Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes
An introduction to revolutionary display technology
Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes, commonly referred to as Pe-LEDs, leverage a perovskite nanocrystal core to engender a luminous and efficient diode, holding the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in the realm of display technology. In recent times, Pe-LEDs have garnered substantial industrial interest due to their intrinsic capability to exhibit a diverse array of colors with exceptional fidelity, their operation at low voltage thresholds, and their straightforward structural composition. The prospective implications for enabling cost-effective, heightened-performance flat-panel displays as well as flexible display solutions remain notably profound.
Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes: Materials and Devices presents a comprehensive and insightful overview of these diodes and their multifaceted applications. Commencing with an incisive exploration of the historical trajectory of this technology, alongside a delineation of its foundational materials and intricate device architectures, this compendium provides a gateway into both contemporaneous state-of-the-art deployments and the vanguard of ongoing research endeavors directed towards charting future advancements.
Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes readers will also find:
- Stability analysis for different Pe-LED devices, a key aspect of creating physical displays
- Authorship by an established expert in organic electronics
- Detailed discussion of perovskite preparation methods including ultrasonic, solvent heat, thermal injection, and many more
Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes is ideal for materials scientists, electrical engineers, solid state chemists, solid state physicists, inorganic chemists, and any researchers or engineers working with display technology.
Table of Contents
Preface xi
1 Structure and Physical Properties of Metal Halide Perovskites 1
1.1 Crystal Structure of Perovskite Materials 1
1.2 Exciton Effects in Perovskite Materials 2
1.2.1 Definition of an Exciton 2
1.2.2 Self-Trapping Excitons in Perovskite Materials 3
1.3 Size Effect of Perovskite Materials 5
1.4 Luminescence Properties of Perovskite Materials 7
1.4.1 Photon Generation in Perovskite Materials 8
1.4.2 Photophysical Processes and Efficiency Calculations of Perovskite Luminescence 10
1.4.3 Non-radiative Combination Mechanisms at Surfaces and Interfaces 13
1.5 Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes 16
1.5.1 Device Structure of the Perovskite Light Emitting Diode 16
1.5.2 Physical Parameters of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 18
1.5.3 Device Performance Development of Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 20
1.6 Summary 23
2 Synthesis and Preparation of Perovskite Materials 35
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Perovskite Materials Structures 36
2.2.1 3D Halide Perovskite Materials for Light-Emitting Diodes 36
2.2.2 Layered Halide Perovskite Materials 36
2.2.3 Halide Perovskite Quantum Dots/Nanocrystals 40
2.2.4 Commercial Prospects of Perovskite Materials 43
2.3 Preparation of Perovskite Nanomaterials 46
2.3.1 Mechanochemical Method 46
2.3.2 Ultrasonic Method 47
2.3.3 Microwave Method 49
2.3.4 Solvent Heat Method 50
2.3.5 Thermal Injection Method 51
2.3.6 Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation 60
2.3.7 Ion Exchange Method 67
2.3.8 Laser Etching Method 68
2.4 Processing Technology for Large-Area Perovskite Films 69
2.4.1 Spin Coating Method 69
2.4.2 Vacuum Thermal Vapor Deposition Method 70
2.4.3 Printing Method 71
2.4.4 Vapor -Phase Deposition Method 71
2.4.5 Spraying Method 74
2.4.6 Template Method 75
2.4.7 Non-Template Method 75
2.5 Conclusion and Outlook 76
3 Near-Infrared Perovskite Light-Emitting Devices 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Progress in Near-Infrared Perovskite Luminescence Materials 84
3.3 Near-Infrared Perovskite Luminescent Materials 86
3.3.1 Methylamine Lead Iodide (MAPbI3) 86
3.3.2 NIR-Emitting Materials Based on Perovskite 88
3.4 Strategies to Improve the Performance of NIR Perovskite Devices 90
3.4.1 NIR Perovskite Material Optimization 91
3.4.1.1 Near-InfraredWavelength Adjustment 91
3.4.1.2 Multiple QuantumWell Structure 94
3.4.1.3 Molecular Passivation 95
3.4.2 Device Structure Optimization 96
3.5 Conclusion and Outlook 98
4 Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Materials and Devices 103
4.1 The Development History of Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Diodes 103
4.2 Red Emission Perovskite Materials 105
4.2.1 Typical Red Emission Perovskite Material CsPbI3 105
4.2.2 Other Red Emission Perovskite Materials 107
4.2.2.1 Other ABX3 and Hybridized ABX3-Type Materials 107
4.2.2.2 Double Perovskite 110
4.2.3 Red Emission Perovskite Synthesis 111
4.2.3.1 Synthesis of Nanocrystals 111
4.2.3.2 Synthesis of Quasi-Two-Dimensional Films 112
4.2.4 Optimization Strategies of Red Perovskite Materials 113
4.2.4.1 Doping 113
4.2.4.2 Surface Passivation 114
4.2.4.3 Multiple QuantumWell Structure 115
4.2.4.4 Ligand Engineering 116
4.2.4.5 Additive Engineering 117
4.3 Perovskite Red Light-Emitting Diodes 117
4.3.1 Device Structure and Common Materials for Each Functional Layer 117
4.3.2 Device Optimization Strategy 118
4.3.2.1 Energy Level Regulation 119
4.3.2.2 Light Extraction Technology 119
4.3.2.3 Interface Treatment Method 119
4.4 Conclusion and Outlook 120
5 Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Materials and Devices 129
5.1 History of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 129
5.2 Green Light Perovskite Materials 132
5.2.1 Pure Inorganic Perovskite Materials 134
5.2.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Perovskite Materials 136
5.2.3 Synthesis of Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Materials 137
5.3 Development of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 140
5.3.1 Structure of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diode Devices 140
5.3.2 Quantum Dot Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 141
5.3.3 Nanocrystalline Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 142
5.3.4 Quasi-2D Ruddlesden-Popper Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 146
5.4 Factors Affecting the External Quantum Efficiency of Perovskite Green Light-Emitting Diodes 146
5.4.1 Aspects of Materials 146
5.4.2 Aspects of the Device Structure 147
5.5 Strategies for Improving the External Quantum Efficiency of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 147
5.5.1 Ligand Engineering 147
5.5.2 Crystal Engineering 150
5.5.3 Surface Engineering 151
5.5.4 Passivation Engineering 153
5.5.5 Optimization of the Device Structure 155
5.6 Other Properties of Green Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes 158
5.7 Conclusion and Outlook 161
6 Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Materials and Devices 169
6.1 Technology Development of Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 169
6.2 Blueshift Strategy 171
6.3 Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Materials 175
6.3.1 Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Materials with a Quasi-two-dimensional Structure 175
6.3.1.1 Development of New Bulky Cations 176
6.3.1.2 Mixing of Bulky Cations 181
6.3.1.3 Cationic Doping 181
6.3.2 Blue Light Perovskite Nanocrystals or Quantum Dot Materials 183
6.4 Synthesis and Use of New Long-Chain Ligands 183
6.5 Surface Modification of Nanostructures 184
6.6 Optimization of the Internal Structure 186
6.7 Process for the Preparation of Blue Light-Emitting Layers 190
6.7.1 Preparation of Three-Dimensional and Quasi-Two-Dimensional Perovskite Films 190
6.7.2 Preparation of Nano-Microcrystalline Precursors 191
6.8 Device Performance Optimization and Interface Engineering 191
6.8.1 Passivation of Film Defects 191
6.8.2 Selection and Optimization of Hole and Electron Injection Layers 192
6.8.3 Interface Engineering 193
6.9 Optimization of Device Stability 195
6.9.1 Lifetime of Perovskite Blue Light-emitting Diodes 195
6.9.2 Optimization of Efficiency Stability in Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 196
6.9.3 Light Color Stability Optimization 198
6.10 Conclusion and Outlook 199
7 Effect of Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Light-Emitting Materials 205
7.1 Metal Ion Doping Effect 207
7.1.1 Effect of A-site Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Materials 208
7.1.2 Effect of B-site Metal Ion Doping on Perovskite Materials 210
7.2 Metal Ion-Doped Materials and Devices 212
7.2.1 Near-infrared Optical Perovskite Materials 212
7.2.2 Red Light Perovskite Materials 214
7.2.3 Green Light Perovskite Materials 216
7.2.4 Blue-Light Perovskite Materials 218
7.3 Metal Ion Doping Methods 220
7.3.1 Post-synthesis Ion Exchange Methods 220
7.3.2 Colloidal Synthesis Methods 221
7.3.3 The Thermal Injection Methods 223
7.3.4 High Temperature Solid-state Synthesis Methods 223
7.4 Conclusion and Outlook 224
8 Non-lead Metal Halide Perovskite Materials 231
8.1 Development History of Non-lead Blue Perovskite Materials 231
8.2 Preparation of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 234
8.3 Types of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 236
8.3.1 Tin-Based Perovskites Materials 236
8.3.2 Bismuth-Based Metal Halide Materials 238
8.3.3 Antimony-Based Metal Halide Materials 241
8.3.4 Copper-Based Metal Halide Materials 241
8.3.5 Europium-Based Metal Halide Materials 243
8.3.6 Bimetallic Cationic Halide Perovskites Materials 243
8.4 Methods for Optimizing the Fluorescence Quantum Efficiency of Non-lead Metal Halide Materials 247
8.4.1 Surface Passivation 247
8.4.2 Selection of Solvents and Undesirable Solvents 248
8.4.3 Doping 248
8.5 Conclusion and Outlook 251
9 Perovskite White Light-emitting Materials and Devices 255
9.1 Background ofWPeLED 255
9.2 Down-conversion Method 257
9.3 Full Electroluminescent PeLEDs 261
9.3.1 Yellow Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 261
9.3.1.1 Zero-dimensional Sn-doped Halide Perovskites 261
9.3.1.2 2D (C18H35NH3)2SnBr4 Perovskite 263
9.3.1.3 Colloidal Undoped and Double-doped Cs2AgInCl6 Nanocrystals 263
9.3.1.4 Introducing Separated Emitting Centers 264
9.3.2 Progress in the Research of Sky-Blue Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 266
9.4 Single White Light Perovskite Materials and Self-trapped Excitons 271
9.4.1 Single White Light Perovskite Materials 271
9.4.1.1 (110) Perovskite with Corrugated Inorganic Layers 271
9.4.1.2 (001) Perovskite with Flat Inorganic Layers 274
9.4.2 Self-trapped Excitons 274
9.5 Perovskite-Organic Coupling White PeLEDs 278
9.6 Others 281
9.7 Conclusion and Outlook 281
10 Electron and Hole Transport Materials 285
10.1 Background of Charge Transport Materials 285
10.1.1 Charge Transport of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials 286
10.1.2 Charge Transport Materials in PeLED 288
10.2 Electron Transport Materials in PeLEDs 289
10.2.1 Inorganic Oxides Electron Transport Materials 289
10.2.2 Inorganically Doped Electron Transport Materials 292
10.2.3 Organic Monolayer Electron Transport Materials 292
10.2.4 Organic Multilayer Electron Transport Materials 292
10.2.5 Doped Organic Electron Transport Materials 293
10.2.6 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Electron Transport Materials 294
10.3 Hole Transport Materials in PeLEDs 294
10.4 Progress in the Study of Hole Transport Layers and Hole Injection Layers n Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes 295
10.4.1 PVK-Doped TPD, TCTA 296
10.4.2 PEDOT:PSS After Methanol Treatment 297
10.4.3 TB(MA) Instead of PEDOT:PSS 299
10.4.4 PSS-Doped Na 300
10.4.5 PVK-Doped NiOx 300
10.4.6 Quantum Dot Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes: PVK-Doped PTAA 300
10.4.7 PVK Blended with PBD 301
10.4.8 Double HTLs with PVK and TFB 302
10.4.9 Polyfluorenylbenzene Anion-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes with Counter Ions 303
10.5 Conclusion and Outlook 305
11 Stability of Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 311
11.1 Sources of Instability in Metal Halide Perovskites and Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 311
11.1.1 Intrinsic Instability of PeLEDs 312
11.1.2 Extrinsic Instability of PeLEDs 313
11.2 Analysis of the Current Stability of Perovskite Light-emitting Diodes 314
11.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency Roll-off 315
11.4 Strategies for Dealing with Efficiency Roll-off 319
11.4.1 Perovskite Structure Modulation 319
11.4.2 Hole Injection Layer Modulation 321
11.4.3 Electron Injection Layer Modulation 323
11.5 Conclusion and Outlook 326
12 Perovskite Materials for Laser Applications 331
12.1 Physics Principles of Laser 331
12.2 Perovskite Laser for Different Morphologies 335
12.2.1 Laser of Perovskite Films 335
12.2.2 Laser of Perovskite Nanowires 337
12.2.3 Laser of Perovskite Nanoplates and Microplates 339
12.2.4 Laser of Perovskite Nanocrystals or Quantum Dots 341
12.3 Conclusion and Outlook 342
References 343
Index 349
