A ground-breaking and rigorous presentation of coproduction in research
In Research Coproduction in Healthcare, a team of experienced applied health researchers and decision makers deliver a robust exploration of collaborative ways on how to plan and conduct healthcare research. The book explores relational skills that are essential to achieving successful coproduction, including trust through humility, ongoing communication, emotional intelligence, and the structures and processes required to work with a range of knowledge users. It also sets out the fundamentals of research coproduction and its transformative potential for more effective and efficient health systems and improved health outcomes.
Readers will also find:
- A thorough introduction to the planning, implementation and evaluation of research coproduction, including how to write a successful research coproduction proposal
- Comprehensive explorations of capacity-building and infrastructure requirements
- Practical discussions of the theory of coproduction, including treatments of power and tokenism
- In-depth reflections on the essential building blocks of research coproduction
Perfect for researchers, knowledge users, funders, trainees and organizations, Research Coproduction in Healthcare will also earn a place in the libraries of coproduction teams, policymakers, clinicians, and health system managers.
Table of Contents
Foreword xv
About the Chapter Authors xvii
Editors xxiii
Acknowledgements xxv
About the Companion Website xxvii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Authors: Anita Kothari, Jo Rycroft-Malone, Chris McCutcheon, and Ian D. Graham
Background: What Is This Book About? 1
Focus of the Chapter: What Do We Mean by Research Coproduction? 4
Known from the Literature: Intellectual Origins and Historical Traditions 6
Scope of the Book 9
References 11
Chapter 2 Foundations of Research Coproduction 14
Chapter 2.1. Conceptualizing and Theorizing for Research Coproduction 14
Authors: Anne MacFarlane and Jonathan Salsberg
Introduction 15
Meaningful Participation 17
Theory and Theorizing 17
Theorizing about Research Coproduction 18
Enhancing Conceptual Clarity and Model Building 18
Utilizing Existing Concepts for New and Deeper Understanding 19
Participatory Implementation Research 21
Case study: Blending Implementation Theory with Research Coproduction Practice 22
Future Research 27
Conclusion 28
Acknowledgements 28
References 29
Chapter 2.2. Equity, Power, and Transformative Research Coproduction 34
Authors: Katrina Plamondon, Sume Ndumbe-Eyoh, and Sana Shahram
Introduction 35
Power Is the Central Research Coproduction Problem 36
What Is Known from the Literature? 40
Experiential Knowledge 43
Coproduction to Transform Organizations (Sume) 43
Coproduction to Transform Networks/Communities (Katrina) 44
Coproduction for Systems Transformation: The xac/qanaǂ ʔitkiniǂ Project (Sana) 44
Practice Implications 45
Future Research 48
Conclusion 49
References 50
Chapter 2.3. Effects, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction Reported in
Peer-Reviewed Literature 54
Authors: Katheryn M. Sibley, Femke Hoekstra, Anita Kothari, and Kelly Mrklas
Introduction 55
What Are Effects? What Are Facilitators and Barriers? 55
Understanding Research Coproduction - an Evolving Area of Study 55
Identifying Effects, Facilitators and Barriers - Our Approach 56
Effects of Research Coproduction 57
Effects on the Research Process 57
Effects on Relationships 63
Effects on Individuals 63
Effects on Research Results or Outputs 64
Effects on Practices or Programs 64
Effects on Communities 64
Effects on Policies and Systems 65
Facilitators and Barriers to Research Coproduction 65
Individual-Level Factors 66
Relationship Factors 67
Process Factors 67
System-Level Factors 68
Connecting Outcomes, Impacts, Facilitators, and Barriers of Research Coproduction 68
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 69
Limitations and Evidence Gaps 70
Future Research 70
Conclusion 71
References 71
Chapter 3 Working with Knowledge Users 74
Chapter 3.1 Working with Knowledge Users 74
Authors: Jo Cooke, Susan Mawson, and Susan Hampshaw
Introduction: Starting the Coproduction Journey 75
What Is the Focus of This Chapter? 75
Some Points from the Literature 75
Experience from the Field 77
Research Program Level: Setting Up a Programme Architecture that Can Enable Coproduction 77
Structure, Flexible Resources, and Engagement Processes to Provide Context for Coproduction 79
Setting Ground Rules: A Good Basis for Nurturing Productive Relationships 79
Planning Priority-setting, Action, and Impact from the Start and Throughout 80
Thinking of the Impact from the Beginning 80
Vignette One: The Co-design of an Intervention to Increase Physical Activity in Doncaster. Coproduction in Local Government 81
Vignette Two: Research Coproduction with Industry: Digital Technology to Transform End of Life Care 84
Implications for Practice When Beginning the Coproduction Journey 87
Future Research 88
Conclusion 88
References 88
Chapter 3.2 Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 91
Authors: Claire Ludwig and Davina Banner
Introduction and Background 92
Who Is a “Patient?” 93
What Do We Know about Potential Benefits and Impacts of Research Coproduction with Patients? 95
Barriers and Facilitators to Research Coproduction with Patients and Caregivers 96
Experiential Knowledge: Patient and Caregiver Partner Implications for Practice 98
Experiential Knowledge: Researcher Implications for Practice 100
Future Research 105
Conclusion 108
References 108
Chapter 3.3 Conducting a Research Coproduction Project: A Principles-Based Approach 112
Authors: Joe Langley, Sarah E. Knowles, and Vicky Ward
Introduction 113
Aim 1. Illustrating Why There Is No Research Coproduction ‘Method’ 114
Aim 2. Five Principles of Coproduction and Resources to Enact Them 116
Sharing Power 117
Including All Perspectives 118
Respecting and Valuing the Research Coproduction Partners 119
Reciprocity 120
Building Relationships 121
Aim 3. Research Coproduction in the Real World: Challenges and Ways Forward 122
Who to Work with 122
When to Collaborate 123
Institutional Power 124
Expectations of Health Services Research 125
Conclusion 126
References 127
Chapter 3.4 The View from Within: Organizational Strategies for Effective Research Partnerships 129
Authors: Sarah Bowen, Ian D. Graham, and Ingrid Botting
Background/Introduction 130
How Should Organizations Respond to Expectations of Research Partnership? 132
Before Beginning to Plan for “Research Partnerships:” Clarifying the Concepts of “Partnership” and “Research” 132
First Things First: Preparing to Become a Research Partner 134
Developing Shared Understanding 134
Determining Current Organizational Position 136
Assessing Organizational Readiness 139
Building a Strong Foundation 140
From Principles to Action - Next Steps in Developing Research Partnerships 142
Creating a Health System/Academic Interface 143
Embedding Research Capacity within the Organization 146
Planning for Implementation and Evaluation 146
Future Research 147
Conclusion 147
References 147
Chapter 3.5 Managing Academic-Health Service Partnerships 151
Authors: Alison M. Hutchinson, Cheyne Chalmers, Katrina Nankervis, and Nicole (Nikki) Phillips
Introduction 152
Background 153
How to Manage Partnerships During the Research Process 154
Experiential Knowledge of Managing a Partnership 156
How to Sustain Partnerships 159
Experiential Knowledge of Sustaining a Partnership 159
How to Assess the Sustainability of Partnerships 161
Assessing the Sustainability of Our Partnership 162
Barriers/Facilitators and Strategies to Overcome Them 163
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 165
Future Research 165
Conclusion 166
References 166
Chapter 4 Grant-Writing, Dissemination, and Evaluation 169
Chapter 4.1 Writing a Research Coproduction Grant Proposal 169
Authors: Ian D. Graham, Chris McCutcheon, Jo Rycroft-Malone, and Anita Kothari
Background 170
So What Does It Take to Write a Successful Coproduction Research Grant Proposal? 171
General Advice on Writing a Grant Proposal 171
Coproduction Grant Proposal Writing Advice 173
Tips on Writing Coproduction Research Grant Proposals 179
Preconditions that Lead to a Successful Proposal Development - the Relationship and Preparatory Work 180
Proposal Elements 181
Tips for Researchers on Working with Knowledge Users During and After Proposal Writing 183
Tips for Knowledge Users Working with Researchers During and After Proposal Writing 185
Future Research 186
Conclusion 186
References 187
Appendix 4.1.A. CIHR advice on knowledgeuser letters of support - a quick reference 189
Appendix 4.1.B. Applicant and reviewer coproduction research proposal checklist 190
Chapter 4.2 Coproduced Dissemination 192
Authors: Chris McCutcheon, Anita Kothari, Ian D. Graham, and Jo Rycroft-Malone
Background 193
What Is Coproduced Dissemination? 193
Coproduced Dissemination: What Is Known from the Literature? 194
Compatibility of Coproduction and Dissemination 195
Knowledge Exchange 196
Guidance on Dissemination Planning 196
Judicious Knowledge Translation 197
Dissemination Planning at the Grant Proposal Stage 198
From Research to Dissemination 199
The Steps of Coproduced Dissemination Planning 200
Set Dissemination Goals 201
Assess Resources 201
Identify and Learn about Your Audience(s) 202
Develop Key Messages 203
Select Dissemination Strategies 203
Determine What Expertise Is Needed 204
Evaluate 204
Future Research 205
Conclusion 205
References 205
Chapter 4.3 Evaluating Coproduction Research: Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) 210
Authors: Robert K.D. McLean, Ian D. Graham, and Fred Carden
Introduction 211
Roadmap 212
Overview of the Research Evaluation Landscape 212
Research Evaluation at Large 213
Challenges for Research Coproduction Evaluation 214
Deliberative Paradigm - Coproduction Limitations? 214
Analytic Paradigm - Coproduction Limitations? 214
RIA Paradigm - Coproduction Limitations? 214
The Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach and the Novel Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 217
Three Tenets of the Research Quality Plus (RQ+) Approach 218
Tenet 1 - Context Matters 218
Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 218
Tenet 2 - Research Quality is Multi-dimensional 218
Why Does This Matter for Coproduction? 219
Tenet 3 - Judgement of Research Quality Must Be Grounded in Empirical Evidence and Its Systematic and Transparent Appraisal 219
The Research Quality Plus for Coproduction (RQ+ 4 Co-Pro) Framework 219
Contextual Factors 221
Knowledge Use Environment 221
Research Environment 221
Capacities for Coproduction 222
Quality Dimensions and Sub-Dimensions 222
Scientific Rigor 223
Research Legitimacy 224
Positioning for Use 225
Empirical Evidence and Systematic Appraisal 226
How, When, and By Whom Might RQ+ 4
Co-Pro Be Applied? 226
Putting the Framework Into Action 226
Field test 226
Join Us 229
References 229
Chapter 5 Capacity-Building and Infrastructure 233
Chapter 5.1 Researcher Coproduction Competencies and Incentives 233
Authors: Christopher R. Burton and Tone Elin Mekki
Introduction 234
Guiding Frameworks 234
Research Competence 235
Transferable Skills 235
Working with Stakeholders 236
Creating Impact 237
European Implementation Science Education Network 238
Knowledge-Related Competencies 239
Skill-Related Competencies 240
Attitude-Related Competencies 242
Developing Research Coproduction Competencies 244
Conclusion 245
Future Research 246
References 246
Chapter 5.2 Trainees and Research Coproduction 249
Authors: Christine Cassidy, Emily Ramage, Sandy Steinwender, and Shauna Best
Introduction 250
Trainees and Research Coproduction: What Is Known from the Literature? 251
Types of Knowledge Users and Research Context 251
Research Coproduction Approach 251
Barriers and Challenges 252
Facilitators 252
Impact/Outcome of Partnerships 252
Implications and Recommendations from the Literature 253
Trainee Research Coproduction Experience 253
Rewards and Benefits 254
Experiential Learning Opportunity 254
Relevant and Useful Research Findings 254
Advance Research Partnerships 255
Expectations vs. Reality 255
Partnership Structure and Function 255
Engagement 256
Unpredictability 257
Barriers and Facilitators 257
Team Structure and Decision-Making 257
Time and Resources 258
Meeting Knowledge User Needs 259
Considerations for the Development of Research Coproduction Skills 259
Learning 260
Doing 261
Becoming 261
Training Programs 262
Implications for the Practice of Research Coproduction 262
Future Research 266
Training Preparation for Research Coproduction 266
Build the Empirical Knowledge Base on Research Coproduction 266
Conclusion 267
References 267
Chapter 5.3 The Role of Funders 271
Authors: Bev Holmes and Chonnettia Jones
Introduction 271
Setting the Scene: Funders and Their Role in the Use of Evidence 272
Funders and Coproduction in the Literature 274
Coproduction in Action - Examples of Funders’ Activities 275
Research in Action | Stakeholder Engagement 276
International Development Research Centre, Canada 276
Evidence Leaders in Africa | Policymaking 277
Coordinating Center | Research Partnerships 278
Evidence for Action | Evidence of What Works 279
INVOLVE | Public and Patient Involvement 280
Discussion 280
Funders in Coproduction: General Considerations 281
Internally Focused Funder Processes to Support Coproduction 281
Externally Facing Systems-Level Activities to Enable Coproduction 283
Future Research 284
Conclusion 285
References 285
Chapter 6 Building Blocks for Research Coproduction: Reflections and Implications 290
Authors: Jo Rycroft-Malone, Ian D. Graham, Anita Kothari, and Chris McCutcheon
Introduction 290
Research Coproduction: A Principles-Based Approach 291
Stakeholders: An Inclusive and Flexible Approach 292
Meaningful Partnership: Essential Ingredients 293
System Architecture: The Context of Research Coproduction 295
Supporting People’s Capability for Research Coproduction 297
Building Systems Capabilities for Research Coproduction 299
Judicious Coproduction 299
Closing Thoughts 300
References 301
Index 303
