Recent Trends and the Future of Antimicrobial Agents provides a significantly expanded overview of the topic with updated research in a broader context on the development of alternative approaches against microbial infections.
This part primarily describes the use of probiotics, chemically synthesized compounds and nanomaterials as antimicrobial agents. The first chapter describes the potential of probiotics for the restoration of gut microbiomes. Amongst various antimicrobial agents, the use of antibodies has recently been investigated as a potential remedy. A chapter on antibody-based therapy as an alternative to antibiotics has been included. Chemical synthesis has eased the development of target-based prospective drug molecules against microorganisms. Chemically synthesized cationic amphiphiles and amphiphilic nanocarriers as antimicrobial agents have been discussed with sufficient detail in two different chapters. Research and progress in Schiff Base-Metal Complexes and Metal-Organic Frameworks for their antimicrobial applications have also been described in two separate chapters. Independent chapters discussing the design, synthesis and antimicrobial applications of biogenic metal or metalloid nanoparticles, bactericidal QDs and MoS2-based antibacterial nanocomposites have fulfilled the aim of incorporating cutting-edge research in the areas of alternative antimicrobials. Also, a new-age approach to combat microbes, antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), is discussed in the final chapter of the edited volume. This part intends to provide the readers with an updated and broad view of research and development in alternative remedial approaches against microbial infections.
The contents cater to the information needs of professionals and learners in academia, industry and health services who aim to learn the most significant experimental and practical approaches towards finding alternatives to existing antimicrobial therapies.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 What is PCOS?
- Etiopathology of PCOS
- Gut Microbiota
- Importance of Gut Microbiota
- Relationship Between PCOS and Gut Microbiota
- Gut Microbiota and Scfa
- Gut Microbiota and Cytokines
- Gut Microbiota and the Gut-Brain Axis
- Gut Microbiota and Androgen Hormone
- Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
- Edcs and Their Effect on Gut Microbiota
- Inflammation, Insulin Resistance, Gut Dysbiosis and PCOS
- Loss of Gut Integrity Due to Dysbiosis of Gut
- Metabolic Endotoxemia and Insulin Resistance
- Hyperinsulinemia Leads to PCOS Pathogenesis
- Probiotics as a Potential Treatment for PCOS
- Conclusion
- Future Perspectives and Scope
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
Chapter 2 Antibody Therapy as Alternative to Antibiotics
- Introduction
- Antibody Therapy in Pre-Antibiotic Era
- Serum Therapy
- Shortfall of Serum Therapy
- Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Crisis
- Overview of Antibody
- Advancement of Monoclonal Antibody (Mab) Production Technology
- Development of Antibody-Based Therapies Against Infectious Diseases
- Anti-Viral Mab Candidates
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- Human Cytomegalovirus
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Influenza Virus
- Hepatitis B Virus
- Dengue Virus
- Ebola Virus
- Zika Virus
- Anti-Bacterial Mab Candidates
- Anti-Fungal Mab Candidates
- Limitations of Antibody-Based Therapies
- Concluding Remarks
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 3 Cationic Amphiphiles as Antimicrobial Agents
- Introduction
- Synthetic Cationic Peptides as Antimicrobial Agents
- Amphiphilic Helices
- Charge and Hydrophobicity
- Cationic Steroidal Amphiphiles as Antimicrobial Agents
- Structural Classes of Cationic Steroid Amphiphiles
- Membrane Permeabilizing Property of Cationic Steroid Amphiphiles
- Mechanism of Action of Cationic Steroid Amphiphiles
- Quaternary Ammonium Compounds as Antimicrobial Agents
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Effect of Charge Density of the Cationic Head Groups
- Effect of Lipophilic Tails
- Effect of Self-Assembly
- The Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationship
- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspective
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 4 Amphiphilic Nanocarriers to Fight Against Pathogenic Bacteria
- Introduction
- Self-Assembly and Amphiphilicity
- Peptide-Based Amphiphiles
- Classifications of Peptide Amphiphiles [Pas]
- Peptide Amphiphiles Consisting Only of Amino Acids
- Hydrophilic Peptides Linked to Hydrophobic Lipid Alkyl Chains
- Lipidated Peptides With Single Alkyl Chains
- Lipidated Peptides With Multiple Alkyl Chains
- Peptide-Based Block Copolymers
- Synthetic Amphiphiles
- Nanocarriers
- Liposomes
- Niosomes
- Polymersomes
- Cubosomes
- Dendrimers
- Micelles
- Hydrogels
- Drug Resistance
- Role of Amphiphilic Nanocarriers to Fight Against Pathogenic and Multidrug-Resistant [Mdr] Bacteria
- Tuberculosis
- Typhoid Fever
- Brucellosis
- Food Poisoning, Nosocomial Infection, Endocarditis and Toxic Shock Syndrome
- Periodontitis
- Miscellaneous
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 5 Biological Importance of Some Functionalized Schiff Basemetal Complexes
- Mintu Thakur Dqg Kinkar Biswas
- Introduction
- Role of Schiff Base in Co-Ordination Chemistry
- What is Schiff Base Ligand?
- Chemistry of Azomethine Group
- Various Bond Energies in Schiff Base Ligands
- Mechanism of Formations of -C=N- Bond
- Biological Importance of Schiff Base Compounds
- Anti-Fungal Activities
- Anti-Viral Activity
- Anti-Cancer Activity
- Anti-Bacterial Activity
- Biological Activity of Ionic Liquid Tagged Schiff Base Metal Complexes
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 6 Metal-Organic Frameworks (Mofs) for the Antimicrobial Applications
- Introduction
- Synthesis of Mofs
- Diffusion Method
- Hydrothermal Method
- Microwave-Assisted Method
- Electrochemical Method
- Mechanochemical Method
- Ultrasonication Method
- Mofs in Antimicrobial Application
- Anti-Bacterial Mechanism of Mofs
- Mofs as the Antibiotic Carrier
- Direct Assembly Technique
- Encapsulation Technique
- Post-Synthesis Loading Technique
- Gas Storage and Delivery Technique
- Release Characteristics from Mofs
- Anti-Bio Fouling Potency
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
Chapter 7 Biogenic Metal Nanoparticles: a Sustainable Alternative to Combat Drug-Resistant Pathogens
- Introduction
- Capping Agents and Their Different Types
- Biomolecules
- Modes of Biogenic Nps Synthesis and Purification
- Synthesis of Nps Using Bacteria
- Synthesis of Nps Using Fungi
- Synthesis of Nps Using Yeast
- Synthesis of Nps Using Plant Materials
- Synthesis of Nps Using Algae
- Metallic and Non-Metallic Nps
- Mechanism of Biosynthesis of Nps Using Algae
- Synthesis of Nps Using Waste Materials
- Metallic and Non-Metallic Nps
- Mechanisms of Waste Material Mediated Synthesis of Nps
- Advantage of Waste Material in the Synthesis of Nps
- Purification of Biogenic Nps
- Factors Influencing Biogenic Nps Synthesis
- Ph
- Temperature
- Reaction Time
- Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Nps
- Biogenic Nps Applications or Activities
- Antimicrobial Activity of Gold Nanoparticles (Aunps)
- Antimicrobial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles (Agnps)
- Antimicrobial Activity of Iron Nps (Fe Nps)
- Antimicrobial Activity of Zinc Oxide Nps (Znonps)
- Antimicrobial Activity of Copper Nps (Cuonps)
- Antimicrobial Activity of Titanium Dioxide Nps (Tio2Nps)
- Factors Affecting Biogenic Nps Applications
- Nanoparticle Shape
- Chemical Composition
- Size and Concentration
- Photo Activation
- Target Microorganisms
- Isolation and Purification of Nps
Author
- Tilak Saha
- Bipransh Kumar Tiwary
- Manab Deb Adhikari
