Biodegradable materials have ascended in importance in recent years and this book comprehensively discusses all facets and applications in 29 chapters making it a one-stop shop.
Biodegradable materials have today become more compulsory because of increased environmental concerns and the growing demand for polymeric and plastic materials. Despite our sincere efforts to recycle used plastic materials, they ultimately tend to enter the oceans, which has led to grave pollution. It is necessary, therefore, to ensure that these wastes do not produce any hazards in the future. This has made an urgency to replace the synthetic material with green material in almost all possible areas of application.
Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications covers a wide range of subjects and approaches, starting with an introduction to biodegradable material applications. Chapters focus on the development of various types of biodegradable materials with their applications in electronics, medicine, packaging, thermoelectric generations, protective equipment, films/coatings, 3D printing, disposable bioplastics, agriculture, and other commercial sectors. In biomedical applications, their use in the advancement of therapeutic devices like temporary implants, tissue engineering, and drug delivery vehicles are summarized.
Audience
Materials scientists, environmental and sustainability engineers, and any other researchers and graduate students associated with biodegradable materials.
Table of Contents
Preface xxv
1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1
S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 3
1.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 4
1.3 Silk 5
1.4 Polymers 7
1.4.1 Natural Polymers 7
1.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 8
1.5 Cellulose 10
1.6 Paper 11
1.7 Others 13
1.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 16
1.9 Semiconductors 17
1.10 Substrate 18
1.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 18
1.12 Insulators and Conductors 19
1.13 Conclusion 19
Declaration About Copyright 20
References 20
2 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29
Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 32
2.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 35
2.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 36
2.4.1 Polylactic Acid-Based Thermoelectric Materials 36
2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 37
2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 39
2.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 41
2.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 43
2.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 45
2.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 46
2.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 46
2.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 48
2.6 Conclusions 48
References 49
3 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55
Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 57
3.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 58
3.3.1 Cellulose 59
3.3.2 Silk 60
3.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 62
3.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 64
3.3.5 Graphene 65
3.3.6 Composites 67
3.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 68
3.5 Conclusions 70
Acknowledgements 70
References 71
4 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75
Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Fishery Chain Industry 78
4.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 78
4.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 80
4.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 85
4.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 85
4.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 89
4.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 89
4.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 94
4.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 97
4.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 101
4.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 119
4.4 Conclusion 126
References 127
5 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141
Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira
5.1 Introduction 141
5.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 142
5.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 143
5.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 145
5.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 148
5.3.3 Alginate 149
5.3.4 Carrageenans 150
5.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 152
5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159
Acknowledgments 160
References 160
6 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173
Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia
6.1 Introduction 174
6.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 175
6.2.1 Face Masks 176
6.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 176
6.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 177
6.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 178
6.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 179
6.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 180
6.2.2 Gloves 181
6.2.2.1 Latex 181
6.2.2.2 Nitrile 182
6.2.2.3 Vinyl 183
6.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 184
6.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 185
6.3.1 Face Masks 185
6.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 185
6.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 187
6.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 188
6.3.2 Gloves 190
6.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 190
6.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 191
6.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 192
6.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 192
6.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 193
6.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 194
6.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 194
6.6 Conclusions 199
References 200
7 Biodegradable Protective Films 211
Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad
7.1 Introduction 212
7.1.1 Types of Protective Films 213
7.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 214
7.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 221
7.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222
References 223
8 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229
Beenish Saba
8.1 Introduction 229
8.2 Bioplastics 230
8.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 232
8.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 234
8.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 234
8.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 236
8.6.1 Face Masks 236
8.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 236
8.6.3 Gloves 237
8.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 237
8.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238
References 238
9 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243
Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy
9.1 Introduction 243
9.2 Biodegradable Materials 246
9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 246
9.2.2 Natural Polymers 246
9.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 247
9.2.4 Bioactive Glass 247
9.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 247
9.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 248
9.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 248
9.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 249
9.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 250
9.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 250
9.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 251
9.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 252
9.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 253
9.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 253
9.12 Conclusion 254
References 254
10 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261
Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao
10.1 Introduction 262
10.2 Polysaccharides 264
10.2.1 Chitosan 264
10.2.2 Cellulose 275
10.2.3 Starch 277
10.2.4 Alginate 279
10.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 281
10.3 Proteins 283
10.3.1 Collagen 283
10.3.2 Fibrin 285
10.3.3 Elastin 286
10.3.4 Gelatins 287
10.3.5 Silk 288
10.4 Biopolyesters 288
10.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 288
10.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 288
10.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 289
10.4.4 Polycaprolactone 290
10.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 291
10.5 Conclusion 291
References 292
11 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299
Mehdi Ebrahimi
11.1 Introduction 299
11.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 302
11.3 Fabrication Technologies 303
11.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 309
11.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 319
11.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 320
11.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 324
11.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 325
11.9 Conclusion 326
References 327
12 Biodegradable Elastomer 335
Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain
12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Biodegradation Testing 337
12.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 338
12.3.1 Preparation Strategies 340
12.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 342
12.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 342
12.4.1 Drug Delivery 343
12.4.2 Tissue Engineering 345
12.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 346
12.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 346
12.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 347
12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347
References 348
13 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357
Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Medical Implants 358
13.3 Biomaterials 358
13.3.1 Biomaterial Types 359
13.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 359
13.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 360
13.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 363
13.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 364
13.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 364
13.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 365
13.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 367
13.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 368
13.4.2.1 Polyesters 369
13.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 370
13.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 370
13.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 370
13.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 371
13.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 371
13.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 372
13.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 372
13.5 Conclusion 372
References 373
14 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377
Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka
14.1 Introduction 378
14.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 379
14.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 380
14.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 382
14.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 382
14.2.4 Gelatin 383
14.2.5 Fibrin 384
14.2.6 Alginate 386
14.2.7 Chitosan 386
14.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 388
14.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 389
14.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 390
14.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 392
14.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 396
14.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 396
14.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 398
14.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 400
14.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 401
14.5.1 PDL Regeneration 401
14.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 402
14.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 402
14.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 404
14.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 404
14.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 405
14.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408
References 409
15 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429
Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor
15.1 Introduction 430
15.2 Biodegradable Polymers 431
15.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 437
15.4 Ceramics 441
15.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 445
15.6 Conclusion 446
References 446
16 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457
Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy
16.1 Introduction 457
16.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 460
16.2.1 Collagen 460
16.2.2 Chitoson 460
16.2.3 Fibrin 460
16.2.4 Silk 461
16.3 Other Materials 461
16.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 461
16.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 462
16.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 462
16.4.3 Polylactic Acid 462
16.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 462
16.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 463
16.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 463
16.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 463
16.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 463
16.6 Conclusion 465
References 465
17 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471
Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo
17.1 Introduction 472
17.2 Biosurfactants 474
17.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 476
17.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 478
17.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 478
17.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 479
17.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 479
17.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 480
17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480
References 481
18 Disposable Bioplastics 487
Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem
18.1 Introduction 488
18.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 489
18.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 489
18.2.2 Properties of PHAs 489
18.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 489
18.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 490
18.3 Pros and Cons 491
18.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 491
18.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 491
18.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 492
18.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 492
18.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 493
18.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 494
18.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 494
18.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496
18.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496
18.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 497
18.6 Upstream Processing 498
18.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 498
18.7 Metabolic Pathways 499
18.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 499
18.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 501
18.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 501
18.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 502
18.9 Synthesis 502
18.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 503
18.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 503
18.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 503
18.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 504
18.10.1 Effect of pH 504
18.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 505
18.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 505
18.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 505
18.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 506
18.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 506
18.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 508
18.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 509
18.14 Characterization of PHA 510
18.15 Biodegradation 510
18.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 510
18.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 511
18.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512
References 512
19 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519
Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien Ting
Abbreviations 520
19.1 Introduction 520
19.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 522
19.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 533
19.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 534
19.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 534
19.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 535
19.3.1.3 Firmicutes 535
19.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 537
19.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 538
19.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 539
19.3.2.1 Ascomycota 539
19.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 541
19.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 541
19.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 542
19.4.1 Microbial Factor 542
19.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 543
19.4.3 Environmental Condition 544
19.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 545
19.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 546
19.5.2 Multiomics Approach 547
19.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 548
19.6 Conclusion 550
Acknowledgment 551
References 551
20 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565
Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das
20.1 Introduction 566
20.2 Methodology 568
20.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 568
20.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 568
20.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 573
20.3.3 Bioplastics 575
20.4 Discussion and Analysis 577
20.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 577
20.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 579
20.5 Conclusion 581
Acknowledgment 581
References 581
21 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593
S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi
21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 594
21.1.1 Current Materials 595
21.1.2 Issues and Concerns 597
21.2 Biodegradable Materials 597
21.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 598
21.2.1.1 Starch 599
21.2.1.2 Cellulose 599
21.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 599
21.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 600
21.3 Preparation of Composite 600
21.3.1 Identify the Materials 600
21.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 605
21.4 Indicators of Performance 607
21.5 Mechanical Properties 610
21.6 Biodegradable Test 612
21.7 Smart Packing Applications 612
21.7.1 Active Biopackaging 613
21.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 614
21.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 614
21.7.4 Scavenging Films 614
21.7.5 NanoSensors 615
21.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 615
21.7.7 Indicators 616
21.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 616
21.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 616
21.9 Conclusions 617
References 617
22 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627
Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi
22.1 Introduction 628
22.2 Food Packaging 628
22.3 Food Packaging Material 629
22.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 630
22.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 631
22.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 632
22.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 633
22.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 634
22.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 635
22.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 636
22.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 637
22.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 638
22.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 639
22.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 640
22.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 640
22.5.6 Starch-Based Material 640
22.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 641
22.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 642
22.5.9 Cellulose-Based 643
22.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 644
22.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 646
22.7 Conclusion 647
Acknowledgment 648
References 648
23 Biodegradable Pots - For Sustainable Environment 653
Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C.
23.1 Introduction 653
23.2 Biodegradable Pots 655
23.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 656
23.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 656
23.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 658
23.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 661
23.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 663
23.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 664
23.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 665
23.8 Future Perspectives 666
23.9 Conclusion 667
References 667
24 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673
Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh
24.1 Introduction 674
24.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 675
24.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 677
24.3.1 Biomedical Applications 677
24.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 677
24.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 678
24.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 679
24.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 679
24.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 680
24.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 681
24.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 681
24.4 Conclusion 682
References 682
25 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687
Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor
25.1 Introduction 688
25.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 689
25.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 691
25.3.1 Water Purification 691
25.3.2 Air Filtration 702
25.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 705
25.4 Conclusions 708
References 709
26 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715
Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem
26.1 Introduction 716
26.2 Natural Oils 720
26.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 720
26.3 Waste Oils 720
26.4 Types of Oily Wastes 721
26.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 721
26.4.2 Fats from Animals 721
26.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 722
26.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 722
26.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 723
26.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 726
26.7.1 Health and Medicine 726
26.7.2 Environment 727
26.7.3 Population 727
26.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 727
26.8.1 Economic Assessment 727
26.8.2 Environment Assessment 728
26.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 728
26.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 728
26.9 Conclusion 728
References 729
27 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735
Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti
27.1 Introduction 736
27.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 737
27.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 739
27.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 739
27.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 740
27.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 740
27.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 740
27.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 741
27.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 741
27.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 741
27.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 742
27.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 743
27.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 743
27.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 745
27.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 747
27.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 747
27.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 748
27.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 749
27.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 751
27.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 751
27.9 Advantages of ATPS 752
27.10 Limitations 752
27.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 752
27.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 753
27.12.1 Classification of Membranes 753
27.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 754
27.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 755
27.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 762
27.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762
References 763
28 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773
Niharika Kulshrestha
28.1 Introduction 774
28.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 776
28.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 777
28.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 777
28.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 779
28.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 781
28.4 Conclusion 783
References 784
29 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789
Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul
29.1 Biodegradable Materials 790
29.2 Bioplastics 791
29.3 Biodegradable Polymers 794
29.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 794
29.3.1.1 Gelatin 795
29.3.1.2 Chitosan 796
29.3.1.3 Starch 797
29.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 797
29.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 799
29.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 800
29.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 803
29.4.1.2 Grow Bags 803
29.4.1.3 Mulch Films 804
29.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 805
29.5.1 Polylactones 805
29.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 805
29.5.3 Polycarbonates 806
29.5.4 Polylactic Acid 806
29.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 806
29.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 806
29.5.7 Memory Enhancer 807
29.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 808
29.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 808
29.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 808
29.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 808
29.6.4 Arboform 809
29.6.5 Mater-Bi 809
29.6.6 Bioceta 809
29.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 809
29.6.8 Loctron 810
29.6.9 Cereplast 810
29.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 811
29.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 812
29.7.2 Food Packaging 812
29.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 816
29.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 816
29.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 817
29.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 817
29.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 818
29.7.4.1 Whey Protein 818
29.7.4.2 Zein 818
29.7.4.3 Soy Protein 818
29.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 819
29.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 819
29.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 819
29.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 820
29.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 821
29.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 821
29.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 822
29.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 823
29.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825
References 825
Index 837
