The book highlights the properties of sustainable materials for the production of commercial electrochemical capacitors.
Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors details the progress in the usage of ubiquitous environmentally sustainable materials. Due to their cost effectiveness, flexible forms, frequent accessibility, and environmentally friendly nature, electrochemical capacitors with significant surface areas of their carbon components are quite common. Many novel ways for using bio-derived components in highly efficient electrochemical capacitors are being established as a consequence of current research, and this book provides details of all these developments.
The book provides: - A broad overview of properties explored for the development of electrochemical capacitors; - Introduces potential applications of electrochemical capacitors; - Highlights sustainable materials exploited for the production of electrochemical capacitors; - Presents commercial potential of electrochemical capacitors.
Audience
This is a useful guide for engineers, materials scientists, physicists, and innovators, who are linked to the development and applications of electrochemical capacitors.
Table of Contents
Preface xv
1 Sustainable Materials for Electrochemical Supercapacitors: Eco Materials 1
R. Kumar and R. Thangappan
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Eco-Carbon-Based Electrode Materials 3
1.3 Eco-Metal Oxide-Based Electrode Materials 8
1.4 Eco-Carbon-Based Material/Metal Oxide Composite Electrode Materials 11
1.5 Conclusion 13
2 Solid Waste-Derived Carbon Materials for Electrochemical Capacitors 19
Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat
2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Solid Waste as a Source of CNS 20
2.3 Preparation and Activation Methods of Solid Waste-Derived CNS 23
2.4 Effect of Structural and Morphological Diversities on Electrochemical Performance 25
2.5 Environmental Trash-Derived CNS in Electrochemical Capacitors 26
2.6 Challenges and Future Prospects 27
2.7 Conclusions 27
3 Metal Hydroxides 33
Rida Fatima, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Method to Fabricate Metal Hydroxide 34
3.3 Properties and Applications of MOHs 36
3.4 Examples of Metal Hydroxide 49
3.5 Conclusions 57
4 Porous Organic Polymers: Genres, Chemistry, Synthetic Strategies, and Diversified Applications 65
V. Renuga
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Family of Porous Organic Materials 70
4.3 Conclusions and Perspectives 112
5 Gel-Type Natural Polymers as Electroconductive Materials 133
Arshpreet Kaur, Madhvi and Dhiraj Sud
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Natural Polymers 134
5.3 Synthesis Methods for Fabrication of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels 144
5.4 Natural Polymer-Based Physically Cross-Linked Hydrogels 147
5.5 Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels 148
5.6 Stimuli Sensitivity of Hydrogels 150
5.7 Application of Hydrogels as Electrochemical Supercapacitors 150
5.8 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrode Materials 154
5.9 Conducting Polymer Hydrogels as Electrolyte Materials 156
5.10 Conclusion 159
6 Ionic Liquids for Supercapacitors 167
Guocai Tian
6.1 Introduction 167
6.2 Brief Introduction of Supercapacitor 169
6.3 Ionic Liquids and Its Unique Properties 174
6.4 Application of Ionic Liquids in Supercapacitors 181
6.5 Conclusion and Prospective 193
7 Functional Binders for Electrochemical Capacitors 205
Purnima Baruah and Debajyoti Mahanta
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Characteristics of Binder 206
7.3 Method of Fabricating Supercapacitor Electrode 207
7.4 Mechanism of Binding Process 207
7.5 Classification of Binders 208
7.6 Characterization Techniques 209
7.7 Conventional Binders and Related Issues 209
7.8 Sustainable Binders 210
7.9 Conclusion 216
8 Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes in Electrochemical Capacitors 221
Sina Yaghoubi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Aziz Babapoor and Chin Wei Lai
8.1 Introduction 221
8.2 Fluorinated Electrolytes 224
8.3 Sustainable Substitutes for Fluorinated Electrolytes 227
8.4 Performance of Sustainable Electrolytes Compared to Fluorinated Electrolytes 234
8.5 Final Remarks 236
9 Aqueous Redox-Active Electrolytes 247
Ranganatha S.
9.1 Introduction 247
9.2 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance 248
9.3 Aqueous Electrolytes 250
9.4 Acidic Electrolytes 251
9.5 Alkaline Electrolytes 252
9.6 Neutral Electrolyte 254
9.7 Conclusion and Future Research Directions 257
10 Biodegradable Electrolytes 261
Tuba Saleem, Ijaz Rasul, Habibullah Nadeem, Sanora Sehar and Arfaa Sajid
10.1 Introduction 261
10.2 Classification of Biodegradable Electrolytes 263
10.3 Preparation of Biodegradable Electrolytes 268
10.4 Some Defined Ways to Increase the Ionic Conductivity 268
10.5 Factors Affecting Ion Conduction of Biodegradable Polymer Electrolytes 269
10.6 Properties of Ideal Biodegradable Electrolyte System 270
10.7 Applications of Biodegradable Electrolytes 270
10.8 Conclusion 273
11 Supercapattery: An Electrochemical Energy Storage Device 279
Fiona Joyline Mascarenhas, Shreeganesh Subraya Hegde and Badekai Ramachandra Bhat
11.1 Introduction 279
11.2 Batteries and Capacitors 280
11.3 Supercapattery Device and Electrode Materials 281
11.4 Advantages and Challenges of Supercapatteries 287
11.5 Conclusions 287
12 Ceramic Multilayers and Films for High-Performance Supercapacitors 291
Sonali Verma, Bhavya Padha and Sandeep Arya
12.1 Introduction 291
12.2 Different Types of Ceramic Materials 292
12.3 Multilayer Structure 293
12.4 Supercapacitors Based on Ceramic Materials 294
12.5 Challenges and Prospects 297
12.6 Conclusion 298
13 Potential Applications in Sustainable Supercapacitors 305
Pitchaimani Veerakumar
13.1 Introduction 306
13.2 Fundamentals and Components of SCs 307
13.3 Sustainable Nanomaterials in SCs 311
13.4 Sustainable Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 315
13.5 Conclusions 325
14 Wearable Supercapacitors 339
Preety Ahuja, Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain, M. Ramanand Singh, Neelu Dheer and Rajni Kanojia
14.1 Introduction 339
14.2 Working Principle 340
14.3 Design of Electrode Materials 342
14.4 Wearable Supercapacitor 346
14.5 Integrated Application 350
14.6 Conclusion 354
15 Electrospun Materials 361
Hina Sahar, Sania Naseer, Muhammad Rehan Hasan Shah Gilani, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Muhammad Aamir and Javeed Akhtar
15.1 Introduction 361
15.2 Electrospinning Process 362
15.3 Advantages of Electrospinning Technique 363
15.4 Working Parameters of Electrospinning Process 363
15.5 Electrospinning-Based Preparation Methods for Nanofibers 367
15.6 Formation of Pore in Electrospun Polymer Fibers 368
15.7 Modification of Electrospun Micro- and Nanofibers 371
15.8 Applications 375
15.9 Conclusion 382
16 Polysaccharide Biomaterials for Electrochemical Applications 391
Neelam Srivastava and Dipti Yadav
16.1 Introduction 391
16.2 Polysaccharides in Energy Devices 393
17 Polymer Inks for Printable Supercapacitors 415
Yurui Liu, Yijie Zhou and Yanfei Xu
17.1 Introduction 415
17.2 Screen Printing 419
17.3 Inkjet Printing 419
17.4 3D Printing 419
17.5 Conclusion and Outlook 422
18 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Supercapacitors 427
Priyadharshini M., Pazhanivel T. and Hariprasath K. R.
18.1 Introduction 428
18.2 Tuneable Physiochemical Properties 429
18.3 Synthesis Procedure 432
18.4 Main Categories of Biomass 432
18.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 436
References 437
Index 441
