The book provides insight into the fundamental aspects, latest research, synthesis route development, preparation, and future applications of metal oxide nanocomposite thin films.
The fabrication of thin film-based materials is important to the future production of safe, efficient, and affordable energy as the devices convert sunlight into electricity. Thin film devices allow excellent interface engineering for high-performance printable solar cells as their structures are highly reliable and stand-alone systems can provide the required megawatts. They have been used as power sources in solar home systems, remote buildings, water pumping, megawatt-scale power plants, satellites, communications, and space vehicles.
Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films for Optoelectronic Device Applications covers the basics of advanced nanometal oxide-based materials, their synthesis, characterization, and applications, and all the updated information on optoelectronics. Topics discussed include the implications of metal oxide thin films, which are critical for device fabrications. It provides updated information on the economic aspect and toxicity, with great focus paid to display applications, and covers some core areas of nanotechnology, which are particularly concerned with optoelectronics and the available technologies. The book concludes with insights into the role of nanotechnology and the physics behind photovoltaics.
Audience
The book will be an important volume for electronics and electrical engineers, nanotechnologists, materials scientists, inorganic chemists in academic research, and those in industries, exploring the applications of nanoparticles in semiconductors, power electronics, and more.
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Part I: Nanotechnology 1
1 Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles / Nanocrystalline Thin Films for Photovoltaic Application 3
Santosh Singh Golia, Chandni Puri, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
1.1 Present Status of Power Generation Capacity and Target in India 4
1.2 Importance of Solar Energy 4
1.3 Evolution in Photovoltaic Cells and their Generations 6
1.4 Role of Nanostructured Metal Oxides in Production, Conversion, and Storage in Harvesting Renewable Energy 12
1.5 Synthesis of Nanostructured Metal Oxides for Photovoltaic Cell Application 13
1.6 Characterization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles/Thin Films 31
1.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects 32
2 Experimental Realization of Zinc Oxide: A Comparison Between Nano and Micro-Film 45
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Majid Ul Islam, Imran Ahmed and Mohd Shkir
2.1 Introduction 45
2.2 Approaches to Nanotechnology 46
2.3 Wide Band Semiconductors 48
2.4 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) 48
2.5 Properties of Zinc Oxide 50
2.6 Thin Film Deposition Techniques 52
2.7 Procedure of Experimental Work 53
2.8 Calculation of Thickness of Thin ZnO Films 54
2.9 Structural Analysis 54
2.10 Optical Characterization 56
2.11 Electrical Characterization 60
2.12 Applications of Zinc Oxide 62
2.13 Conclusions and Future Work 63
3 Luminescent Nanocrystalline Metal Oxides: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Challenges 65
Chandni Puri, Balwinder Kaur, Santosh Singh Golia, Rayees Ahmad Zargar and Manju Arora
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Different Types of Luminescence 67
3.3 Luminescence Mechanism in Nanomaterials 73
3.4 Luminescent Nanomaterials Characteristic Properties 74
3.5 Synthesis and Shape Control Methods for Luminescent Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 75
3.6 Characterization of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides 86
3.7 Applications of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides 87
3.8 Conclusion and Future Aspects of Nanocrystalline Luminescent Metal Oxides 88
4 Status, Challenges and Bright Future of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide for Optoelectronic Device Applications 101
Ajay Singh, Sunil Sambyal, Vishal Singh, Balwinder Kaur and Archana Sharma
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Synthesis of Nanocomposite Metal Oxide by Physical and Chemical Routes 105
4.3 Characterization Techniques Used for Metal Oxide Optoelectronics 109
4.4 Optoelectronic Devices Based on MOs Nanocomposites 111
4.5 Advantages of Pure/Doped Metal Oxides Used in Optoelectronic Device Fabrication 117
4.6 Parameters Required for Optoelectronic Devices Applications 118
4.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective of Metal Oxides-Based Optoelectronic Devices 119
Part II: Thin Film Technology 129
5 Semiconductor Metal Oxide Thin Films: An Overview 131
Krishna Kumari Swain, Pravat Manjari Mishra and Bijay Kumar Behera
5.1 Introduction 132
5.1.1 An Introduction to Semiconducting Metal Oxide 133
5.1.2 Properties of Semiconducting Metal Oxide 134
5.1.3 Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films 135
5.1.4 Thin Films Deposition Method 135
5.1.5 Application of Semiconducting Metal Oxide Thin Films 148
5.1.6 Limitations of Semiconductor Thin Films 149
5.2 Conclusion and Outlook 150
6 Thin Film Fabrication Techniques 155
Lankipalli Krishna Sai, Krishna Kumari Swain and Sunil Kumar Pradhan
6.1 Introduction 156
6.2 Thin Film - Types and Their Application 157
6.3 Classification of Thin-Film Fabrication Techniques 157
6.4 Methodology 159
6.5 Advantages of CVD Process 173
6.6 Comparison Between PVD and CVD 174
6.7 Conclusion 174
7 Printable Photovoltaic Solar Cells 179
Tuiba Mearaj, Faisal Bashir, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Santosh Chacrabarti and Aurangzeb Khurrem Hafiz
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Working Principle of Printable Solar Cells 180
7.3 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 181
7.4 Metal Oxide-Based Printable Solar Cell 184
7.5 What is Thick Film, Its Technology with Advantages 186
7.6 To Select Suitable Technology for Film Deposition by Considering the Economy, Flexibility, Reliability, and Performance Aspects 188
7.7 Procedures for Firing 191
7.8 Deposition of Thin Film Layers via Solution-Based Process 193
8 Response of Metal Oxide Thin Films Under Laser Irradiation 203
Rayees Ahmad Zargar
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Interaction of Laser with Material 205
8.3 Radiation Causes Modification 206
8.4 Application Laser Irradiated Films 207
8.5 Wavelength Range of Radiation 208
8.6 Laser Irradiation Mechanism 209
8.7 Experimental Procedure 211
Part III: Photovoltaic and Storage Devices 221
9 Basic Physics and Design of Photovoltaic Devices 223
Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Yasar Arfat, Vipin Kumar and Joginder Singh
9.1 Introduction: Solar Cell 224
9.2 Semiconductor Physics 225
9.3 Carrier Concentrations in Equilibrium 227
9.4 p-n Junction Formation 229
9.5 Process of Carrier Production and Recombination 229
9.6 Equations for Poisson’s and Continuity Equation 230
9.7 Photovoltaic (Solar Power) Systems 231
9.8 Types of Photovoltaic Installations and Technology 232
9.9 Electrical Characteristics Parameters 233
9.10 Basic p-n Junction Diode Parameters 236
9.11 Conclusion 237
10 Measurement and Characterization of Photovoltaic Devices 239
Saleem Khan, Vaishali Misra, Ayesha Bhandri and Suresh Kumar
10.1 Introduction 240
10.2 Electrical and Optical Measurements 242
10.3 Current-Voltage (I-V) Characterization 242
10.4 Quantum Efficiency 246
10.5 Hall Effect Measurements 248
10.6 Photoluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging 252
10.7 Electroluminescence Spectroscopy and Imaging 254
10.8 Light Beam Induced Current Technique (LBIC) 255
10.9 Electron Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) 255
10.10 Characterization by Ellipsometry Spectroscopy 257
10.11 Conclusion 258
11 Theoretical and Experimental Results of Nanomaterial Thin Films for Solar Cell Applications 263
Muzaffar Iqbal Khan, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Showkat Ahmad Dar and Trilok Chandra Upadhyay
11.1 Introduction 263
11.2 Literature Survey 266
11.3 Theoretical and Experimental Results 277
11.4 Experimental Results of Optical Properties 282
11.5 Conclusions 285
12 Metal Oxide-Based Light-Emitting Diodes 295
Shabir Ahmad Bhat, Sneha Wankar, Jyoti Rawat and Rayees Ahmad Zargar
12.1 Introduction 296
12.2 Structure of LEDs 297
12.3 Working Principle of LEDs 298
12.4 Selection of Material for Construction of LEDs 299
12.5 Basic Terminology Involved in Fabrication of LEDs 300
12.6 LEDs Based on ZnO (Zinc Oxide) 302
12.7 Transition Metal Oxide-Based LEDs 307
12.8 Lanthanide-Based OLEDs 310
12.9 Conclusion 312
13 Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Thin Films: Optical and Electrical Characterization 317
Santosh Chackrabarti, Rayees Ahmad Zargar, Tuiba Mearaj and Aurangzeb Khurram Hafiz
13.1 Introduction 318
13.2 Nanocomposite Thin Films (NCTFs) 320
13.3 Materials Used for Preparation of NCTFs 320
13.4 Methods of Preparation of NCTFs 328
13.5 Applications 331
13.6 Examples 332
13.7 Laser Irradiation Sources 333
13.8 Functional Characterization Techniques 336
13.9 Conclusion 341
14 Manganese Dioxide as a Supercapacitor Material 361
Mudasir Hussain Rather, Feroz A. Mir, Peerzada Ajaz Ahmad, Rayaz Ahmad and Kaneez Zainab
14.1 Introduction 362
14.2 Supercapacitor Components 366
14.3 Methods for MnO2 Nanoparticles 369
14.4 Doped-MnO2 Materials 372
14.5 MnO2 with Polymer Composites 378
14.6 Nanocomposites 381
14.7 Conclusion 384
References 386
Index 399
