The Global Market for Renewable and Sustainable Materials 2024-2034

2.1 BIOREFINERIES
2.2 BIO-BASED FEEDSTOCK AND LAND USE
2.3 PLANT-BASED
2.3.1 STARCH
2.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.3 Global production
2.3.1.4 Lysine
2.3.1.4.1 Sources
2.3.1.4.2 Applications
2.3.1.4.3 Global production
2.3.1.5 Glucose
2.3.1.5.1 HMDA
2.3.1.5.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.1.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.1.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.2 DN5
2.3.1.5.2.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.2.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.2.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.2.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.3 Sorbitol
2.3.1.5.3.1 Isosorbide
2.3.1.5.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.3.1.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.3.1.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.3.1.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.4 Lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.4.2 D-lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.3 L-lactic acid
2.3.1.5.4.4 Lactide
2.3.1.5.5 Itaconic acid
2.3.1.5.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.5.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.5.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.5.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.6 3-HP
2.3.1.5.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.6.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.6.5 Acrylic acid
2.3.1.5.6.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.6.6 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO)
2.3.1.5.6.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.6.6.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.6.6.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.7 Succinic Acid
2.3.1.5.7.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.7.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.7.5 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BDO)
2.3.1.5.7.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.7.6 Tetrahydrofuran (THF)
2.3.1.5.7.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.7.6.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.7.6.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.8 Adipic acid
2.3.1.5.8.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.8.2 Caprolactame
2.3.1.5.8.2.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.8.2.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.8.2.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.9 Isobutanol
2.3.1.5.9.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.9.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.9.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.9.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.9.5 1,4-Butanediol
2.3.1.5.9.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.9.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.9.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.9.6 p-Xylene
2.3.1.5.9.6.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.9.6.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.9.6.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.9.6.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.9.6.5 Terephthalic acid
2.3.1.5.9.6.6 Overview
2.3.1.5.10 1,3 Proppanediol
2.3.1.5.10.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.10.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.10.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.10.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.11 MEG
2.3.1.5.11.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.11.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.11.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.11.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.12 Ethanol
2.3.1.5.12.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.12.2 Sources
2.3.1.5.12.3 Applications
2.3.1.5.12.4 Global production
2.3.1.5.12.5 Ethylene
2.3.1.5.12.5.1 Overview
2.3.1.5.12.5.2 Applications
2.3.1.5.12.5.3 Global production
2.3.1.5.12.5.4 Propylene
2.3.1.5.12.5.5 Vinyl chloride
2.3.1.5.12.6 Methly methacrylate
2.3.2 SUGAR CROPS
2.3.2.1 Saccharose
2.3.2.1.1 Aniline
2.3.2.1.1.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.1.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.1.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2 Fructose
2.3.2.1.2.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.4 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)
2.3.2.1.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.5 5-Chloromethylfurfural (5-CMF)
2.3.2.1.2.5.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.5.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.5.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.6 Levulinic Acid
2.3.2.1.2.6.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.6.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.6.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.7 FDME
2.3.2.1.2.7.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.7.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.7.3 Global production
2.3.2.1.2.8 2,5-FDCA
2.3.2.1.2.8.1 Overview
2.3.2.1.2.8.2 Applications
2.3.2.1.2.8.3 Global production
2.3.3 LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS
2.3.3.1 Levoglucosenone
2.3.3.1.1 Overview
2.3.3.1.2 Applications
2.3.3.1.3 Global production
2.3.3.2 Hemicellulose
2.3.3.2.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.2 Biochemicals from hemicellulose
2.3.3.2.3 Global production
2.3.3.2.4 Furfural
2.3.3.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.3.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.3.2.4.4 Furfuyl alcohol
2.3.3.2.4.4.1 Overview
2.3.3.2.4.4.2 Applications
2.3.3.2.4.4.3 Global production
2.3.3.3 Lignin
2.3.3.3.1 Overview
2.3.3.3.2 Sources
2.3.3.3.3 Applications
2.3.3.3.3.1 Aromatic compounds
2.3.3.3.3.1.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
2.3.3.3.3.1.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
2.3.3.3.3.1.3 Vanillin
2.3.3.3.3.2 Polymers
2.3.3.3.4 Global production
2.3.4 PLANT OILS
2.3.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.2 Glycerol
2.3.4.2.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.3 Global production
2.3.4.2.4 MPG
2.3.4.2.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.4.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.4.3 Global production
2.3.4.2.5 ECH
2.3.4.2.5.1 Overview
2.3.4.2.5.2 Applications
2.3.4.2.5.3 Global production
2.3.4.3 Fatty acids
2.3.4.3.1 Overview
2.3.4.3.2 Applications
2.3.4.3.3 Global production
2.3.4.3.4 PHA
2.3.4.3.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.3.4.2 Applications
2.3.4.3.4.3 Global production
2.3.4.4 Castor oil
2.3.4.4.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.2 Sebacic acid
2.3.4.4.2.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.2.2 Applications
2.3.4.4.2.3 Global production
2.3.4.4.3 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA)
2.3.4.4.3.1 Overview
2.3.4.4.3.2 Applications
2.3.4.4.3.3 Global production
2.3.4.5 Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA)
2.3.4.5.1 Overview
2.3.4.5.2 Applications
2.3.4.5.3 Global production
2.3.4.6 Epichlorohydrin (ECH)
2.3.4.6.1 Overview
2.3.4.6.2 Applications
2.3.4.6.3 Global production
2.3.4.7 Pentamethylene diisocyanate
2.3.4.7.1 Overview
2.3.4.7.2 Applications
2.3.4.7.3 Global production
2.3.5 NON-EDIBIBLE MILK
2.3.5.1 Casein
2.3.5.1.1 Overview
2.3.5.1.2 Applications
2.3.5.1.3 Global production
2.4 WASTE
2.4.1 Food waste
2.4.1.1 Overview
2.4.1.2 Products and applications
2.4.1.3 Global production
2.4.2 Agricultural waste
2.4.2.1 Overview
2.4.2.2 Products and applications
2.4.2.3 Global production
2.4.3 Forestry waste
2.4.3.1 Overview
2.4.3.2 Products and applications
2.4.3.3 Global production
2.4.4 Aquaculture/fishing waste
2.4.4.1 Overview
2.4.4.2 Products and applications
2.4.4.3 Global production
2.4.5 Municipal solid waste
2.4.5.1 Overview
2.4.5.2 Products and applications
2.4.5.3 Global production
2.4.6 Industrial waste
2.4.6.1 Overview
2.4.6.2 Products and applications
2.4.6.3 Global production
2.4.6.4 Glycerol
2.4.6.4.1 Overview
2.4.6.4.2 Products and applications
2.4.6.4.3 Global production
2.4.7 Waste oils
2.4.7.1 Overview
2.4.7.2 Products and applications
2.4.7.3 Global production
2.4.7.4 Naphtha
2.4.7.4.1 Overview
2.5 MICROBIAL & MINERAL SOURCES
2.5.1 Global production
2.5.2 Microalgae
2.5.2.1 Overview
2.5.2.2 Products and applications
2.5.3 Macroalgae
2.5.3.1 Overview
2.5.3.2 Products and applications
2.5.4 Methane hydrates
2.5.4.1 Overview
2.5.4.2 Products and applications
2.5.5 Mineral sources
2.5.5.1 Overview
2.5.5.2 Products and applications
2.6 GASEOUS
2.6.1 Biogas
2.6.1.1 Overview
2.6.1.2 Products and applications
2.6.1.3 Global production
2.6.2 Syngas
2.6.2.1 Products and applications
2.6.2.2 Global production
2.6.3 Off gases - fermentation CO2, CO
2.6.3.1 Overview
2.6.3.2 Products and applications
2.7 COMPANY PROFILES (100 company profiles)

3.1 BIO-BASED OR RENEWABLE PLASTICS
3.1.1 Drop-in bio-based plastics
3.1.2 Novel bio-based plastics
3.2 BIODEGRADABLE AND COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
3.2.1 Biodegradability
3.2.2 Compostability
3.3 TYPES
3.4 KEY MARKET PLAYERS
3.5 SYNTHETIC BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.5.1 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
3.5.1.1 Market analysis
3.5.1.2 Production
3.5.1.3 Producers and production capacities, current and planned
3.5.1.3.1 Lactic acid producers and production capacities
3.5.1.3.2 PLA producers and production capacities
3.5.1.3.3 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.2 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET)
3.5.2.1 Market analysis
3.5.2.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.2.3 Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (Bio-PTT)
3.5.3.1 Market analysis
3.5.3.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.3.3 Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.4 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF)
3.5.4.1 Market analysis
3.5.4.2 Comparative properties to PET
3.5.4.3 Producers and production capacities
3.5.4.3.1 FDCA and PEF producers and production capacities
3.5.4.3.2 Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.5 Polyamides (Bio-PA)
3.5.5.1 Market analysis
3.5.5.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.5.3 Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.6 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT)
3.5.6.1 Market analysis
3.5.6.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.6.3 Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.7 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) and copolymers
3.5.7.1 Market analysis
3.5.7.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.7.3 Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.8 Polyethylene (Bio-PE)
3.5.8.1 Market analysis
3.5.8.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.8.3 Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.5.9 Polypropylene (Bio-PP)
3.5.9.1 Market analysis
3.5.9.2 Producers and production capacities
3.5.9.3 Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.6 NATURAL BIO-BASED POLYMERS
3.6.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
3.6.1.1 Technology description
3.6.1.2 Types
3.6.1.2.1 PHB
3.6.1.2.2 PHBV
3.6.1.3 Synthesis and production processes
3.6.1.4 Market analysis
3.6.1.5 Commercially available PHAs
3.6.1.6 Markets for PHAs
3.6.1.6.1 Packaging
3.6.1.6.2 Cosmetics
3.6.1.6.2.1 PHA microspheres
3.6.1.6.3 Medical
3.6.1.6.3.1 Tissue engineering
3.6.1.6.3.2 Drug delivery
3.6.1.6.4 Agriculture
3.6.1.6.4.1 Mulch film
3.6.1.6.4.2 Grow bags
3.6.1.7 Producers and production capacities
3.6.1.8 PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
3.6.2 Cellulose
3.6.2.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
3.6.2.1.1 Market analysis
3.6.2.1.2 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2 Nanocellulose
3.6.2.2.1 Cellulose nanocrystals
3.6.2.2.1.1 Synthesis
3.6.2.2.1.2 Properties
3.6.2.2.1.3 Production
3.6.2.2.1.4 Applications
3.6.2.2.1.5 Market analysis
3.6.2.2.1.6 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2.2 Cellulose nanofibers
3.6.2.2.2.1 Applications
3.6.2.2.2.2 Market analysis
3.6.2.2.2.3 Producers and production capacities
3.6.2.2.3 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
3.6.2.2.3.1 Production
3.6.2.2.3.2 Applications
3.6.3 Protein-based bioplastics
3.6.3.1 Types, applications and producers
3.6.4 Algal and fungal
3.6.4.1 Algal
3.6.4.1.1 Advantages
3.6.4.1.2 Production
3.6.4.1.3 Producers
3.6.4.2 Mycelium
3.6.4.2.1 Properties
3.6.4.2.2 Applications
3.6.4.2.3 Commercialization
3.6.5 Chitosan
3.6.5.1 Technology description
3.7 PRODUCTION OF BIOBASED AND BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS, BY REGION
3.7.1 North America
3.7.2 Europe
3.7.3 Asia-Pacific
3.7.3.1 China
3.7.3.2 Japan
3.7.3.3 Thailand
3.7.3.4 Indonesia
3.7.4 Latin America
3.8 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF BIOPLASTICS & BIOPOLYMERS
3.8.1 Packaging
3.8.1.1 Processes for bioplastics in packaging
3.8.1.2 Applications
3.8.1.3 Flexible packaging
3.8.1.3.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.1.4 Rigid packaging
3.8.1.4.1 Production volumes 2019-2034
3.8.2 Consumer products
3.8.2.1 Applications
3.8.3 Automotive
3.8.3.1 Applications
3.8.3.2 Production capacities
3.8.4 Building & construction
3.8.4.1 Applications
3.8.4.2 Production capacities
3.8.5 Textiles
3.8.5.1 Apparel
3.8.5.2 Footwear
3.8.5.3 Medical textiles
3.8.5.4 Production capacities
3.8.6 Electronics
3.8.6.1 Applications
3.8.6.2 Production capacities
3.8.7 Agriculture and horticulture
3.8.7.1 Production capacities
3.9 NATURAL FIBERS
3.9.1 Manufacturing method, matrix materials and applications of natural fibers
3.9.2 Advantages of natural fibers
3.9.3 Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
3.9.4 Market drivers for next-gen natural fibers
3.9.5 Challenges
3.9.6 Plants (cellulose, lignocellulose)
3.9.6.1 Seed fibers
3.9.6.1.1 Cotton
3.9.6.1.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.1.2 Kapok
3.9.6.1.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.1.3 Luffa
3.9.6.2 Bast fibers
3.9.6.2.1 Jute
3.9.6.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.2.1 Hemp
3.9.6.2.2.2 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.3 Flax
3.9.6.2.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.4 Ramie
3.9.6.2.4.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.2.5 Kenaf
3.9.6.2.5.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.3 Leaf fibers
3.9.6.3.1 Sisal
3.9.6.3.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.3.2 Abaca
3.9.6.3.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4 Fruit fibers
3.9.6.4.1 Coir
3.9.6.4.1.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4.2 Banana
3.9.6.4.2.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.4.3 Pineapple
3.9.6.5 Stalk fibers from agricultural residues
3.9.6.5.1 Rice fiber
3.9.6.5.2 Corn
3.9.6.6 Cane, grasses and reed
3.9.6.6.1 Switch grass
3.9.6.6.2 Sugarcane (agricultural residues)
3.9.6.6.3 Bamboo
3.9.6.6.3.1 Production volumes 2018-2034
3.9.6.6.4 Fresh grass (green biorefinery)
3.9.6.7 Modified natural polymers
3.9.6.7.1 Mycelium
3.9.6.7.2 Chitosan
3.9.6.7.3 Alginate
3.9.7 Animal (fibrous protein)
3.9.7.1 Wool
3.9.7.1.1 Alternative wool materials
3.9.7.1.2 Producers
3.9.7.2 Silk fiber
3.9.7.2.1 Alternative silk materials
3.9.7.2.1.1 Producers
3.9.7.3 Leather
3.9.7.3.1 Alternative leather materials
3.9.7.3.1.1 Producers
3.9.7.4 Fur
3.9.7.4.1 Producers
3.9.7.5 Down
3.9.7.5.1 Alternative down materials
3.9.7.5.1.1 Producers
3.9.8 Markets for natural fibers
3.9.8.1 Composites
3.9.8.2 Applications
3.9.8.3 Natural fiber injection moulding compounds
3.9.8.3.1 Properties
3.9.8.3.2 Applications
3.9.8.4 Non-woven natural fiber mat composites
3.9.8.4.1 Automotive
3.9.8.4.2 Applications
3.9.8.5 Aligned natural fiber-reinforced composites
3.9.8.6 Natural fiber biobased polymer compounds
3.9.8.7 Natural fiber biobased polymer non-woven mats
3.9.8.7.1 Flax
3.9.8.7.2 Kenaf
3.9.8.8 Natural fiber thermoset bioresin composites
3.9.8.9 Aerospace
3.9.8.9.1 Market overview
3.9.8.10 Automotive
3.9.8.10.1 Market overview
3.9.8.10.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.9.8.11 Building/construction
3.9.8.11.1 Market overview
3.9.8.11.2 Applications of natural fibers
3.9.8.12 Sports and leisure
3.9.8.12.1 Market overview
3.9.8.13 Textiles
3.9.8.13.1 Market overview
3.9.8.13.2 Consumer apparel
3.9.8.13.3 Geotextiles
3.9.8.14 Packaging
3.9.8.14.1 Market overview
3.9.9 Global production of natural fibers
3.9.9.1 Overall global fibers market
3.9.9.2 Plant-based fiber production
3.9.9.3 Animal-based natural fiber production
3.10 LIGNIN
3.10.1 Introduction
3.10.1.1 What is lignin?
3.10.1.1.1 Lignin structure
3.10.1.2 Types of lignin
3.10.1.2.1 Sulfur containing lignin
3.10.1.2.2 Sulfur-free lignin from biorefinery process
3.10.1.3 Properties
3.10.1.4 The lignocellulose biorefinery
3.10.1.5 Markets and applications
3.10.1.6 Challenges for using lignin
3.10.2 Lignin production processes
3.10.2.1 Lignosulphonates
3.10.2.2 Kraft Lignin
3.10.2.2.1 LignoBoost process
3.10.2.2.2 LignoForce method
3.10.2.2.3 Sequential Liquid Lignin Recovery and Purification
3.10.2.2.4 A-Recovery
3.10.2.3 Soda lignin
3.10.2.4 Biorefinery lignin
3.10.2.4.1 Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
3.10.2.5 Organosolv lignins
3.10.2.6 Hydrolytic lignin
3.10.3 Markets for lignin
3.10.3.1 Market drivers and trends for lignin
3.10.3.2 Production capacities
3.10.3.2.1 Technical lignin availability (dry ton/y)
3.10.3.2.2 Biomass conversion (Biorefinery)
3.10.3.3 Estimated consumption of lignin
3.10.3.4 Prices
3.10.3.5 Heat and power energy
3.10.3.6 Pyrolysis and syngas
3.10.3.7 Aromatic compounds
3.10.3.7.1 Benzene, toluene and xylene
3.10.3.7.2 Phenol and phenolic resins
3.10.3.7.3 Vanillin
3.10.3.8 Plastics and polymers
3.10.3.9 Hydrogels
3.10.3.10 Carbon materials
3.10.3.10.1 Carbon black
3.10.3.10.2 Activated carbons
3.10.3.10.3 Carbon fiber
3.10.3.11 Concrete
3.10.3.12 Rubber
3.10.3.13 Biofuels
3.10.3.14 Bitumen and Asphalt
3.10.3.15 Oil and gas
3.10.3.16 Energy storage
3.10.3.16.1 Supercapacitors
3.10.3.16.2 Anodes for lithium-ion batteries
3.10.3.16.3 Gel electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries
3.10.3.16.4 Binders for lithium-ion batteries
3.10.3.16.5 Cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
3.10.3.16.6 Sodium-ion batteries
3.10.3.17 Binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
3.10.3.18 Chelating agents
3.10.3.19 Ceramics
3.10.3.20 Automotive interiors
3.10.3.21 Fire retardants
3.10.3.22 Antioxidants
3.10.3.23 Lubricants
3.10.3.24 Dust control
3.11 BIOPLASTICS AND BIOPOLYMERS COMPANY PROFILES (503 company profiles)

4.1 Comparison to fossil fuels
4.2 Role in the circular economy
4.3 Market drivers
4.4 Market challenges
4.5 Liquid biofuels market 2020-2034, by type and production
4.6 SWOT analysis: Biofuels market
4.7 Comparison of biofuel costs 2023, by type
4.8 Types
4.8.1 Solid Biofuels
4.8.2 Liquid Biofuels
4.8.3 Gaseous Biofuels
4.8.4 Conventional Biofuels
4.8.5 Advanced Biofuels
4.9 Feedstocks
4.9.1 First-generation (1-G)
4.9.2 Second-generation (2-G)
4.9.2.1 Lignocellulosic wastes and residues
4.9.2.2 Biorefinery lignin
4.9.3 Third-generation (3-G)
4.9.3.1 Algal biofuels
4.9.3.1.1 Properties
4.9.3.1.2 Advantages
4.9.4 Fourth-generation (4-G)
4.9.5 Advantages and disadvantages, by generation
4.9.6 Energy crops
4.9.6.1 Feedstocks
4.9.6.2 SWOT analysis
4.9.7 Agricultural residues
4.9.7.1 Feedstocks
4.9.7.2 SWOT analysis
4.9.8 Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste
4.9.8.1 Processing pathways
4.9.8.2 SWOT analysis
4.9.9 Forestry and wood waste
4.9.9.1 Feedstocks
4.9.9.2 SWOT analysis
4.9.10 Feedstock costs
4.10 HYDROCARBON BIOFUELS
4.10.1 Biodiesel
4.10.1.1 Biodiesel by generation
4.10.1.2 SWOT analysis
4.10.1.3 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
4.10.1.3.1 Pyrolysis of biomass
4.10.1.3.2 Vegetable oil transesterification
4.10.1.3.3 Vegetable oil hydrogenation (HVO)
4.10.1.3.3.1 Production process
4.10.1.3.4 Biodiesel from tall oil
4.10.1.3.5 Fischer-Tropsch BioDiesel
4.10.1.3.6 Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass
4.10.1.3.7 CO2 capture and Fischer-Tropsch (FT)
4.10.1.3.8 Dymethyl ether (DME)
4.10.1.4 Prices
4.10.1.5 Global production and consumption
4.10.2 Renewable diesel
4.10.2.1 Production
4.10.2.2 SWOT analysis
4.10.2.3 Global consumption
4.10.2.4 Prices
4.10.3 Bio-aviation fuel (bio-jet fuel, sustainable aviation fuel, renewable jet fuel or aviation biofuel)
4.10.3.1 Description
4.10.3.2 SWOT analysis
4.10.3.3 Global production and consumption
4.10.3.4 Production pathways
4.10.3.5 Prices
4.10.3.6 Bio-aviation fuel production capacities
4.10.3.7 Challenges
4.10.3.8 Global consumption
4.11 Bio-naphtha
4.11.1 Overview
4.12 ALCOHOL FUELS
4.12.1 Biomethanol
4.12.1.1 SWOT analysis
4.12.1.2 Methanol-to gasoline technology
4.12.1.2.1 Production processes
4.12.1.2.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
4.12.1.2.1.2 Biomass gasification
4.12.1.2.1.3 Power to Methane
4.12.2 Ethanol
4.12.2.1 Technology description
4.12.2.2 1G Bio-Ethanol
4.12.2.3 SWOT analysis
4.12.2.4 Ethanol to jet fuel technology
4.12.2.5 Methanol from pulp & paper production
4.12.2.6 Sulfite spent liquor fermentation
4.12.2.7 Gasification
4.12.2.7.1 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
4.12.2.7.2 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
4.12.2.8 CO2 capture and alcohol synthesis
4.12.2.9 Biomass hydrolysis and fermentation
4.12.2.9.1 Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
4.12.2.9.2 Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF)
4.12.2.9.3 Pre-hydrolysis and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (PSSF)
4.12.2.9.4 Simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation (SSCF)
4.12.2.9.5 Direct conversion (consolidated bioprocessing) (CBP)
4.12.2.10 Global ethanol consumption
4.12.3 Biobutanol
4.12.3.1 Production
4.12.3.2 Prices
4.13 BIOMASS-BASED GAS
4.13.1 Feedstocks
4.13.1.1 Biomethane
4.13.1.2 Production pathways
4.13.1.2.1 Landfill gas recovery
4.13.1.2.2 Anaerobic digestion
4.13.1.2.3 Thermal gasification
4.13.1.3 SWOT analysis
4.13.1.4 Global production
4.13.1.5 Prices
4.13.1.5.1 Raw Biogas
4.13.1.5.2 Upgraded Biomethane
4.13.1.6 Bio-LNG
4.13.1.6.1 Markets
4.13.1.6.1.1 Trucks
4.13.1.6.1.2 Marine
4.13.1.6.2 Production
4.13.1.6.3 Plants
4.13.1.7 bio-CNG (compressed natural gas derived from biogas)
4.13.1.8 Carbon capture from biogas
4.13.2 Biosyngas
4.13.2.1 Production
4.13.2.2 Prices
4.13.3 Biohydrogen
4.13.3.1 Description
4.13.3.2 SWOT analysis
4.13.3.3 Production of biohydrogen from biomass
4.13.3.3.1 Biological Conversion Routes
4.13.3.3.1.1 Bio-photochemical Reaction
4.13.3.3.1.2 Fermentation and Anaerobic Digestion
4.13.3.3.2 Thermochemical conversion routes
4.13.3.3.2.1 Biomass Gasification
4.13.3.3.2.2 Biomass Pyrolysis
4.13.3.3.2.3 Biomethane Reforming
4.13.3.4 Applications
4.13.3.5 Prices
4.13.4 Biochar in biogas production
4.13.5 Bio-DME
4.14 CHEMICAL RECYCLING FOR BIOFUELS
4.14.1 Plastic pyrolysis
4.14.1.1 Used tires pyrolysis
4.14.1.2 Conversion to biofuel
4.14.2 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
4.14.3 Gasification
4.14.3.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
4.14.3.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
4.14.3.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
4.14.4 Hydrothermal cracking
4.14.5 SWOT analysis
4.15 ELECTROFUELS (E-FUELS)
4.15.1 Introduction
4.15.1.1 Benefits of e-fuels
4.15.2 Feedstocks
4.15.2.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
4.15.2.2 CO2 capture
4.15.3 SWOT analysis
4.15.4 Production
4.15.4.1 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
4.15.5 Electrolysers
4.15.5.1 Commercial alkaline electrolyser cells (AECs)
4.15.5.2 PEM electrolysers (PEMEC)
4.15.5.3 High-temperature solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOECs)
4.15.6 Prices
4.15.7 Market challenges
4.15.8 Companies
4.16 ALGAE-DERIVED BIOFUELS
4.16.1 Technology description
4.16.2 Conversion pathways
4.16.3 SWOT analysis
4.16.4 Production
4.16.5 Market challenges
4.16.6 Prices
4.16.7 Producers
4.17 GREEN AMMONIA
4.17.1 Production
4.17.2 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
4.17.3 Green ammonia projects
4.17.4 Green ammonia synthesis methods
4.17.4.1 Haber-Bosch process
4.17.4.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
4.17.4.3 Electrochemical production
4.17.4.4 Chemical looping processes
4.17.5 SWOT analysis
4.17.6 Blue ammonia
4.17.6.1 Blue ammonia projects
4.17.7 Markets and applications
4.17.7.1 Chemical energy storage
4.17.7.1.1 Ammonia fuel cells
4.17.7.2 Marine fuel
4.17.8 Prices
4.17.9 Estimated market demand
4.17.10 Companies and projects
4.18 BIO-OILS (PYROLYSIS OIL)
4.18.1 Description
4.18.1.1 Advantages of bio-oils
4.18.2 Production
4.18.2.1 Fast Pyrolysis
4.18.2.2 Costs of production
4.18.2.3 Upgrading
4.18.3 SWOT analysis
4.18.4 Applications
4.18.5 Bio-oil producers
4.18.6 Prices
4.19 REFUSE-DERIVED FUELS (RDF)
4.19.1 Overview
4.19.2 Production
4.19.2.1 Production process
4.19.2.2 Mechanical biological treatment
4.19.3 Markets
4.20 COMPANY PROFILES (164 company profiles)

5.1 The global paints and coatings market
5.2 Bio-based paints and coatings
5.3 Challenges using bio-based paints and coatings
5.4 Types of bio-based coatings and materials
5.4.1 Alkyd coatings
5.4.1.1 Alkyd resin properties
5.4.1.2 Biobased alkyd coatings
5.4.1.3 Products
5.4.2 Polyurethane coatings
5.4.2.1 Properties
5.4.2.2 Biobased polyurethane coatings
5.4.2.3 Products
5.4.3 Epoxy coatings
5.4.3.1 Properties
5.4.3.2 Biobased epoxy coatings
5.4.3.3 Products
5.4.4 Acrylate resins
5.4.4.1 Properties
5.4.4.2 Biobased acrylates
5.4.4.3 Products
5.4.5 Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA)
5.4.5.1 Properties
5.4.5.2 Bio-PLA coatings and films
5.4.6 Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
5.4.6.1 Properties
5.4.6.2 PHA coatings
5.4.6.3 Commercially available PHAs
5.4.7 Cellulose
5.4.7.1 Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)
5.4.7.1.1 Properties
5.4.7.1.2 Applications in paints and coatings
5.4.7.2 Cellulose nanofibers
5.4.7.2.1 Properties
5.4.7.2.2 Product developers
5.4.7.3 Cellulose nanocrystals
5.4.7.4 Bacterial Nanocellulose (BNC)
5.4.8 Rosins
5.4.9 Biobased carbon black
5.4.9.1 Lignin-based
5.4.9.2 Algae-based
5.4.10 Lignin
5.4.10.1 Application in coatings
5.4.11 Edible coatings
5.4.12 Protein-based biomaterials for coatings
5.4.12.1 Plant derived proteins
5.4.12.2 Animal origin proteins
5.4.13 Alginate
5.5 Market for bio-based paints and coatings
5.5.1 Global market revenues to 2033, total
5.5.2 Global market revenues to 2033, by market
5.6 COMPANY PROFILES 1372 (130 company profiles)

6.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
6.2 CO2 as a commodity
6.3 Meeting climate targets
6.4 Market drivers and trends
6.5 The current market and future outlook
6.6 CCUS Industry developments 2020-2023
6.7 CCUS investments
6.7.1 Venture Capital Funding
6.8 Government CCUS initiatives
6.8.1 North America
6.8.2 Europe
6.8.3 China
6.9 Market map
6.10 Commercial CCUS facilities and projects
6.10.1 Facilities
6.10.1.1 Operational
6.10.1.2 Under development/construction
6.11 CCUS Value Chain
6.12 Key market barriers for CCUS
6.13 What is CCUS?
6.13.1 Carbon Capture
6.13.1.1 Source Characterization
6.13.1.2 Purification
6.13.1.3 CO2 capture technologies
6.13.2 Carbon Utilization
6.13.2.1 CO2 utilization pathways
6.13.3 Carbon storage
6.13.3.1 Passive storage
6.13.3.2 Enhanced oil recovery
6.14 Transporting CO2
6.14.1 Methods of CO2 transport
6.14.1.1 Pipeline
6.14.1.2 Ship
6.14.1.3 Road
6.14.1.4 Rail
6.14.2 Safety
6.15 Costs
6.15.1 Cost of CO2 transport
6.16 Carbon credits
6.17 CARBON CAPTURE
6.17.1 CO2 capture from point sources
6.17.1.1 Transportation
6.17.1.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
6.17.1.3 By source
6.17.1.4 By endpoint
6.17.2 Main carbon capture processes
6.17.2.1 Materials
6.17.2.2 Post-combustion
6.17.2.3 Oxy-fuel combustion
6.17.2.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2: Allam-Fetvedt Cycle
6.17.2.5 Pre-combustion
6.17.3 Carbon separation technologies
6.17.3.1 Absorption capture
6.17.3.2 Adsorption capture
6.17.3.3 Membranes
6.17.3.4 Liquid or supercritical CO2 (Cryogenic) capture
6.17.3.5 Chemical Looping-Based Capture
6.17.3.6 Calix Advanced Calciner
6.17.3.7 Other technologies
6.17.3.7.1 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs)
6.17.3.7.2 Microalgae Carbon Capture
6.17.3.8 Comparison of key separation technologies
6.17.3.9 Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separtion technologies
6.17.4 Opportunities and barriers
6.17.5 Costs of CO2 capture
6.17.6 CO2 capture capacity
6.17.7 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
6.17.7.1 Overview of technology
6.17.7.2 Biomass conversion
6.17.7.3 BECCS facilities
6.17.7.4 Challenges
6.17.8 Direct air capture (DAC)
6.17.8.1 Description
6.17.8.2 Deployment
6.17.8.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
6.17.8.4 Technologies
6.17.8.4.1 Solid sorbents
6.17.8.4.2 Liquid sorbents
6.17.8.4.3 Liquid solvents
6.17.8.4.4 Airflow equipment integration
6.17.8.4.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
6.17.8.4.6 Direct conversion
6.17.8.4.7 Co-product generation
6.17.8.4.8 Low Temperature DAC
6.17.8.4.9 Regeneration methods
6.17.8.5 Commercialization and plants
6.17.8.6 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
6.17.8.7 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
6.17.8.8 Markets for DAC
6.17.8.9 Costs
6.17.8.10 Challenges
6.17.8.11 Players and production
6.17.9 Other technologies
6.17.9.1 Enhanced weathering
6.17.9.2 Afforestation and reforestation
6.17.9.3 Soil carbon sequestration (SCS)
6.17.9.4 Biochar
6.17.9.5 Ocean fertilisation
6.17.9.6 Ocean alkalinisation
6.18 CARBON UTILIZATION
6.18.1 Overview
6.18.1.1 Current market status
6.18.1.2 Benefits of carbon utilization
6.18.1.3 Market challenges
6.18.2 Co2 utilization pathways
6.18.3 Conversion processes
6.18.3.1 Thermochemical
6.18.3.1.1 Process overview
6.18.3.1.2 Plasma-assisted CO2 conversion
6.18.3.2 Electrochemical conversion of CO2
6.18.3.2.1 Process overview
6.18.3.3 Photocatalytic and photothermal catalytic conversion of CO2
6.18.3.4 Catalytic conversion of CO2
6.18.3.5 Biological conversion of CO2
6.18.3.6 Copolymerization of CO2
6.18.3.7 Mineral carbonation
6.18.4 CO2-derived products
6.18.4.1 Fuels
6.18.4.1.1 Overview
6.18.4.1.2 Production routes
6.18.4.1.3 Methanol
6.18.4.1.4 Algae based biofuels
6.18.4.1.5 CO2-fuels from solar
6.18.4.1.6 Companies
6.18.4.1.7 Challenges
6.18.4.2 Chemicals
6.18.4.2.1 Overview
6.18.4.2.2 Scalability
6.18.4.2.3 Applications
6.18.4.2.3.1 Urea production
6.18.4.2.3.2 CO2-derived polymers
6.18.4.2.3.3 Inert gas in semiconductor manufacturing
6.18.4.2.3.4 Carbon nanotubes
6.18.4.2.4 Companies
6.18.4.3 Construction materials
6.18.4.3.1 Overview
6.18.4.3.2 CCUS technologies
6.18.4.3.3 Carbonated aggregates
6.18.4.3.4 Additives during mixing
6.18.4.3.5 Concrete curing
6.18.4.3.6 Costs
6.18.4.3.7 Companies
6.18.4.3.8 Challenges
6.18.4.4 CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
6.18.4.4.1 Overview
6.18.4.4.2 Applications
6.18.4.4.2.1 Greenhouses
6.18.4.4.2.2 Algae cultivation
6.18.4.4.2.3 Microbial conversion
6.18.4.4.2.4 Food and feed production
6.18.4.4.3 Companies
6.18.5 CO2 Utilization in Enhanced Oil Recovery
6.18.5.1 Overview
6.18.5.1.1 Process
6.18.5.1.2 CO2 sources
6.18.5.2 CO2-EOR facilities and projects
6.18.5.3 Challenges
6.18.6 Enhanced mineralization
6.18.6.1 Advantages
6.18.6.2 In situ and ex-situ mineralization
6.18.6.3 Enhanced mineralization pathways
6.18.6.4 Challenges
6.19 CARBON STORAGE
6.19.1 CO2 storage sites
6.19.1.1 Storage types for geologic CO2 storage
6.19.1.2 Oil and gas fields
6.19.1.3 Saline formations
6.19.2 Global CO2 storage capacity
6.19.3 Costs
6.19.4 Challenges
6.20 COMPANY PROFILES  (243 company profiles)

7.1 Classification of recycling technologies
7.2 Introduction
7.3 Plastic recycling
7.3.1 Mechanical recycling
7.3.1.1 Closed-loop mechanical recycling
7.3.1.2 Open-loop mechanical recycling
7.3.1.3 Polymer types, use, and recovery
7.3.2 Advanced chemical recycling
7.3.2.1 Main streams of plastic waste
7.3.2.2 Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
7.4 The advanced recycling market
7.4.1 Market drivers and trends
7.4.2 Industry developments 2020-2023
7.4.3 Capacities
7.4.4 Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by recycling technology
7.4.5 Global market by recycling process
7.4.6 Chemically recycled plastic products
7.4.7 Market map
7.4.8 Value chain
7.4.9 Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of advanced chemical recycling processes
7.4.10 Market challenges
7.5 Advanced recycling technologies
7.5.1 Applications
7.5.1.1 Pyrolysis
7.5.1.2 Non-catalytic
7.5.1.3 Catalytic
7.5.1.3.1 Polystyrene pyrolysis
7.5.1.3.2 Pyrolysis for production of bio fuel
7.5.1.3.3 Used tires pyrolysis
7.5.1.3.4 Conversion to biofuel
7.5.1.3.5 Co-pyrolysis of biomass and plastic wastes
7.5.1.4 SWOT analysis
7.5.1.4.1 Companies and capacities
7.5.2 Gasification
7.5.2.1 Technology overview
7.5.2.1.1 Syngas conversion to methanol
7.5.2.1.2 Biomass gasification and syngas fermentation
7.5.2.1.3 Biomass gasification and syngas thermochemical conversion
7.5.2.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.2.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
7.5.3 Dissolution
7.5.3.1 Technology overview
7.5.3.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.3.3 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
7.5.4 Depolymerisation
7.5.4.1 Hydrolysis
7.5.4.1.1 Technology overview
7.5.4.1.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.4.2 Enzymolysis
7.5.4.2.1 Technology overview
7.5.4.2.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.4.3 Methanolysis
7.5.4.3.1 Technology overview
7.5.4.3.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.4.4 Glycolysis
7.5.4.4.1 Technology overview
7.5.4.4.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.4.5 Aminolysis
7.5.4.5.1 Technology overview
7.5.4.5.2 SWOT analysis
7.5.4.6 Companies and capacities (current and planned)
7.5.5 Other advanced chemical recycling technologies
7.5.5.1 Hydrothermal cracking
7.5.5.2 Pyrolysis with in-line reforming
7.5.5.3 Microwave-assisted pyrolysis
7.5.5.4 Plasma pyrolysis
7.5.5.5 Plasma gasification
7.5.5.6 Supercritical fluids
7.5.5.7 Carbon fiber recycling
7.5.5.7.1 Processes
7.5.5.7.2 Companies
7.6 COMPANY PROFILES (144 company profiles)

Table 1. Plant-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 2. Waste-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 3. Microbial and mineral-based feedstocks and biochemicals produced
Table 4. Lactide applications
Table 5. Biobased MEG producers capacities
Table 6. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 7. Lignin aromatic compound products
Table 8. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 9. Lignin products in polymeric materials
Table 10. Application of lignin in plastics and composites
Table 11. Type of biodegradation
Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of biobased plastics compared to conventional plastics
Table 13. Types of Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastics, applications
Table 14. Key market players by Bio-based and/or Biodegradable Plastic types
Table 15. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 16. Lactic acid producers and production capacities
Table 17. PLA producers and production capacities
Table 18. Planned PLA capacity expansions in China
Table 19. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 20. Bio-based Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) producers and production capacities,
Table 21. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 22. Production capacities of Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), by leading producers
Table 23. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 24. PEF vs. PET
Table 25. FDCA and PEF producers
Table 26. Bio-based polyamides (Bio-PA) market analysis - manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 27. Leading Bio-PA producers production capacities
Table 28. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 29. Leading PBAT producers, production capacities and brands
Table 30. Bio-PBS market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 31. Leading PBS producers and production capacities
Table 32. Bio-based Polyethylene (Bio-PE) market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 33. Leading Bio-PE producers
Table 34. Bio-PP market analysis- manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 35. Leading Bio-PP producers and capacities
Table 36.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 37. Comparison of the physical properties of different PHAs with conventional petroleum-based polymers
Table 38. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) extraction methods
Table 39. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
Table 40. Commercially available PHAs
Table 41. Markets and applications for PHAs
Table 42. Applications, advantages and disadvantages of PHAs in packaging
Table 43. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
Table 44. Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) market analysis-manufacture, advantages, disadvantages and applications
Table 45. Leading MFC producers and capacities
Table 46. Synthesis methods for cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)
Table 47. CNC sources, size and yield
Table 48. CNC properties
Table 49. Mechanical properties of CNC and other reinforcement materials
Table 50. Applications of nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)
Table 51. Cellulose nanocrystals analysis
Table 52: Cellulose nanocrystal production capacities and production process, by producer
Table 53. Applications of cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
Table 54. Cellulose nanofibers market analysis
Table 55. CNF production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 56. Applications of bacterial nanocellulose (BNC)
Table 57. Types of protein based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 58. Types of algal and fungal based-bioplastics, applications and companies
Table 59. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 60. Companies developing algal-based bioplastics
Table 61. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 62. Companies developing mycelium-based bioplastics
Table 63. Overview of chitosan-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 64. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics in 2019-2034, by region, tons
Table 65. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in North America
Table 66. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Europe
Table 67. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Asia-Pacific
Table 68. Biobased and sustainable plastics producers in Latin America
Table 69. Processes for bioplastics in packaging
Table 70. Comparison of bioplastics’ (PLA and PHAs) properties to other common polymers used in product packaging
Table 71. Typical applications for bioplastics in flexible packaging
Table 72. Typical applications for bioplastics in rigid packaging
Table 73. Types of next-gen natural fibers
Table 74. Application, manufacturing method, and matrix materials of natural fibers
Table 75. Typical properties of natural fibers
Table 76. Commercially available next-gen natural fiber products
Table 77. Market drivers for natural fibers
Table 78. Overview of cotton fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 79. Overview of kapok fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 80. Overview of luffa fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 81. Overview of jute fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 82. Overview of hemp fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 83. Overview of flax fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 84. Overview of ramie fibers- description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 85. Overview of kenaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 86. Overview of sisal leaf fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 87. Overview of abaca fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 88. Overview of coir fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 89. Overview of banana fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 90. Overview of pineapple fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 91. Overview of rice fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 92. Overview of corn fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 93. Overview of switch grass fibers-description, properties and applications
Table 94. Overview of sugarcane fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and application and market size
Table 95. Overview of bamboo fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 96. Overview of mycelium fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 97. Overview of chitosan fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 98. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 99. Overview of wool fibers-description, properties, drawbacks and applications
Table 100. Alternative wool materials producers
Table 101. Overview of silk fibers-description, properties, application and market size
Table 102. Alternative silk materials producers
Table 103. Alternative leather materials producers
Table 104. Next-gen fur producers
Table 105. Alternative down materials producers
Table 106. Applications of natural fiber composites
Table 107. Typical properties of short natural fiber-thermoplastic composites
Table 108. Properties of non-woven natural fiber mat composites
Table 109. Properties of aligned natural fiber composites
Table 110. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer compounds
Table 111. Properties of natural fiber-bio-based polymer non-woven mats
Table 112. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 113. Natural fiber-reinforced polymer composite in the automotive market
Table 114. Natural fibers in the aerospace sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 115. Applications of natural fibers in the automotive industry
Table 116. Natural fibers in the building/construction sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 117. Applications of natural fibers in the building/construction sector
Table 118. Natural fibers in the sports and leisure sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 119. Natural fibers in the textiles sector- market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 120. Natural fibers in the packaging sector-market drivers, applications and challenges for NF use
Table 121. Technical lignin types and applications
Table 122. Classification of technical lignins
Table 123. Lignin content of selected biomass
Table 124. Properties of lignins and their applications
Table 125. Example markets and applications for lignin
Table 126. Processes for lignin production
Table 127. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 128. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 129. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 130. Market drivers and trends for lignin
Table 131. Production capacities of technical lignin producers
Table 132. Production capacities of biorefinery lignin producers
Table 133. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
Table 134. Prices of benzene, toluene, xylene and their derivatives
Table 135. Application of lignin in plastics and polymers
Table 136. Lignin-derived anodes in lithium batteries
Table 137. Application of lignin in binders, emulsifiers and dispersants
Table 138. Lactips plastic pellets
Table 139. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 140. Market drivers for biofuels
Table 141. Market challenges for biofuels
Table 142. Liquid biofuels market 2020-2034, by type and production
Table 143. Comparison of biofuel costs (USD/liter) 2023, by type
Table 144. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 145. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 146. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 147. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 148. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 149. First-Generation Feedstocks
Table 150. Lignocellulosic ethanol plants and capacities
Table 151. Comparison of pulping and biorefinery lignins
Table 152. Commercial and pre-commercial biorefinery lignin production facilities and processes
Table 153. Operating and planned lignocellulosic biorefineries and industrial flue gas-to-ethanol
Table 154. Properties of microalgae and macroalgae
Table 155. Yield of algae and other biodiesel crops
Table 156. Advantages and disadvantages of biofuels, by generation
Table 157. Biodiesel by generation
Table 158. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 159. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 160. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 161. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 162. Properties of vegetable oils in comparison to diesel
Table 163. Main producers of HVO and capacities
Table 164. Example commercial Development of BtL processes
Table 165. Pilot or demo projects for biomass to liquid (BtL) processes
Table 166. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2034 (M litres/year)
Table 167. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year)
Table 168. Renewable diesel price ranges
Table 169. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-aviation fuel
Table 170. Production pathways for Bio-aviation fuel
Table 171. Current and announced Bio-aviation fuel facilities and capacities
Table 172. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year)
Table 173. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 174. Processes in bioethanol production
Table 175. Microorganisms used in CBP for ethanol production from biomass lignocellulosic
Table 176. Ethanol consumption 2010-2034 (million litres)
Table 177. Biogas feedstocks
Table 178. Existing and planned bio-LNG production plants
Table 179. Methods for capturing carbon dioxide from biogas
Table 180. Comparison of different Bio-H2 production pathways
Table 181. Markets and applications for biohydrogen
Table 182. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 183. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 184. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 185. Overview of e-fuels
Table 186. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 187. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 188. Main characteristics of different electrolyzer technologies
Table 189. Market challenges for e-fuels
Table 190. E-fuels companies
Table 191. Algae-derived biofuel producers
Table 192. Green ammonia projects (current and planned)
Table 193. Blue ammonia projects
Table 194. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 195. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 196. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 197. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 198. Main players in green ammonia
Table 199. Typical composition and physicochemical properties reported for bio-oils and heavy petroleum-derived oils
Table 200. Properties and characteristics of pyrolysis liquids derived from biomass versus a fuel oil
Table 201. Main techniques used to upgrade bio-oil into higher-quality fuels
Table 202. Markets and applications for bio-oil
Table 203. Bio-oil producers
Table 204. Key resource recovery technologies
Table 205. Markets and end uses for refuse-derived fuels (RDF)
Table 206. Granbio Nanocellulose Processes
Table 207. Types of alkyd resins and properties
Table 208. Market summary for biobased alkyd coatings-raw materials, advantages, disadvantages, applications and producers
Table 209. Biobased alkyd coating products
Table 210. Types of polyols
Table 211. Polyol producers
Table 212. Biobased polyurethane coating products
Table 213. Market summary for biobased epoxy resins
Table 214. Biobased polyurethane coating products
Table 215. Biobased acrylate resin products
Table 216. Polylactic acid (PLA) market analysis
Table 217. PLA producers and production capacities
Table 218. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) market analysis
Table 219.Types of PHAs and properties
Table 220. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) producers
Table 221. Commercially available PHAs
Table 222. Properties of micro/nanocellulose, by type
Table 223. Types of nanocellulose
Table 224: MFC production capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 225. Market overview for cellulose nanofibers in paints and coatings
Table 226. Companies developing cellulose nanofibers products in paints and coatings
Table 227. CNC properties
Table 228: Cellulose nanocrystal capacities (by type, wet or dry) and production process, by producer, metric tonnes
Table 229. Edible coatings market summary
Table 230. Types of protein based-biomaterials, applications and companies
Table 231. Overview of alginate-description, properties, application and market size
Table 232. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (billions USD)
Table 233. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034(billions USD), conservative estimate
Table 234. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (billions USD), high estimate
Table 235. Oji Holdings CNF products
Table 236. Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) market drivers and trends
Table 237. Carbon capture, usage, and storage (CCUS) industry developments 2020-2023
Table 238. Demonstration and commercial CCUS facilities in China
Table 239. Global commercial CCUS facilities-in operation
Table 240. Global commercial CCUS facilities-under development/construction
Table 241. Key market barriers for CCUS
Table 242. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 243. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 244. CO2 capture technologies
Table 245. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 246. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 247. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 248. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 249. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 250. Point source examples
Table 251. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 252. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 253. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 254. Main capture processes and their separation technologies
Table 255. Absorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 256. Commercially available physical solvents used in CO2 absorption
Table 257. Adsorption methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 258. Membrane-based methods for CO2 capture overview
Table 259. Benefits and drawbacks of microalgae carbon capture
Table 260. Comparison of main separation technologies
Table 261. Technology readiness level (TRL) of gas separtion technologies
Table 262. Opportunities and Barriers by sector
Table 263. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 264. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 265. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 266. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 267. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 268. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 269. DAC companies and technologies
Table 270. DAC technology developers and production
Table 271. DAC projects in development
Table 272. Markets for DAC
Table 273. Costs summary for DAC
Table 274. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 275. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 276. DAC companies and technologies
Table 277. Biological CCS technologies
Table 278. Biochar in carbon capture overview
Table 279. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 280. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 281. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 282. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 283. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 284. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Table 285. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 286. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 287. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 288. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 289. Market overview for CO2 derived fuels
Table 290. Microalgae products and prices
Table 291. Main Solar-Driven CO2 Conversion Approaches
Table 292. Companies in CO2-derived fuel products
Table 293. Commodity chemicals and fuels manufactured from CO2
Table 294. Companies in CO2-derived chemicals products
Table 295. Carbon capture technologies and projects in the cement sector
Table 296. Companies in CO2 derived building materials
Table 297. Market challenges for CO2 utilization in construction materials
Table 298. Companies in CO2 Utilization in Biological Yield-Boosting
Table 299. Applications of CCS in oil and gas production
Table 300. CO2 EOR/Storage Challenges
Table 301. Storage and utilization of CO2
Table 302. Global depleted reservoir storage projects
Table 303. Global CO2 ECBM storage projects
Table 304. CO2 EOR/storage projects
Table 305. Global storage sites-saline aquifer projects
Table 306. Global storage capacity estimates, by region
Table 307. Types of recycling
Table 308. Overview of the recycling technologies
Table 309. Polymer types, use, and recovery
Table 310. Composition of plastic waste streams
Table 311. Comparison of mechanical and advanced chemical recycling
Table 312. Market drivers and trends in the advanced chemical recycling market
Table 313. Advanced recycling industry developments 2020-2023
Table 314. Advanced recycling capacities, by technology
Table 315. Example chemically recycled plastic products
Table 316. Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) of Advanced Chemical Recycling Processes
Table 317. Challenges in the advanced recycling market
Table 318. Applications of chemically recycled materials
Table 319. Summary of non-catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 320. Summary of catalytic pyrolysis technologies
Table 321. Summary of pyrolysis technique under different operating conditions
Table 322. Biomass materials and their bio-oil yield
Table 323. Biofuel production cost from the biomass pyrolysis process
Table 324. Pyrolysis companies and plant capacities, current and planned
Table 325. Summary of gasification technologies
Table 326. Advanced recycling (Gasification) companies
Table 327. Summary of dissolution technologies
Table 328. Advanced recycling (Dissolution) companies
Table 329. depolymerisation processes for PET, PU, PC and PA, products and yields
Table 330. Summary of hydrolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 331. Summary of Enzymolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 332. Summary of methanolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 333. Summary of glycolysis technologies-feedstocks, process, outputs, commercial maturity and technology developers
Table 334. Summary of aminolysis technologies
Table 335. Advanced recycling (Depolymerisation) companies and capacities (current and planned)
Table 336. Overview of hydrothermal cracking for advanced chemical recycling
Table 337. Overview of Pyrolysis with in-line reforming for advanced chemical recycling
Table 338. Overview of microwave-assisted pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 339. Overview of plasma pyrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Table 340. Overview of plasma gasification for advanced chemical recycling
Table 341. Summary of carbon fiber (CF) recycling technologies. Advantages and disadvantages
Table 342. Retention rate of tensile properties of recovered carbon fibres by different recycling processes
Table 343. Recycled carbon fiber producers, technology and capacity

Figure 1. Schematic of biorefinery processes
Figure 2. Global biomass utilization
Figure 3. Global production of starch for biobased chemicals and intermediates, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 4. Global production of biobased lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 5. Global glucode production for bio-based chemicals and intermediates 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 6. Global production of bio-HMDA lysine, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 7. Global production of bio-based DN5, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 8. Global production of bio-based isosorbide, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 9. L-lactic acid (L-LA) production, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 10. Lactide production capacities, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 11. Global production of bio-itaconic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 12. Potential industrial uses of 3-hydroxypropanoic acid
Figure 13. Global production of 3-HP, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 14. Global production of bio-based acrylic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 15. Global production of bio-based 1,3-Propanediol (1,3-PDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 16. Global production of bio-based Succinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 17. Global production of 1,4-Butanediol (BDO), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 18. Global production of bio-based tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 19. Overview of Toray process. Overview of process
Figure 20. Global production of bio-based caprolactam, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 21. Global production of bio-based isobutanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 22. Global production of bio-based 1,4-butanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 23. Global production of bio-based p-xylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 24. Global production of biobased terephthalic acid (TPA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 25. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 26. Global production of biobased MEG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 27. Global production of biobased 1,3 Proppanediol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 28. Bio-MEG production capacities, 2018-2034
Figure 29. Global production of biobased ethanol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 30. Global production of biobased ethylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 31. Global production of biobased propylene, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 32. Global production of biobased vinyl chloride, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 33. Global production of biobased Methly methacrylate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 34. Global production of biobased aniline, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 35. Global production of biobased fructose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 36. Global production of biobased 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 37. Global production of biobased 5-(Chloromethyl)furfural (CMF), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 38. Global production of biobased Levulinic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 39. Global production of biobased FDME, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 40. Global production of biobased Furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 41. Global production of hemicellulose, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 42. Global production of biobased furfural, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 43. Global production of biobased furfuryl alcohol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 44. Schematic of WISA plywood home
Figure 45. Global production of biobased lignin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 46. Global production of biobased glycerol, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 47. Global production of Bio-MPG, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 48. Global production of biobased ECH, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 49. Global production of biobased fatty acids, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 50. Global production of PHA, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 51. Sebacic acid production capacities, 2018-2034 (tonnes)
Figure 52. Global production of biobased sebacic acid, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 53. Production capacities for 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), tonnes
Figure 54. Global production of biobased 11-Aminoundecanoic acid (11-AA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 55. Global production of biobased Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA), 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 56. Dodecanedioic acid (DDDA) production capacities, 2018-2034 (tonnes)
Figure 57. Global production of biobased Epichlorohydrin, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 58. Epichlorohydrin production capacities, 2018-2034 (tonnes)
Figure 59. Global production of biobased Pentamethylene diisocyanate, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 60. Global production of biobased casein, 2018-2034 (metric tonnes)
Figure 61. Global production of food waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 62. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 63. Global production of forestry waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 64. Global production of aquaculture/fishing waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 65. Global production of agricultural waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 66. Global production of municipal solid waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 67. Global production of industrial waste for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 68. Global production of biobased glycerol for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 69. Global production of waste oils for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 70. Global production of microbial and mineral sources for biochemicals, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 71. Global production of biogas, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 72. Global production of syngas, 2018-2034 (million metric tonnes)
Figure 73. formicobio™ technology
Figure 74. Domsjö process
Figure 75. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 76. Lignin gel
Figure 77. BioFlex process
Figure 78. LX Process
Figure 79. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
Figure 80. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 81. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 82. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 83. The Proesa® Process
Figure 84. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 85. Coca-Cola PlantBottle®
Figure 86. Interrelationship between conventional, bio-based and biodegradable plastics
Figure 87. Polylactic acid (Bio-PLA) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 88. Polyethylene terephthalate (Bio-PET) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 89. Polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 90. Production capacities of Polyethylene furanoate (PEF) to 2025
Figure 91. Polyethylene furanoate (Bio-PEF) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 92. Polyamides (Bio-PA) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 93. Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (Bio-PBAT) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 94. Polybutylene succinate (PBS) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 95. Polyethylene (Bio-PE) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 96. Polypropylene (Bio-PP) production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 97. PHA family
Figure 98. PHA production capacities 2019-2034 (1,000 tons)
Figure 99. TEM image of cellulose nanocrystals
Figure 100. CNC preparation
Figure 101. Extracting CNC from trees
Figure 102. CNC slurry
Figure 103. CNF gel
Figure 104. Bacterial nanocellulose shapes
Figure 105. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 106. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 107. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 108. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2022
Figure 109. Global production capacities of biobased and sustainable plastics 2033
Figure 110. Global production capacities for bioplastics by end user market 2019-2034, 1,000 tons
Figure 111. PHA bioplastics products
Figure 112. The global market for biobased and biodegradable plastics for flexible packaging 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes)
Figure 113. Bioplastics for rigid packaging, 2019-2033 (‘000 tonnes)
Figure 114. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in consumer products 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 115. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in automotive 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 116. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in building and construction 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 117. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 118. Reebok's [REE]GROW running shoes
Figure 119. Camper Runner K21
Figure 120. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in textiles 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 121. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in electronics 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 122. Biodegradable mulch films
Figure 123. Global production capacities for biobased and biodegradable plastics in agriculture 2019-2034, in 1,000 tons
Figure 124. Types of natural fibers
Figure 125. Absolut natural based fiber bottle cap
Figure 126. Adidas algae-ink tees
Figure 127. Carlsberg natural fiber beer bottle
Figure 128. Miratex watch bands
Figure 129. Adidas Made with Nature Ultraboost 22
Figure 130. PUMA RE:SUEDE sneaker
Figure 131. Cotton production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT)
Figure 132. Kapok production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 133. Luffa cylindrica fiber
Figure 134. Jute production volume 2018-2034 (Million MT)
Figure 135. Hemp fiber production volume 2018-2034 ( MT)
Figure 136. Flax fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 137. Ramie fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 138. Kenaf fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 139. Sisal fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 140. Abaca fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 141. Coir fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MILLION MT)
Figure 142. Banana fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MT)
Figure 143. Pineapple fiber
Figure 144. A bag made with pineapple biomaterial from the H&M Conscious Collection 2019
Figure 145. Bamboo fiber production volume 2018-2034 (MILLION MT)
Figure 146. Typical structure of mycelium-based foam
Figure 147. Commercial mycelium composite construction materials
Figure 148. Frayme Mylo™?
Figure 149. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 150. Conceptual landscape of next-gen leather materials
Figure 151. Hemp fibers combined with PP in car door panel
Figure 152. Car door produced from Hemp fiber
Figure 153. Mercedes-Benz components containing natural fibers
Figure 154. AlgiKicks sneaker, made with the Algiknit biopolymer gel
Figure 155. Coir mats for erosion control
Figure 156. Global fiber production in 2021, by fiber type, million MT and %
Figure 157. Global fiber production (million MT) to 2020-2034
Figure 158. Plant-based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, MT
Figure 159. Animal based fiber production 2018-2034, by fiber type, million MT
Figure 160. High purity lignin
Figure 161. Lignocellulose architecture
Figure 162. Extraction processes to separate lignin from lignocellulosic biomass and corresponding technical lignins
Figure 163. The lignocellulose biorefinery
Figure 164. LignoBoost process
Figure 165. LignoForce system for lignin recovery from black liquor
Figure 166. Sequential liquid-lignin recovery and purification (SLPR) system
Figure 167. A-Recovery chemical recovery concept
Figure 168. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 169. Organosolv lignin
Figure 170. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 171. Estimated consumption of lignin, 2019-2034 (000 MT)
Figure 172. Schematic of WISA plywood home
Figure 173. Lignin based activated carbon
Figure 174. Lignin/celluose precursor
Figure 175. Pluumo
Figure 176. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 177. Anpoly cellulose nanofiber hydrogel
Figure 178. MEDICELLU™
Figure 179. Asahi Kasei CNF fabric sheet
Figure 180. Properties of Asahi Kasei cellulose nanofiber nonwoven fabric
Figure 181. CNF nonwoven fabric
Figure 182. Roof frame made of natural fiber
Figure 183. Beyond Leather Materials product
Figure 184. BIOLO e-commerce mailer bag made from PHA
Figure 185. Reusable and recyclable foodservice cups, lids, and straws from Joinease Hong Kong Ltd., made with plant-based NuPlastiQ BioPolymer from BioLogiQ, Inc
Figure 186. Fiber-based screw cap
Figure 187. formicobio™ technology
Figure 188. nanoforest-S
Figure 189. nanoforest-PDP
Figure 190. nanoforest-MB
Figure 191. sunliquid® production process
Figure 192. CuanSave film
Figure 193. Celish
Figure 194. Trunk lid incorporating CNF
Figure 195. ELLEX products
Figure 196. CNF-reinforced PP compounds
Figure 197. Kirekira! toilet wipes
Figure 198. Color CNF
Figure 199. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 200. DKS CNF products
Figure 201. Domsjö process
Figure 202. Mushroom leather
Figure 203. CNF based on citrus peel
Figure 204. Citrus cellulose nanofiber
Figure 205. Filler Bank CNC products
Figure 206. Fibers on kapok tree and after processing
Figure 207. TMP-Bio Process
Figure 208. Flow chart of the lignocellulose biorefinery pilot plant in Leuna
Figure 209. Water-repellent cellulose
Figure 210. Cellulose Nanofiber (CNF) composite with polyethylene (PE)
Figure 211. PHA production process
Figure 212. CNF products from Furukawa Electric
Figure 213. AVAPTM process
Figure 214. GreenPower ™ process
Figure 215. Cutlery samples (spoon, knife, fork) made of nano cellulose and biodegradable plastic composite materials
Figure 216. Non-aqueous CNF dispersion "Senaf" (Photo shows 5% of plasticizer)
Figure 217. CNF gel
Figure 218. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 219. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 220. Marine leather products
Figure 221. Inner Mettle Milk products
Figure 222. Kami Shoji CNF products
Figure 223. Dual Graft System
Figure 224. Engine cover utilizing Kao CNF composite resins
Figure 225. Acrylic resin blended with modified CNF (fluid) and its molded product (transparent film), and image obtained with AFM (CNF 10wt% blended)
Figure 226. Kel Labs yarn
Figure 227. 0.3% aqueous dispersion of sulfated esterified CNF and dried transparent film (front side)
Figure 228. Lignin gel
Figure 229. BioFlex process
Figure 230. Nike Algae Ink graphic tee
Figure 231. LX Process
Figure 232. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 233. TransLeather
Figure 234. Chitin nanofiber product
Figure 235. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
Figure 236. FibriMa cellulose nanofiber powder
Figure 237. METNIN™ Lignin refining technology
Figure 238. IPA synthesis method
Figure 239. MOGU-Wave panels
Figure 240. CNF slurries
Figure 241. Range of CNF products
Figure 242. Reishi
Figure 243. Compostable water pod
Figure 244. Leather made from leaves
Figure 245. Nike shoe with beLEAF™
Figure 246. CNF clear sheets
Figure 247. Oji Holdings CNF polycarbonate product
Figure 248. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 249. Fabric consisting of 70 per cent wool and 30 per cent Qmilk
Figure 250. XCNF
Figure 251: Plantrose process
Figure 252. LOVR hemp leather
Figure 253. CNF insulation flat plates
Figure 254. Hansa lignin
Figure 255. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 256. Manufacturing process for STARCEL
Figure 257. 3D printed cellulose shoe
Figure 258. Lyocell process
Figure 259. North Face Spiber Moon Parka
Figure 260. PANGAIA LAB NXT GEN Hoodie
Figure 261. Spider silk production
Figure 262. Stora Enso lignin battery materials
Figure 263. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 264. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
Figure 265. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
Figure 266. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
Figure 267. Sulapac cosmetics containers
Figure 268. Sulzer equipment for PLA polymerization processing
Figure 269. Solid Novolac Type lignin modified phenolic resins
Figure 270. Teijin bioplastic film for door handles
Figure 271. Corbion FDCA production process
Figure 272. Comparison of weight reduction effect using CNF
Figure 273. CNF resin products
Figure 274. UPM biorefinery process
Figure 275. Vegea production process
Figure 276. The Proesa® Process
Figure 277. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 278. Visolis’ Hybrid Bio-Thermocatalytic Process
Figure 279. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 280. Worn Again products
Figure 281. Zelfo Technology GmbH CNF production process
Figure 282. Liquid biofuel production and consumption (in thousands of m3), 2000-2021
Figure 283. Distribution of global liquid biofuel production in 2022
Figure 284. SWOT analysis for biofuels
Figure 285. Schematic of a biorefinery for production of carriers and chemicals
Figure 286. Hydrolytic lignin powder
Figure 287. SWOT analysis for energy crops in biofuels
Figure 288. SWOT analysis for agricultural residues in biofuels
Figure 289. SWOT analysis for Manure, sewage sludge and organic waste in biofuels
Figure 290. SWOT analysis for forestry and wood waste in biofuels
Figure 291. Range of biomass cost by feedstock type
Figure 292. Regional production of biodiesel (billion litres)
Figure 293. SWOT analysis for biodiesel
Figure 294. Flow chart for biodiesel production
Figure 295. Biodiesel (B20) average prices, current and historical, USD/litre
Figure 296. Global biodiesel consumption, 2010-2034 (M litres/year)
Figure 297. SWOT analysis for renewable iesel
Figure 298. Global renewable diesel consumption, to 2033 (M litres/year)
Figure 299. SWOT analysis for Bio-aviation fuel
Figure 300. Global bio-jet fuel consumption to 2033 (Million litres/year)
Figure 301. SWOT analysis biomethanol
Figure 302. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 303. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 304. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 305. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 306. SWOT analysis for ethanol
Figure 307. Ethanol consumption 2010-2034 (million litres)
Figure 308. Properties of petrol and biobutanol
Figure 309. Biobutanol production route
Figure 310. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 311. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 312. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 313. Schematic overview of anaerobic digestion process for biomethane production
Figure 314. Schematic overview of biomass gasification for biomethane production
Figure 315. SWOT analysis for biogas
Figure 316. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 317. SWOT analysis for biohydrogen
Figure 318. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 319. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 320. Used tires conversion process
Figure 321. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 322. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 323. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 324. SWOT analysis for chemical recycling of biofuels
Figure 325. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 326. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 327. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 328. SWOT analysis for E-fuels
Figure 329. E-liquids production routes
Figure 330. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 331. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 332. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 333. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 334. Pathways for algal biomass conversion to biofuels
Figure 335. SWOT analysis for algae-derived biofuels
Figure 336. Algal biomass conversion process for biofuel production
Figure 337. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 338. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 339. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 340. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 341. SWOT analysis for green ammonia
Figure 342. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 343. Projected annual ammonia production, million tons
Figure 344. Bio-oil upgrading/fractionation techniques
Figure 345. SWOT analysis for bio-oils
Figure 346. ANDRITZ Lignin Recovery process
Figure 347. FBPO process
Figure 348. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 349. CRI process
Figure 350. Colyser process
Figure 351. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 352. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 353. Domsjö process
Figure 354. FuelPositive system
Figure 355. INERATEC unit
Figure 356. Infinitree swing method
Figure 357. Enfinity cellulosic ethanol technology process
Figure 358: Plantrose process
Figure 359. O12 Reactor
Figure 360. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 361. CO2 made car part
Figure 362. The Velocys process
Figure 363. The Proesa® Process
Figure 364. Goldilocks process and applications
Figure 365. Paints and coatings industry by market segmentation 2019-2020
Figure 366. PHA family
Figure 367: Schematic diagram of partial molecular structure of cellulose chain with numbering for carbon atoms and n= number of cellobiose repeating unit
Figure 368: Scale of cellulose materials
Figure 369. Nanocellulose preparation methods and resulting materials
Figure 370: Relationship between different kinds of nanocelluloses
Figure 371. Hefcel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 372: CNC slurry
Figure 373. High purity lignin
Figure 374. BLOOM masterbatch from Algix
Figure 375. Global market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (billions USD)
Figure 376. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (billions USD), conservative estimate
Figure 377. Market revenues for biobased paints and coatings, 2018-2034 (billions USD), high
Figure 378. Dulux Better Living Air Clean Biobased
Figure 379: NCCTM Process
Figure 380: CNC produced at Tech Futures’ pilot plant; cloudy suspension (1 wt.%), gel-like (10 wt.%), flake-like crystals, and very fine powder. Product advantages include:
Figure 381. Cellugy materials
Figure 382. EcoLine® 3690 (left) vs Solvent-Based Competitor Coating (right)
Figure 383. Rheocrysta spray
Figure 384. DKS CNF products
Figure 385. Domsjö process
Figure 386. CNF gel
Figure 387. Block nanocellulose material
Figure 388. CNF products developed by Hokuetsu
Figure 389. BioFlex process
Figure 390. Marusumi Paper cellulose nanofiber products
Figure 391: Fluorene cellulose ® powder
Figure 392. XCNF
Figure 393. Spider silk production
Figure 394. CNF dispersion and powder from Starlite
Figure 395. 2 wt.% CNF suspension
Figure 396. BiNFi-s Dry Powder
Figure 397. BiNFi-s Dry Powder and Propylene (PP) Complex Pellet
Figure 398. Silk nanofiber (right) and cocoon of raw material
Figure 399. HefCel-coated wood (left) and untreated wood (right) after 30 seconds flame test
Figure 400. Bio-based barrier bags prepared from Tempo-CNF coated bio-HDPE film
Figure 401. Bioalkyd products
Figure 402. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 403. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 404. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 405. Regional capacity share 2022-2030
Figure 406. Global investment in carbon capture 2010-2022, millions USD
Figure 407. Carbon Capture, Utilization, & Storage (CCUS) Market Map
Figure 408. CCS deployment projects, historical and to 2035
Figure 409. Existing and planned CCS projects
Figure 410. CCUS Value Chain
Figure 411. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 412. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 413. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 414. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 415. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 416. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 417. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 418. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 419. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Figure 420. Cost of CO2 transported at different flowrates
Figure 421. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 422. CO2 capture and separation technology
Figure 423. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
Figure 424. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021
Figure 425. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2030
Figure 426. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint, 2021 and 2030
Figure 427. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 428. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 429. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 430. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 431. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 432. Amine-based absorption technology
Figure 433. Pressure swing absorption technology
Figure 434. Membrane separation technology
Figure 435. Liquid or supercritical CO2 (cryogenic) distillation
Figure 436. Process schematic of chemical looping
Figure 437. Calix advanced calcination reactor
Figure 438. Fuel Cell CO2 Capture diagram
Figure 439. Microalgal carbon capture
Figure 440. Cost of carbon capture
Figure 441. CO2 capture capacity to 2030, MtCO2
Figure 442. Capacity of large-scale CO2 capture projects, current and planned vs. the Net Zero Scenario, 2020-2030
Figure 443. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 444. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 445. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 446. DAC technologies
Figure 447. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 448. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 449. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 450. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 451. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 452. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 453. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 454. DAC cost breakdown and comparison
Figure 455. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 456. Schematic of biochar production
Figure 457. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Figure 458. Applications for CO2
Figure 459. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 460. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 461. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 462. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 463. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 464. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 465. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 466. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 467. Conversion route for CO2-derived fuels and chemical intermediates
Figure 468. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived methane, methanol and diesel
Figure 469. CO2 feedstock for the production of e-methanol
Figure 470. Schematic illustration of (a) biophotosynthetic, (b) photothermal, (c) microbial-photoelectrochemical, (d) photosynthetic and photocatalytic (PS/PC), (e) photoelectrochemical (PEC), and (f) photovoltaic plus electrochemical (PV EC) approaches for CO2 c
Figure 471. Audi synthetic fuels
Figure 472. Conversion of CO2 into chemicals and fuels via different pathways
Figure 473. Conversion pathways for CO2-derived polymeric materials
Figure 474. Conversion pathway for CO2-derived building materials
Figure 475. Schematic of CCUS in cement sector
Figure 476. Carbon8 Systems’ ACT process
Figure 477. CO2 utilization in the Carbon Cure process
Figure 478. Algal cultivation in the desert
Figure 479. Example pathways for products from cyanobacteria
Figure 480. Typical Flow Diagram for CO2 EOR
Figure 481. Large CO2-EOR projects in different project stages by industry
Figure 482. Carbon mineralization pathways
Figure 483. CO2 Storage Overview - Site Options
Figure 484. CO2 injection into a saline formation while producing brine for beneficial use
Figure 485. Subsurface storage cost estimation
Figure 486. Air Products production process
Figure 487. Aker carbon capture system
Figure 488. ALGIECEL PhotoBioReactor
Figure 489. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 490. Aspiring Materials method
Figure 491. Aymium’s Biocarbon production
Figure 492. Carbonminer technology
Figure 493. Carbon Blade system
Figure 494. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 495. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 496. CRI process
Figure 497. PCCSD Project in China
Figure 498. Orca facility
Figure 499. Process flow scheme of Compact Carbon Capture Plant
Figure 500. Colyser process
Figure 501. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 502. Dioxycle modular electrolyzer
Figure 503. Fuel Cell Carbon Capture
Figure 504. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
Figure 505. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 506. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 507. INERATEC unit
Figure 508. Infinitree swing method
Figure 509. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 510. Made of Air's HexChar panels
Figure 511. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 512. Neustark modular plant
Figure 513. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 514. ZerCaL™ process
Figure 515. CCS project at Arthit offshore gas field
Figure 516. RepAir technology
Figure 517. Soletair Power unit
Figure 518. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 519. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 520. O12 Reactor
Figure 521. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 522. CO2 made car part
Figure 523. Global production, use, and fate of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives
Figure 524. Current management systems for waste plastics
Figure 525. Global polymer demand 2022-2040, segmented by technology, million metric tons
Figure 526. Global demand by recycling process, 2020-2035, million metric tons
Figure 527. Market map for advanced recycling
Figure 528. Value chain for advanced recycling market
Figure 529. Schematic layout of a pyrolysis plant
Figure 530. Waste plastic production pathways to (A) diesel and (B) gasoline
Figure 531. Schematic for Pyrolysis of Scrap Tires
Figure 532. Used tires conversion process
Figure 533. SWOT analysis-pyrolysis for advanced recycling
Figure 534. Total syngas market by product in MM Nm³/h of Syngas, 2021
Figure 535. Overview of biogas utilization
Figure 536. Biogas and biomethane pathways
Figure 537. SWOT analysis-gasification for advanced recycling
Figure 538. SWOT analysis-dissoluton for advanced recycling
Figure 539. Products obtained through the different solvolysis pathways of PET, PU, and PA
Figure 540. SWOT analysis-Hydrolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Figure 541. SWOT analysis-Enzymolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Figure 542. SWOT analysis-Methanolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Figure 543. SWOT analysis-Glycolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Figure 544. SWOT analysis-Aminolysis for advanced chemical recycling
Figure 545. NewCycling process
Figure 546. ChemCyclingTM prototypes
Figure 547. ChemCycling circle by BASF
Figure 548. Recycled carbon fibers obtained through the R3FIBER process
Figure 549. Cassandra Oil process
Figure 550. CuRe Technology process
Figure 551. MoReTec
Figure 552. Chemical decomposition process of polyurethane foam
Figure 553. Schematic Process of Plastic Energy’s TAC Chemical Recycling
Figure 554. Easy-tear film material from recycled material
Figure 555. Polyester fabric made from recycled monomers
Figure 556. A sheet of acrylic resin made from conventional, fossil resource-derived MMA monomer (left) and a sheet of acrylic resin made from chemically recycled MMA monomer (right)
Figure 557. Teijin Frontier Co., Ltd. Depolymerisation process
Figure 558. The Velocys process
Figure 559. The Proesa® Process
Figure 560. Worn Again products