Up-to-date information on mycotoxigenic fungi and toxins, with methods to control them in food and feed
Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed focuses on strategies to control the health risk of mycotoxins associated with cereals, pulses, and vegetables during post and pre harvest stages, in addition to foods, food-based products, and feeds. Each chapter is carefully designed to offer information elucidating various strategies, which include physical, chemical, and biological methods. The book provides a combined approach of advanced techniques used against mycotoxigenic fungi, which is helpful in studying the strategies for different mycotoxins.
Special attention has been paid to diseases caused by mycotoxigenic fungi and their destructive effect on either preharvest, post-harvest, or storage, and their respective toxins which pose a long-term health risk to humans and animals, if contaminated food or feed enter our food chain.
The primary focus of the text is on the recent and advanced approaches and strategies including control, detoxification, degradation and binding methods, with graphical representations of protocols with supporting tables and figures.
Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies discusses specific sample topics such as: - Advanced anti-fumonisin strategies and strategies for the control of aflatoxigenic Aspergillus species in contaminated food and feed - Innovative strategies to decontaminate Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone. - Effects of toxic citrinin, patulin and Ergot alkaloids in animals, birds, and humans, and effective mitigation strategies as its control measures. - Detoxification and Decontamination strategies of Deoxynivalenol an emetic toxin, Trichothecenes, T-2/HT-2 toxin and nivalenol associated in food and feed as contaminants.
Presenting and discussing mycotoxin management strategies at length and enabling readers to reduce or eliminate health hazards to humans and animals, Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies is an essential resource for mycologists, mycotoxicologists, Microbiologists, Food technology professionals in the food, seed, and feed industries, scientists, students, researchers, and farmers / agriculturists.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Preface xvii
Introduction 1
References 5
1 Strategies for the Control of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus Species in Contaminated Food and Feed 7
Premila N. Achar, Quenton Kritzinger , and Santosh Sharma
Graphical Representation 8
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxin Types in Food and Feed 8
1.3 Distribution of Aflatoxin Contamination Across the Globe 9
1.4 Aflatoxin Limits in Food and Feed 9
1.5 Aflatoxin Biosynthesis 11
1.6 Aflatoxin Mitigation 11
1.7 Physical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 14
1.8 Chemical Strategies to Control Aspergillus Species and Aflatoxins 17
1.9 Biologicals as a Control Strategy Against Aspergillus spp. and Aflatoxins 18
1.10 Summary 21
1.11 Future Implications 22
1.12 Study Questions 22
2 Advanced Anti-Fumonisin Strategies in Food and Feed 31
N. Deepa, Angel M. Vaya, and M.Y. Sreenivasa
Graphical Representation 32
2.1 Introduction 32
2.2 Occurrence and Distribution 33
2.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 33
2.4 Physical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 36
2.5 Chemical Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 41
2.6 Biological Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 42
2.7 Recent Advanced Detoxification Strategies Against Fumonisin 44
2.8 Summary 46
2.9 Future Implications 46
2.10 Study Questions 46
3 Innovative Strategies to Decontaminate Ochratoxin A in Food and Feed 59
Priyanthi Chandravarnan, Dominic Agyei, and Azam Ali
Graphical Representation 60
3.1 Introduction 60
3.2 Production of OTA in Fungi 62
3.3 Occurrence and Distribution 63
3.4 OTA Toxicity and Its Effects on Humans and Animals 64
3.5 Recent Strategies Used in OTA Decontamination 65
3.6 Summary 74
3.7 Future Implications 75
3.8 Study Questions 76
4 Patulin-Effective Mitigation Strategies in Food and Feed 83
S. Divyashree, G. Adithi, B. Shruthi, and M.Y. Sreenivasa
Graphical Representation 84
4.1 Introduction 84
4.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Patulin 85
4.3 Effect of both Pre- and Post-harvest Stages 86
4.4 Mitigation Strategies Against Patulin Mycotoxin 88
4.5 Detoxification of Patulin 94
4.6 Degradation Products of Patulin 97
4.7 Binding Methods 98
4.8 Future Implications 99
4.9 Summary 99
4.10 Study Questions 99
5 Trichothecenes: Toxigenic Effects and Detoxification Strategies 109
Monica C. Paul and Regina S. Dass
Graphical Representation 110
5.1 Introduction 110
5.2 Structure and Biosynthesis of Trichothecenes 112
5.3 Occurrence and Distribution 113
5.4 Toxic Effects of Trichothecenes 113
5.5 Detoxification Methods of Trichothecenes 115
5.6 Physical Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecene Toxins 116
5.7 Chemical Method for Trichothecene Detoxification 119
5.8 Biological Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 122
5.9 Advanced Methods for Detoxification of Trichothecenes 124
5.10 Summary 124
5.11 Future Implications 125
5.12 Study Questions 125
6 Citrinin: A Potential Mycotoxin in Food and Feed with Possible Management Strategies to Combat Its Contamination 133
Kadaiah Ajithkumar, Attihalli S. Savitha, Matapati Renuka, and Manjunath K. Naik
Graphical Representation 134
6.1 Introduction 134
6.2 Occurrence and Distribution of Citrinin 135
6.3 Toxicity and Its Effects of Citrinin in Animals, Birds, and Humans 137
6.4 Effects of Both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages on Citrinin Production 139
6.5 Physical Control Measures Against Citrinin 139
6.6 Chemical Control Measures Against Citrinin 143
6.7 Biological Control Measures Against Citrinin 144
6.8 Detoxification/Degradation/Binding Methods of Citrinin 146
6.9 Summary 147
6.10 Future Implications 147
6.11 Study Questions 147
7 Detoxification and Control Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed 155
Rouaa Daou, André El Khoury, and Ali Atoui
Graphical Representation 156
7.1 Introduction 156
7.2 Occurrence and Distribution 157
7.3 Physical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 158
7.4 Chemical Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 162
7.5 Biological Detoxification and Decontamination Methods 164
7.6 Summary 165
7.7 Future Implications 169
7.8 Study Questions 170
8 Decontamination and Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol - An Emetic Toxin of Food and Feed 177
Prakash Sumalatha and Pavagada K. Maheshwar
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 Deoxynivalenol 178
Graphical Representation 179
8.3 Occurrence and Distribution 180
8.4 Toxicological Effects of Deoxynivalenol 181
8.5 Prevention Strategies Against Deoxynivalenol 182
8.6 Biological Control Agents (BCA) 186
8.7 Detoxification of Deoxynivalenol 186
8.8 Summary 191
8.9 Future Implications 191
8.10 Study Questions 192
9 Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed 201
Theresa S.R. Mahadevarao and Raghavendra M. Puttaswamy
Graphical Representation 202
9.1 Introduction 202
9.2 Biochemistry and Occurrence 203
9.3 Distribution of NIV Contamination in Food and Feed 204
9.4 Nivalenol Biogenesis 205
9.5 Effects of Ecological Factors on Nivalenol Production 206
9.6 Nivalenol Tolerance Limits 207
9.7 Detection Methods of Nivalenol 207
9.8 Recent Management and Mitigation Strategies against Nivalenol 208
9.9 Summary 212
9.10 Future Perspective 213
9.11 Study Questions 213
10 Innovative Strategies in the Control of T-2 and HT-2 Toxins in Food and Feed 223
Thippeswamy Basaiah, Ankita B. Nayak, and Sowmya H. Veeranna
Graphical Representation 224
10.1 Introduction 224
10.2 Occurrence and Distribution 225
10.3 Toxicity and Its Effects 225
10.4 Detoxification Strategies Against Trichothecene 226
10.5 Advances in Detoxification Strategies of Trichothecene 231
10.6 Summary 233
10.7 Future Implications 234
10.8 Study Questions 234
11 Ergot Alkaloids and Anti-Mycotoxin Strategies in Food and Feed 237
Agriopoulou Sofia
Graphical Representation 238
11.1 Introduction 238
11.2 Occurrence and Distribution 240
11.3 Effects of both Pre- and Post-Harvest Stages 241
11.4 Recent Strategies Against Ergot Alkaloid Mycotoxins 242
11.5 Physical Control 242
11.6 Chemical Control 244
11.7 Biological Control 244
11.8 Detoxification Methods of Ergot Alkaloids 245
11.9 Summary 246
11.10 Future Perspective 246
11.11 Study Questions 247
Acknowledgments 247
Conflict of Interest 247
Author Contributions 247
References 247
Further Reading 253
Websites 254
Index 255
