Because of their sensitivity and flexible capabilities, functional fibers have an enormous range of applications across many industries. In particular, advanced optical and electronic fibers have been integrated into numerous cutting-edge technologies, and their applications are growing year on year. There is an expanding need for scientists and professionals, particularly in the healthcare and sensor industries, to be familiar with the complex web of factors underlying functional fibers.
Optical and Electronic Fibers builds this familiarity with an up-to-date, highly readable presentation. It introduces both the characteristics and applications of different functional fiber materials before moving to future opportunities for research and development. The result is an accessible overview of an emerging technology with boundless potential.
Optical and Electronic Fibers readers will also find: - More than 150 figures, many in full color- Applications in industries ranging from optical waveguides to neural interfaces- Detailed treatment of fiber materials, including soft glasses, carbon materials, liquids, and semiconductors
Optical and Electronic Fibers is a useful reference for materials scientists, electrical engineers, and semiconductor and sensor professionals.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
1 Optical Fiber with Two-dimensional Materials Integration for Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications 1
Jin-hui Chen and Fei Xu
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Fiber-integrated 2D Materials for Photonics and Optoelectronics 3
1.2.1 Basic Properties of 2D Materials 3
1.2.1.1 Graphene 3
1.2.1.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 4
1.2.1.3 Black Phosphorus 6
1.2.1.4 Other 2D Materials and the Heterostructures 7
1.2.2 Optical Fiber-2D-material Integrations 7
1.2.3 Photonic and Optoelectronic Applications 9
1.2.3.1 Polarimetric Devices 9
1.2.3.2 Light Sources 10
1.2.3.3 Modulators 12
1.2.3.4 Photodetectors 14
1.2.3.5 Nonlinear Optics 17
1.2.3.6 Fiber-optic Sensors 20
1.3 Conclusion 24
References 24
2 Postprocessing of Semiconductor Optical Fibers 29
Hei C.L. Tsui and Noel Healy
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Semiconductor Optical Fibers 29
2.2.1 Heat Treatments of Semiconductor Optical Fibers 29
2.2.1.1 Thermal Annealing 30
2.2.1.2 Rapid Thermal Annealing 31
2.2.2 Laser Processing of Semiconductor Optical Fibers 32
2.2.2.1 Electronic Absorption via the Core 32
2.2.2.2 Conductive Core Heating via Laser Absorption by the Cladding 33
2.2.3 Applications of Laser‐processed Optical Fibers 34
2.2.3.1 Electronic Bandgap Modulation 34
2.2.3.2 Compositional Microstructuring 35
2.2.3.3 Capillary Instabilities 35
2.2.4 Tapering of Semiconductor Optical Fibers 38
2.2.4.1 Applications of Tapered Optical Fiber 39
2.2.4.2 Dispersion Tailoring 41
2.2.4.3 Mode-matched Coupling 41
2.3 Conclusion 42
References 42
3 Processed Optical Fiber-based Wearable Sensors for Healthcare 45
Rajan Jha, Kalipada Chatterjee, and Ranjan Singh
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Performance Features of Wearable Sensors 46
3.2.1 Sensitivity 47
3.2.2 Linearity and Range of Operation 50
3.2.3 Response Time and Dynamic Durability 51
3.2.4 Biocompatibility 52
3.2.5 Integrability 53
3.3 Processed Fiber-based Wearable Optical Sensors 54
3.3.1 Intensity Interrogation-based Sensing Mechanism 55
3.3.1.1 Micro-/Macro-bend Fiber-based Sensor Probe 55
3.3.1.2 Hetero-core Fiber-based Sensor Probe 56
3.3.1.3 Plastic Optical Fiber (POF)-based Sensor Probe 57
3.3.1.4 Silica Micro-/Nanofiber (MNF)-based Sensor Probe 60
3.3.2 Wavelength Interrogation-based Sensing Mechanism 61
3.3.2.1 Processed Fiber Interferometers 61
3.3.2.2 Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) Structures 62
3.3.2.3 Polymer Optical Fiber Bragg Gratings (POFBGFs) 63
3.3.2.4 Micro/Nano Fiber Structures 65
3.4 Scope of Optical Wearable Sensors 65
3.4.1 2D Materials for Miniaturized Wearable Sensors 65
3.4.2 Computational Modalities for Analytical Augmentation 66
3.4.3 Additional Utilities of Processed Fiber Wearable Optical Sensors 67
3.5 Conclusions 68
References 69
4 Electrochemical Plasmonic Fibers for Operando Monitoring of Renewable Energy 75
Xiaobin Xue, Xile Han, Fu Liu, and Tuan Guo
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Sensing Principle 78
4.2.1 TFBG-assisted Plasmonic Excitation by Thin Metal Film Coating 78
4.2.2 Electrochemical Surface Plasmon Resonance (EC-SPR) Sensing Method 80
4.3 Recent Progress of Operando Monitoring of Renewable Energy 81
4.3.1 Ultrafast and Repeatable Hydrogen Monitoring 81
4.3.2 In-situ Monitoring of State of Charge (SOC) of Battery 84
4.3.3 In-situ Monitoring of Ion Activities in Battery 85
4.3.4 In-situ Monitoring of State of Health (SOH) of Battery 88
4.4 Conclusion 90
References 90
5 Fiber Optofluidic Microlasers Toward High-performance Biochemical Sensing 95
Yiling Liu, Xi Yang, Yanqiong Wang, and Yuan Gong
5.1 Introduction 95
5.2 Theory 96
5.2.1 Optical Microcavity and Its Sensing Principle 96
5.2.1.1 The Principle of Optical Microcavity 96
5.2.1.2 The Sensing Mechanism of Optical Microcavities 97
5.2.2 Optofluidic Laser and Its Sensing Principle 98
5.2.2.1 The Principle of Laser Emission 98
5.2.2.2 The Sensing Mechanism of the Optofluidic Laser 100
5.3 Optical Fiber Microresonators for Optofluidic Lasing 101
5.3.1 Fiber Microring Resonator 101
5.3.1.1 Common Optical Fibers 101
5.3.1.2 Hollow Optical Fibers 102
5.3.1.3 Microstructured Optical Fiber 103
5.3.1.4 Optical Microfiber Ring Resonator 104
5.3.1.5 Other Resonant Microstructures 105
5.3.2 Photonic Bandgap Fiber Microcavity 105
5.3.3 Fiber Fabry-Pérot Cavity 106
5.3.4 Random Scattering 108
5.4 Biochemical Sensing Based on FOFLs 110
5.4.1 Highly Sensitive Biochemical Sensors 110
5.4.2 Disposable Biochemical Sensors 111
5.4.3 Fast, High-throughput Biochemical Sensors 113
5.4.4 Cell and Organism Analysis 113
5.5 Conclusion 116
References 116
6 Two Micrometer Ultrafast Fiber Laser 119
Tianshu Wang
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Mode-locked Fiber Laser 122
6.2.1 Active Mode-locked Ultrafast Fiber Lasers 122
6.2.2 Passively Mode-locked Ultrafast Fiber Lasers 124
6.2.2.1 Nonlinear Polarization Rotation Effect 124
6.2.2.2 Nonlinear Amplified Loop Mirror (NALM) 128
6.2.2.3 2D Material Mode Locking 130
6.2.2.4 Hybrid Mode-locked 130
6.3 Two Micrometer Ultrafast Fiber Laser-related Technology 132
6.3.1 Wavelength Conversion 132
6.3.2 Pulse Shaping and Evolution 134
6.4 Two Micrometer Ultrafast Fiber Laser Communication 137
6.4.1 FSO Communication 137
6.4.2 Somke Channel Communication 139
6.5 Conclusion 141
References 141
7 Advanced Fibers for Optogenetic Modulation 143
Minghui Du and Shifeng Zhou
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Basic Principle of the Optogenetic Technology 144
7.3 Fabrication Techniques of Advanced Fibers 145
7.3.1 Rod-in-tube Method 146
7.3.2 Molten-core-in-tube Method 147
7.3.3 Thin-film Rolling Method 148
7.3.4 Extrusion Method 149
7.3.5 Stack-and-draw Method 150
7.3.6 3D Printing Approach 150
7.3.7 Double-crucible Technique 151
7.3.8 High-pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique 152
7.3.9 Pressure-assisted Melt Filling Technique 153
7.3.10 Laser-heated Pedestal Growth Technique 153
7.3.11 Integrated Dynamic Wet Spinning Technique 155
7.4 Design Rules of Fiber-based Neural Probes 155
7.4.1 Biocompatibility 155
7.4.2 Mechanical Properties 156
7.4.3 Optical Properties 157
7.4.4 Electrical Properties 157
7.5 Fiber-based Neural Probes for Optogenetics 158
7.5.1 Glass Fiber-based Neural Probes 158
7.5.2 Polymer Fiber-based Neural Probes 162
7.5.2.1 Nonstretchable Fiber-based Probes 162
7.5.2.2 Stretchable Fiber-based Probes 165
7.6 Conclusion 168
7.7 Acknowledgments 170
References 170
8 Novel Functional Fibers for Neural Interfacing 179
Shan Jiang and Xiaoting Jia
8.1 Introduction 179
8.2 Genetic Manipulation-enabled Optical Approaches 180
8.3 Conventional Silica Fiber 181
8.3.1 Direct Optical Readout 181
8.3.2 Integration with Electronics 181
8.4 Thermally Drawn Multifunctional Fiber 183
8.4.1 Design Considerations for Neural Interfacing Applications 184
8.4.1.1 Material Selection 184
8.4.1.2 Diverse Thermal Drawing Methods 185
8.4.2 Application of As-drawn Fiber-based Probes 186
8.4.3 Advanced Multifunctional Fibers with Post Processing 187
8.4.4 Tissue Engineering 190
8.5 Conclusions 191
References 193
9 Very-large-scale Integration for Fibers 197
Alexander Gumennik, Jeffery Coulter, Louis A. van der Elst, Troy A. Leffel, Etgar C. Levi, Camila Faccini de Lima, Tyson Miller, and Mengxin Zheng
9.1 Introduction 197
9.2 VLSI-Fi: State-of-the-art and Current Challenges 200
9.2.1 Architectural and Morphological Control of the Fiber Cross-section by a 3D Printing of the Preform and Its Thermal Draw 200
9.2.2 Axial Fiber-structuring and Fiber-embedded Functional Systems Assembly by Material-selective Amplification of Spatially Coherent Capillary Instabilities 205
9.2.3 Search for a Physically Intuitive Analytical Model Describing the AVG Breakup 208
9.2.4 Engineering the Optoelectronic Properties, Crystallinity, Composition, and Internal Stress of the Breakup-assembled Devices by a Guided Solidification from Melt 210
9.3 What’s Next? 215
9.3.1 Conclusions and Future Directions 215
References 218
10 Inorganic Thermoelectric Fibers: Materials, Fabrication Methods, and Applications 225
Jiwu Xin, Yongke Wang, Yubo Luo, Qinghui Jiang, and Junyou Yang
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 Bi2(Te, Se)3-based Nanofibers 226
10.3 PbTe-based Fibers 229
10.4 Ag2Te-based Fibers 230
10.5 SnSe-based Fibers 231
10.6 NaCo2O4-based Fibers 232
10.7 Conclusion 234
References 235
Index 237
