Carbon Monoxide 56
3.4 Formation of Ethanol in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen without AOR 58
3.5 Formation of Ethanol in A. woodii Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen with AOR 60
3.6 Formation of Ethanol in C. woodii Based on Carbon Monoxide 62
3.7 Formation of Acetate in C. autoethanogenum Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 63
3.8 Formation of Ethanol in C. autoethanogenum Based on Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 63
3.9 Industrial Fermentation and Capacity 69
4 Lactic Acid 74
4.1 Application 74
4.2 Chemical Synthesis of Lactic Acid 75
4.3 Pathway Design 76
4.4 Process Development 82
4.5 Evaluation of Alternative Feedstocks 87
4.6 Production Cost and Market Price 91
4.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 91
5 Alanine 97
5.1 Application 97
5.2 Chemical Production of L-alanine 97
5.3 Pathway Design 98
5.4 Metabolic Engineering 101
5.5 Industrial Production and Application 105
6 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid 109
6.1 Application 109
6.2 Chemical Synthesis 110
6.3 Pathway Design 111
6.4 Industrial Application 116
7 1,3-Propanediol 119
7.1 Application 119
7.2 Alternative Production of 1,3-Propanediol 119
7.3 Pathway Design Toward 1,3-Propanediol 120
7.4 Metabolic Engineering 128
7.5 Process Development 132
7.6 Industrial Application and Capacity 133
8 Butanol 137
8.1 Application 137
8.2 Conventional Production of Butanol 138
8.3 Pathway Design Based on Glucose 141
8.4 Pathway Design Based on Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide and Hydrogen 146
8.5 Process Development for Fermentative Butanol 151
8.6 Alternative Raw Material Sources 160
8.7 Industrial Application 161
9 Isobutanol 170
9.1 Application 170
9.2 Conventional Synthesis of Isobutanol 171
9.3 Metabolic Engineering 172
9.4 Process Development 182
9.5 Industrial Application 187
10 Isobutene 191
10.1 Application 191
10.2 Conventional Synthesis 191
10.3 Pathway Design Toward Isobutene 192
10.4 Carbon Yield and Carbon Footprint 202
10.5 Industrial Fermentation and Capacity 202
11 1,4-Butanediol 206
11.1 Application 206
11.2 Conventional Synthesis of 1,4-Butanediol 207
11.3 Pathway Design 208
11.4 Process Design for Fermentative 1,4-Butanediol Based on Glucose 213
11.5 1,4-Butanediol Derived by Chemical Hydrogenation of Succinic Acid 215
11.6 Alternative Carbon and Energy Source for Fermentation 216
11.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 218
12 Succinic Acid 222
12.1 Application 222
12.2 Conventional Synthesis of Succinic Acid 223
12.3 Pathway Design and Metabolic Engineering 224
12.4 Production Host 236
12.5 Reactor Concepts 239
12.6 Downstream Processing 239
12.7 Industrial Capacity and Performance 241
13 Itaconic Acid 248
13.1 Application 248
13.2 Metabolic Engineering 248
13.3 Process Design 251
13.4 Industrial Application and Capacity 255
14 Glutamic Acid 258
14.1 Application 258
14.2 Native Biochemical Pathway 259
14.3 Metabolic Engineering 263
14.4 Process Development and Industrial Application 264
15 Isoprene 269
15.1 Application 269
15.2 Chemical Synthesis 269
15.3 Pathway Design 270
15.4 Metabolic Engineering Toward Isoprene 280
15.5 Metabolic Engineering Toward Mevalonate 286
15.6 Downstream Processing 292
15.7 Industrial Application and Capacity 292
16 Pentamethylenediamine 297
16.1 Application 297
16.2 Chemical Synthesis 298
16.3 Pathway Design 298
16.4 Metabolic Engineering 305
16.5 Downstream Processing 313
16.6 Industrial Application 313
17 Lysine 319
17.1 Application 319
17.2 Chemical Production 320
17.3 Metabolic Pathway via DAP and Metabolic Engineering 320
17.4 Metabolic Pathway via α-Aminoadipate in Fungi 329
17.5 Secretion of Lysine 330
17.6 Process Development 330
17.7 Industrial Application 333
18 Citric Acid 339
18.1 Application 339
18.2 Chemical Production and Natural Extraction 339
18.3 Biochemical Pathway 340
18.4 Process Development 343
18.5 Industrial Production 347
19 Adipic Acid 350
19.1 Application 350
19.2 Chemical Production of Adipic Acid 350
19.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation 351
19.4 Digression: Metabolic Engineering for C6+ Diacids 361
19.5 Process Development 363
19.6 Industrial Application and Capacity 364
20 Hexamethylenediamine 368
20.1 Application 368
20.2 Chemical Production of HMD 369
20.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation Technology 370
20.4 Biocatalytic Routes Towards HMD 378
20.5 Process Design 380
20.6 Commercial Application 382
21 Caprolactam and 6-Aminocaproic Acid 386
21.1 Application 386
21.2 Chemical Production of CPL 386
21.3 Metabolic Engineering for Fermentation Technology via Adipyl-CoA 387
21.4 Industrial Application 393
22 Anthranilic Acid and Aniline 397
22.1 Application 397
22.2 Pathway Design 399
22.3 Metabolic Engineering for Anthranilate as Fermentation Product 403
22.4 Derivatives of Anthranilate as Fermentation Product 407
22.5 Alternative Fermentation Precursors for Aniline 409
22.6 Process Development with Focus on Product Isolation 411
22.7 Industrial Fermentation 414
23 Farnesene 418
23.1 Application 418
23.2 Chemical Production 420
23.3 Biochemical Pathway 420
23.4 Metabolic Engineering 428
23.5 Process Design with Second Liquid Phase 434
23.6 Industrial Application 437
References 439
Index 445
