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Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules. Edition No. 1

  • Book

  • 544 Pages
  • March 2023
  • John Wiley and Sons Ltd
  • ID: 5842440
PLANTS AS BIOREACTORS FOR INDUSTRIAL MOLECULES

An incisive and practical discussion of how to use plants as bioreactors

In Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules, a team of distinguished researchers delivers an insightful and global perspective on the use of plants as bioreactors. In the book, you’ll find coverage of the basic, applied, biosynthetic, and translational approaches to the exploitation of plant technology in the production of high-value biomolecules. The authors focus on the yield and quality of amino acids, vitamins, and carbohydrates.

The authors explain how high-value biomolecules enable developers to create cost-effective biological systems for the production of biomolecules useful in a variety of sectors. They provide a holistic approach to plant-based biological devices to produce natural molecules of relevance to the health and agriculture industries.

Readers will also find: - A thorough overview of plants as bioreactors and discussions of molecular farming for the production of pharmaceutical proteins in plants - Comprehensive explorations of plants as edible vaccines and plant cell culture for biopharmaceuticals - Practical discussions of the production of attenuated viral particles as vaccines in plants and insecticidal protein production in transgenic plants - Extensive treatment of the regulatory challenges involved in using plants as bioreactors

Perfect for academics, scientists, and researchers in industrial microbiology and biotechnology, Plants as Bioreactors for Industrial Molecules will also earn a place in the libraries of biotechnology company professionals in applied product development.

Table of Contents

About the Editors xv

List of Contributors xvii

Preface xxiii

Acknowledgments xxv

1 Plants as Bioreactors: An Overview 1
Madhu, Alok Sharma, Amandeep Kaur, Deepika Antil, Sudhir P. Singh, and Santosh Kumar Upadhyay

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Factors Controlling the Production of Recombinant Protein 2

1.2.1 Choice of the Host Species 2

1.2.2 Optimization of Expression of Recombinant Protein 3

1.2.2.1 Transcription 4

1.2.2.2 Post- Transcription Modifications 6

1.2.2.3 Translation 7

1.2.2.4 Posttranslational Modifications (PTMs) of Recombinant Proteins 8

1.2.3 Downstream Processing 8

1.3 Recombinant Proteins in Plants 9

1.3.1 Pharmaceutical Proteins 9

1.3.2 Vaccine Antigens 13

1.3.3 Antibodies 14

1.3.4 Nutritional Molecules 15

1.3.5 Other Valuable Products 16

1.4 Conclusions 17

References 17

2 Molecular Farming for the Production of Pharmaceutical Proteins in Plants 29
Gaurav Augustine, Pragati Misra, Archana Shukla, Ghanshyam Pandey, and Pradeep Kumar Shukla

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Plant as an Expression Platform 30

2.3 Plant- Derived Recombinant Proteins 34

2.4 Engineering Strategies Utilized for Recombinant Pharmaceutical Protein Production in Plants 34

2.4.1 Nuclear Transformation 35

2.4.2 Chloroplast Transformation 37

2.5 Pharmaceutical Protein Developed Using Plant Expression Platform 37

2.6 Perspectives 46

2.7 Conclusion 47

References 47

3 Plants as Edible Vaccine 57
Jia Qi Yip, Jia Choo, Kirthikah Kadiresen, Megan Min Tse Yew, Ying Pei Wong, and Anna Pick Kiong Ling

3.1 Introduction 57

3.2 Mechanism of Action 59

3.3 Edible Plant Vaccines 60

3.3.1 Candidate Plants and Selection of Desired Gene 60

3.4 Production of Edible Vaccine (Plant Transformation) 61

3.4.1 Chemical- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 61

3.4.1.1 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62

3.4.1.2 Liposome- Mediated DNA Transfer Method 62

3.4.1.3 Calcium Phosphate Coprecipitation 63

3.4.1.4 Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) - Ddextran- mediated DNA Transfer Method 64

3.4.2 Direct Gene Delivery Method (Physical) 64

3.4.2.1 Biolistic Transfection 64

3.4.2.2 Electroporation 65

3.4.2.3 Sonication 65

3.4.2.4 Microinjection 66

3.4.3 Indirect Gene Delivery 66

3.4.3.1 Agrobacterium- Mediated Gene Transfer 66

3.4.3.2 Genetically Engineered Plant Virus 68

3.4.3.3 Virus- Like Particles (VLPs) 69

3.5 Plant Species Used as Vaccine Models 70

3.5.1 Potato 70

3.5.2 Rice 71

3.5.3 Banana 71

3.5.4 Tomato 72

3.5.5 Lettuce 72

3.5.6 Maize 73

3.5.7 Carrot 73

3.5.8 Alfalfa 73

3.6 Challenges 76

3.7 Conclusion 77

Ackowledgments 77

References 78

4 Plant Cell Culture for Biopharmaceuticals 89
Zeuko’o Menkem Elisabeth and Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo

4.1 Introduction 89

4.2 Plant Cultures 90

4.2.1 Plant Cell Cultures 90

4.2.2 Plant Tissue Culture 91

4.2.3 Plant Organ Cultures 92

4.3 Conditions for Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 92

4.3.1 Culture Medium 92

4.3.2 pH 95

4.3.2.1 Plant Cell Growth Regulators (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellin) 95

4.3.2.2 Auxins 95

4.3.2.3 Cytokinins 96

4.3.2.4 Gibberellins 96

4.3.2.5 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 96

4.4 Types of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 96

4.4.1 Embryo Culture 96

4.4.2 Somatic Embryogenesis 97

4.4.3 Genetic Transformation 97

4.4.4 Meristem Tip Culture 98

4.4.5 Organogenesis 98

4.4.6 Callus Culture (Callogenesis) 98

4.4.7 Adventitious Root/Hairy Root Culture (rhizogenesis) 98

4.4.8 Suspension Culture 99

4.4.9 Protoplast Fusion 99

4.4.10 Haploid Production 99

4.4.11 Germplasm Conservation 100

4.5 The Techniques Used in Plant Culture 100

4.5.1 Micropropagation in Medicinal Plants 101

4.5.1.1 Stage 0: Preparation of the Donor Plant 101

4.5.1.2 Stage I: Initiation Stage 101

4.5.1.3 Stage II: Multiplication Stage 102

4.5.1.4 Stage III: Rooting Stage 102

4.5.1.5 Stage IV: Acclimatization Stage 102

4.5.2 Elicitation 102

4.5.3 Transformed Tissue Cultures 103

4.5.4 Metabolic Engineering 104

4.6 Applications of Plant Cultures 104

4.7 Biopharmaceuticals 104

4.7.1 Biopharmaceuticals from Plants 105

4.7.1.1 Scale- up of Secondary Metabolites by Using Different Systems 107

4.7.1.2 Vaccines 110

4.7.1.3 Plantibodies 115

4.7.1.4 Proteins 115

4.7.2 The Effects of Production, Safety, and Efficacy 118

4.8 Conclusion 118

References 119

5 Microalgal Bioreactors for Pharmaceuticals Production 127
Rufin Marie Kouipou Toghueo

5.1 Introduction 127

5.2 Microalgae Strains Selection 128

5.3 Microalgae Cultivation 129

5.3.1 Factors Affecting the Growth and Productivity of Microalgae 130

5.3.1.1 Nutrients 130

5.3.1.2 Temperature 131

5.3.1.3 pH, Salinity, and Pressure 132

5.3.1.4 Light 132

5.3.1.5 Mixing 133

5.3.2 Methods and Systems for Microalgae Cultivation 134

5.3.2.1 Methods 134

5.3.2.2 Microalgae Cultivation Systems 136

5.4 Acquiring Biopharmaceuticals from Microalgae’s 137

5.4.1 Microalgae Harvesting 137

5.4.1.1 Flocculation and Ultrasound 138

5.4.1.2 Centrifugation 138

5.4.1.3 Filtration 138

5.4.1.4 Flotation 139

5.4.2 Biomass Dehydratation 139

5.4.3 Cell Disruption for Bioproducts Extraction 140

5.5 Microalgal Compounds and their Pharmaceutical Applications 141

5.5.1 Carotenoids 141

5.5.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids 143

5.5.3 Polysaccharides, Vitamins, and Minerals 145

5.5.4 Proteins 145

5.6 Conclusions 147

References 147

6 Micropropagation for the Improved Production of Secondary Metabolites 161
Rupasree Mukhopadhyay

6.1 Introduction 161

6.2 Micropropagation for Production of Secondary Metabolites 163

6.3 Strategies to Improve Secondary Metabolite Production 165

6.3.1 Optimizing Culture Conditions 165

6.3.2 Selecting High- Producing Cell Lines 167

6.3.3 Organ Cultures 167

6.3.4 Precursor Feeding 168

6.3.5 Elicitation 168

6.3.6 Immobilization 170

6.3.7 Permeabilization 171

6.3.8 Genetic Transformation: Hairy Root Cultures and Shooty Teratomas 171

6.3.9 Biotransformation 172

6.3.10 Metabolic Engineering 173

6.3.11 Plant Bioreactors and Scale- up 174

6.4 Conclusions 176

References 176

7 Metabolic Engineering for Carotenoids Enrichment of Plants 185
Monica Butnariu

7.1 Background 185

7.2 Classification of Carotenoid Pigments 186

7.2.1 Carotenoid Hydrocarbons 191

7.2.2 Xanthophylls 192

7.2.3 Carotenoid Ketones 192

7.2.4 Carotenoid Acids 193

7.3 Aspects of the Mechanism of Carotenoid Biosynthesis 194

7.3.1 Premises of Metabolic Engineering 208

7.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 209

References 210

8 Plant Genome Engineering for Improved Flavonoids Production 215
Monica Butnariu

8.1 Background 215

8.2 Structure, Diversity, and Subgroups 217

8.3 Flavonoid Biosynthesis 223

8.4 The Mechanism of Action of Flavonoids 229

8.5 The Role of Flavonoids in Food and Medicine 233

8.6 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 236

References 236

9 Antibody Production in Plants 241
Vipin Kumar Singh , Prashant Kumar Singh , and Amit Kumar Mishra

9.1 Introduction 241

9.2 How Are Antigens Expressed in Plants? 242

9.2.1 Transient Expression of Antigens 242

9.2.2 Plant Virus Fusion Proteins 243

9.3 Plant- Derived Antibodies: Are There any Alternative Approaches? 244

9.4 Antibody Production in Plants: Advantages and Concerns 246

9.5 Conclusion and Prospects 247

References 248

10 Metabolic Engineering of Essential Micronutrients in Plants to Ensure Food Security 255
Swarnavo Chakraborty and Aryadeep Roychoudhury

10.1 Introduction 255

10.2 Metabolic Engineering of Crops for Increased Nutritional Value 256

10.2.1 Iron 256

10.2.2 Iodine 260

10.2.3 Zinc 260

10.2.4 Vitamin A 261

10.2.5 Vitamin B 6
263

10.2.6 Vitamin B 9 264

10.2.7 Vitamin E 265

10.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 266

Acknowledgments 266

References 268

11 Plant Hairy Roots as Biofactory for the Production of Industrial Metabolites 273
Nidhi Sonkar, Pradeep Kumar Shukla, and Pragati Misra

11.1 Introduction 273

11.2 Types of Metabolites and Industrial Metabolites 274

11.3 Secondary Metabolites 276

11.4 Importance of Secondary Metabolites 277

11.5 Enhancement of Secondary Metabolites 278

11.6 Hairy Roots 280

11.6.1 Hairy Roots 280

11.6.2 Hairy Roots in Plants and In vitro Production of Secondary Metabolites 281

11.7 Initiation of Hairy Root Cultures 282

11.7.1 Formation of Highly Proliferative Hairy Roots 282

11.7.2 Agrobacterium rhizogenes for Hairy Root Production and as a Biotechnology Tools 283

11.8 Large- Scale Production of Secondary Metabolites 285

11.9 Strategies Used In vitro 287

11.9.1 Why Hairy Root Culture? 289

11.10 Plants as Bioreactors 289

11.11 A Case Study 291

11.12 Conclusion 292

References 294

12 Microalgae as Cell Factories for Biofuel and Bioenergetic Precursor Molecules 299
D. Rodríguez- Zuñiga, A. Méndez- Zavala, O. Solís- Quiroz, J.C. Montañez, L. Morales- Oyervides, and J.R. Benavente- Valdés

12.1 Introduction 299

12.2 Microalgae that Produce Bioenergy and Biofuel Molecules 300

12.3 Biosynthesis of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels in Microalgae 302

12.4 Biohydrogen Production 303

12.5 Starch Biosynthesis 303

12.6 Lipid Biosynthesis 304

12.7 Biochemical Regulation of BBPM Associated with Nutritional Conditions 306

12.8 Physical and Chemical Factors Promote the Accumulation of Molecules for Bioenergy and Biofuels 308

12.9 Light Intensity 308

12.10 Salts 308

12.11 Use of Organic and Inorganic Carbon Sources 309

12.12 Agitation 309

12.13 Photobioreactors to Produce Bioenergy and Biofuels 310

12.14 Open Pond Cultivation Systems 310

12.15 Closed Systems 310

12.16 Hybrid Systems 311

12.17 Conclusions 311

References 311

13 Metabolic Engineering for Value Addition in Plant- Based Lipids/Fatty Acids 317
Himani Thakkar and Vinnyfred Vincent

13.1 Introduction 317

13.2 Plant Lipids 318

13.3 Tag Synthesis in Plants 318

13.3.1 Fatty Acid Synthesis 318

13.3.2 Tag Biosynthesis 319

13.3.3 Lipid Droplets Biogenesis 320

13.3.4 Wax Esters Synthesis 321

13.4 Regulatory Factors Involved in Tag Synthesis 322

13.5 Metabolic Engineering for Lipid/Fatty Acid Synthesis 323

13.5.1 Increasing Oil Accumulation in Plants 325

13.5.1.1 Modification of Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway 325

13.5.1.2 Increasing Tag Synthesis/Assembly Process 325

13.5.1.3 Increasing Carbon Flux Toward Oil Biosynthesis 325

13.5.1.4 Modulating the Expression of Transcription Factors 326

13.5.1.5 Reducing the Hydrolysis of Storage Lipids 326

13.5.2 Improving the Quality of Oil by Altering the Fatty Acid Profile 326

13.6 Conclusions 327

References 331

14 Plants as Bioreactors for the Production of Biopesticides 337
Fernanda Achimón, Vanessa A. Areco, Vanessa D. Brito, María L. Peschiutta, Carolina Merlo, Romina P. Pizzolitto, Julio A. Zygadlo, María P. Zunino, and Alejandra B. Omarini

14.1 Introduction 337

14.2 Plant Metabolic Engineering for the Production of EOs and their Pure Compounds 338

14.3 Bioactivity of EOs 341

14.3.1 Insecticidal Effects of EOs 341

14.3.1.1 EO Composition of the Lamiaceae Main Genera with Insecticidal Effect 341

14.3.1.2 Characteristics of Some Species Within the Main Genera 342

14.3.2 Antibacterial Activity of EOs 345

14.3.3 Antifungal Effect of EOs 347

14.3.4 Bioconversion Process of EOs and Their Components by Microorganisms 354

14.4 In vitro Synthesis vs Extraction from Natural Sources: How to Obtain Secondary Metabolites 356

14.4.1 Factors Affecting the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Sources 356

14.4.2 Production of Azadirachtin by Azadirachta indica. A Case Study 357

14.5 Conclusion 358

References 359

15 Nutraceuticals Productions from Plants 367
Isabela Sandy Rosa, Laura Oliveira Pires, and Juliane Karine Ishida

15.1 Plant- Derived Nutraceuticals 367

15.2 Phytochemicals and their Impacts on Human Health 369

15.2.1 Polyphenols 369

15.2.1.1 Chromones 370

15.2.1.2 Coumarins 371

15.2.1.3 Flavonoids 371

15.2.1.4 Curcumin 373

15.2.1.5 Stilbenes 373

15.2.1.6 Xanthones 374

15.2.2 Terpenoids 375

15.2.2.1 Carotenoids 376

15.2.2.2 Ginkgolides 376

15.2.2.3 Limonene 376

15.2.2.4 Oleanolic Acid 376

15.2.2.5 Phytosterols 376

15.2.2.6 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols 377

15.2.3 Alkaloids 377

15.2.4 Fatty Acids 379

15.2.5 Fiber 380

15.3 Engineering Nutraceutical- Enriched Plants 381

15.4 Potential Side Effects of Nutraceuticals on Human Health 382

15.5 Final Considerations 383

References 384

16 Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles Using Various Plant Parts and Their Antifungal Activity 393
Chikanshi Sharma, Madhu Kamle, and Pradeep Kumar

16.1 Introduction 393

16.2 Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plant Source 395

16.3 Silver Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants Source 399

16.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plants 400

16.5 Other Nanoparticles Synthesis Using Plant Source 401

16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 402

Acknowledgement 402

Conflicts of Interest 403

Author Contribution 403

References 403

17 Plant- Based/Herbal Nanobiocatalysts and Their Applications 411
Rajeswaree Gohel, Dhara Gandhi, and Gaurav Sanghvi

17.1 Introduction of Nanobiocatalyst 411

17.2 Nanobiocatalysts from Herbal Alkaloid Plants Are Used in Nanotechnology and Bioengineering 412

17.3 Why Use Nanobiocatalysts? 413

17.4 Immobilization of Biocatalyst (Enzymes) and Nanoparticles or Nanomatrix 413

17.5 Application of the Nanobiocatalyst 415

17.5.1 Application of Enzyme Immobilized on Graphene- Based Nanomaterial 415

17.5.2 Enzyme- Based Biosensor 415

17.5.2.1 Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized with the Graphene Oxide (GO) 416

17.5.2.2 HRP Biosensor Towards the Detection of Dopamine 416

17.5.2.3 HRP - Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower 417

17.5.3 Bitter Gourd Peroxidase Immobilized with TiO 2 Nanoparticles 417

17.5.4 Immobilization of Acetylcholinesterase on Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Sol-Gel Nanomatrix 418

17.5.5 Alcohol Dehydrogenase Immobilized with Carbon Nano Scaffold 418

17.5.6 Vanillin or Vanillin Synthase is Used as a Therapeutic Drug by Immobilizing with Nanoparticles 419

17.5.7 STR Gene Regulation with the Help of Silver Nanoparticles 419

17.5.8 Effect of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles and Different Enzymes of Alkaloid Plants Conjugate on the Bioengineering Pathway 420

17.5.9 Application of Plant Extract Biocatalyst Which is Useful to Make Different Nanoparticles and Used as a Remedy. See Table 17.2. 421

17.6 Conclusion 422

References 422

18 Potential Plant Bioreactors 427
Karishma Seem and Simardeeep Kaur

18.1 Introduction 427

18.2 Whole Plants: Stable and Transient Expression Systems 429

18.2.1 Stable Expression (Whole Plant Based) 429

18.2.1.1 Leaf Based 429

18.2.1.2 Seed Based 431

18.2.2 Transient Expression 432

18.2.3 In vitro Culture Systems 433

18.2.3.1 Plant Suspension Cultures 434

18.2.3.2 Hairy Root System 435

18.2.3.3 Moss 438

18.2.4 Aquatic Plants 438

18.2.4.1 Duckweed 438

18.2.4.2 Microalgae 439

18.3 Unique Features of Using Plant- based Production Over Microbial and Mammalian Systems 441

18.3.1 Better Protein Functionality 442

18.3.2 Plant Matrix 442

18.3.3 Speed and Scalability of Production 442

18.3.4 Consumer Acceptance 442

18.3.5 Animal- free Production thus Lower Risks of Pathogen Invasion 442

18.4 Strategies to Enhance the Potential of Plant- based Production Systems 443

18.4.1 To Minimize Ecological Footprint via Inherent Carbon dioxide Fixation and Improved and Sustainable Fertilizer Use 443

18.4.2 Use of Pant Bioreactors to Harvest Multiple Products from a Single Process 443

18.4.3 Reduced Investment and Establishment of Vertical Farms 444

18.4.4 Use of Biodegradable Plant- based Expression Systems 445

18.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives 445

Conflict of Interest 446

References 446

19 Production of Nutraceuticals Using Plant Cell and Tissue Culture 457
Elif Karlik and Elif Aylin Ozudogru

19.1 Introduction 457

19.2 Production of Secondary Metabolites as Nutraceuticals in In vitro Cultures 459

19.2.1 Nutraceuticals Used in Pharmaceuticals Industry 459

19.2.2 Nutraceuticals Used in Food and/or Cosmetic Industry 465

19.3 Conclusions 472

References 472

20 Algal Bioreactors for Polysaccharides Production 485
Michele Greque de Morais, Priscilla Quenia Muniz Bezerra, Kricelle Mosquera Deamici, Suelen Goettems Kuntzler, Juliana Botelho Moreira, Céline Laroche, and Jorge Alberto Vieira Costa

20.1 Introduction 485

20.2 Algae 486

20.2.1 Algae Producers of Polysaccharides 486

20.2.2 Types of Algae Polysaccharides 487

20.3 Biological Activity of Algal Polysaccharides 488

20.4 Parameters that Iinfluence the Polysaccharides Production by Microalgae 489

20.4.1 Chemical Parameters 490

20.4.2 Physical Parameters 491

20.5 Algal Bioreactors 492

20.5.1 Open System 493

20.5.2 Closed System 494

20.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 494

Acknowledgments 495

References 495

Index 503

Authors

Santosh Kumar Upadhyay Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Sudhir Pratap Singh Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Mohali, India.