For almost two centuries, the huge number of treatments available to guarantee water quality has grown alongside technological progress, the strengthening of industry norms and the reinforcement of consumer expectations. New treatment methods have been developed according to the advancement of knowledge and new sanitary regulations.
This five-volume book sets out to clearly present the variety of treatments available along with their performance, limitations and conditions of use as well as ways to combine them to produce safe drinking water, which is a basic need essential to everyday life.
The author shares his expertise acquired at Veolia, a company that is a world leader in water services and sanitation, desalination of sea water and the recycling of wastewater. Founded in France in 1853 to bring safe water to populations and to protect them from waterborne epidemics which ravaged cities, its history is intertwined with that of water treatment.
Table of Contents
Chapter 7 Removal of Natural Organic Matter 1
7.1 Natural organic matter: humic substances 1
7.2 Methods of quantification and assessment of organic substances in water 8
7.2.1 Total organic carbon 9
7.2.2 Absorbance of ultraviolet light at 254 nm (UV 254) 12
7.2.3 Specific UV absorbance 13
7.2.4 Liquid chromatography 16
7.2.5 Hydrophobic organic carbon 18
7.2.6 Fluorescence 25
7.3 Conditions for the removal of NOM 26
7.4 NOM removal techniques 29
7.4.1 Coagulation-flocculation 30
7.5 Adsorption on activated carbon 72
7.5.1 Mechanism of NOM removal by activated carbon 72
7.5.2 Implementation of activated carbon adsorption for NOM removal 75
7.6 Ozonation 103
7.6.1 Preozonation 103
7.6.2 Interozonation 106
7.7 Biological treatment 109
7.7.1 Biological treatment with PAC: operating principle of the Opaline ® B process (Veolia) 109
7.7.2 Biological treatment combining ozone and GAC 114
7.8 Treatment of ion exchange resins 124
7.8.1 Use of resins for NOM removal: mechanism of NOM removal 124
7.8.2 Parameters affecting the performance of resins for the removal of NOM 125
7.8.3 Resin regeneration 127
7.8.4 The Opalix ® process 127
7.9 NOM removal by high-pressure membranes 133
7.10 References 137
Chapter 8 Filtration 143
8.1 Rapid filters and very high-rate filters (TGV) 144
8.2 Multimedia filters 145
8.3 Direct filtration 148
8.4 Pressurized filters 150
8.5 Filtration mechanisms 151
8.5.1 General principle 151
8.5.2 Mechanisms involved in filtration 152
8.6 Implementation parameters 156
8.6.1 Materials 156
8.6.2 Material height/d 10 ratio 161
8.6.3 ES ratio 164
8.7 Sizing parameters: filtration rate and material height 165
8.8 Operating parameters 168
8.8.1 Pressure loss in a clean filter 168
8.8.2 Pressure loss during clogging 171
8.8.3 Estimation of the turbidity of filtered water in single-layer filters 174
8.8.4 Retention capacity 175
8.8.5 Filter washing conditions: theory and calculations 178
8.8.6 Cycle time 192
8.8.7 Main parameters involved in filter sizing 192
8.9 Veolia filtration technologies: general information 193
8.9.1 Characteristics of open gravity filters 197
8.10 Regulation systems 222
8.10.1 Hydraulic regulators 222
8.10.2 Control valves 224
8.11 Recycling and microbiological risks 224
8.12 Monitoring the operation and performance of filters 226
8.12.1 Turbidity 226
8.12.2 Particle count 228
8.12.3 Problems with the operation of filters 229
8.13 References 232
Chapter 9 Adsorption on Activated Carbon 235
9.1 Activation processes of activated carbon 235
9.1.1 Chemical activation 236
9.1.2 Physical activation 237
9.2 Physicochemical properties of activated carbon 238
9.2.1 Parameters influencing adsorption 239
9.3 Transport process in activated carbon: mass transfer 251
9.3.1 Adsorption mechanisms and isotherms 255
9.4 The different forms of conditioning of activated carbons 267
9.4.1 Powdered activated carbon 267
9.4.2 Micrograin activated carbon (µgrain) 268
9.4.3 Granular activated carbon 270
9.5 Adsorption reactors on activated carbon: removal process 270
9.6 PAC reactors: description of PAC reactors 272
9.6.1 Mass balance 275
9.6.2 GAC reactors in adsorption mode: GAC filters 283
9.6.3 Fluidized bed activated carbon reactors 296
9.6.4 GAC-µgrain-PAC comparison 304
9.6.5 Hybrid process with a PAC reactor associated with UF membranes 306
9.7 Veolia technologies: treatment process with PAC reactors 307
9.7.1 Implementation in a settler without PAC recirculation 308
9.7.2 Implementation with PAC recirculation 309
9.7.3 Opaline ® C process: PAC-membrane hybrid 329
9.8 Micrograin activated carbon reactors 333
9.8.1 Integration of µgrain activated carbon in the treatment process 333
9.8.2 The Filtraflo ® Carb 334
9.8.3 Opacarb ® FL 342
9.8.4 Opacarb ® MG 348
9.9 Fixed bed reactors - GAC filters 352
9.9.1 The GAC filter (Veolia) 354
9.9.2 GAC filters in series 361
9.9.3 Implementation modes for GAC filters 362
9.10 Pressurized GAC filters (Opacarb™ filters) 366
9.11 References 368
Index 373
Summaries of other volumes 375
