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Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market Size, Share & Industry Trends Analysis Report By Type (Dynamic Brake Support, and Crash Imminent Braking), By System (Low Speed, and High Speed), By Vehicle Type, By Regional Outlook and Forecast, 2023 - 2030

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    Report

  • 236 Pages
  • August 2023
  • Region: Global
  • Marqual IT Solutions Pvt. Ltd (KBV Research)
  • ID: 5886652
The Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market size is expected to reach $80.3 billion by 2030, rising at a market growth of 13.4% CAGR during the forecast period.

Asia Pacific region increasingly include emergency braking systems in their car models. OEM market competitiveness fuels Asia Pacific’s demand for advanced braking systems. Consequently, the Asia Pacific generated $8.6 billion revenue in the market in 2022. OEMs in the They know the need for cutting-edge safety measures and aim to differentiate themselves from other manufacturers by providing emergency braking as a standard or optional feature. Some of the factors impacting the market are significant R&D investment in the development of AEB system, raising awareness of road safety, and High initial costs could prevent adoption.



The demand for increased road safety has led to an abrupt spike in this market. Automotive market participants have invested in significant R&D (Research and Development) to enhance AEB systems. The goal of R&D is to improve the performance and applicability of emergency braking systems while also expanding their capabilities and efficacy. By making R&D investments, market participants hope to raise the efficiency, dependability, and overall performance of advanced braking systems. These developments boost customer confidence, satisfy regulatory standards, and promote the market acceptance of advanced braking system technology. Due to growing traffic and congestion, the safety of people has taken on the highest priority, giving rise to various telematics solutions. A key element propelling market’s expansion is the improvement of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) features in automobiles. These programs raise public awareness of the importance of safety technology and encourage manufacturers and governments to fund and support the implementation of cutting-edge safety systems like AEB. As a result, market growth is projected in the coming years.

However, advanced sensor technology, complex algorithms, and interaction with other safety systems used by AEB systems can raise the cost of vehicle manufacturing. Some consumers, especially in price-sensitive regions, may be turned off by the more significant costs associated with improved braking systems, which could hinder market expansion and adoption. The retrofit market is constrained, and the general adoption of advanced braking systems is hampered by the retrofitting process, which might vary based on the make and model of the vehicle.

Type Outlook

Based on type, the market is bifurcated into crash imminent braking and dynamic brake support. In 2022, the dynamic brake support segment registered the highest revenue share in the market. DBS systems can enhance a vehicle's overall braking performance by providing additional braking power or adjusting the brake force distribution among the wheels. Through performing this, users can shorten braking distances and increase vehicle stability in challenging driving situations. The need for increased safety and braking process management drives the demand for DBS systems.

System Outlook

On the basis of system, the market is categorized into low speed and high speed. The high-speed segment garnered a significant revenue share in the market in 2022. There is a rising focus on enhancing highway safety because high-speed accidents can have serious repercussions. High-speed braking systems are designed to recognize and react to crashes that might occur at faster speeds, such as rear-end collisions or lane departure accidents on highways. The need to lessen the seriousness and frequency of highway accidents has fueled the demand for high-speed braking systems.



Vehicle Type Outlook

By vehicle type, the market is segmented into passenger cars and commercial vehicles. In 2022, the passenger cars segment dominated the market with the maximum revenue share. Consumer awareness and safety concerns have increased substantially, driving demand for vehicles with cutting-edge safety features. The emergency braking systems have been commended for their aptitude to recognize potential collisions and automatically apply brakes, lowering the probability of accidents and reducing their severity. The rising demand for passenger cars with increased safety features has spurred the adoption of sophisticated braking systems.

Regional Outlook

Region-wise, the market is analysed across North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, and LAMEA. In 2022, the North America region witnessed the largest revenue share in the market. In North America, there is an increasing focus on improving road safety, mainly to lower the rate of accidents and severity. Critical safety elements such as advanced braking systems can lessen or avoid collisions. The growing awareness influences the demand for autonomous emergency braking systems and the need for traffic safety. Furthermore, North American consumers are becoming more aware of the advantages of emergency braking systems.

The market research report covers the analysis of key stakeholders of the market. Key companies profiled in the report include Robert Bosch GmbH, Continental AG, ZF Friedrichshafen AG, Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. (Hyundai Motor), Aisin Corporation (Toyota Motor Corporation), Hitachi, Ltd. (Hitachi Astemo, Ltd.), Valeo SA, HL Mando Corporation, Netradyne, Inc., and Aptiv PLC

Strategies Deployed in the Market

  • Jan-2023: Hyundai Mobis, a division of Hyundai Motor announced a partnership with Qualcomm for creating an autonomous driving system. Hyundai Mobis will work on creating an integrated autonomous driving controller that can scale up to level 3 based on Qualcomm's Snapdragon Ride Platforms. The controller would allow Hyundai Mobis to develop a software platform that can achieve level 3 or higher autonomous driving in less than six months.
  • Apr-2022: Bosch announced the acquisition of Five AI Ltd., a company focused on cloud-based development and testing platforms for self-driving software. The acquisition enabled Bosch to advance its software development for safe automated driving and offer European-made products to its clients.
  • Mar-2022: Bosch took over Atlatec, a company focused on creating high-resolution 3D maps. By enhancing Bosch's capabilities around high-resolution digital maps, the companies aimed to broaden their offering for autonomous driving. With this acquisition, Bosch became the lone provider of all the technology needed for automated driving, from software and maps to actuators and sensors.
  • Nov-2021: Valeo SA announced an enhancement to its scanning LiDAR series with third-generation LiDAR, a third-gen LiDAR enhanced range, resolution, and detection for autonomy. This advancement bolsters Valeo's technological and industrial prominence and Valeo would be able to focus on road safety and saving lives.
  • Apr-2021: ZF Friedrichshafen AG launched OnGuardMAX, a smart safety system that senses danger and can warn and brake to prevent crashes. OnGuardMAX would be used in commercial vehicles, it uses advanced cameras and radar to spot and react to vehicles, bikes, and pedestrians, warning drivers and applying brakes if necessary.
  • Dec-2019: Hitachi Astemo, Ltd., a subsidiary of Hitachi, Ltd. introduced Stereo Camera, a stereo camera that enables intersection AEB without radar. This technology would provide a view three times wider than standard stereo cameras, enabling Intersection AEB, while retaining Adaptive Cruise Control and without significantly adding sensor pixels.
  • Jun-2019: Hitachi Automotive Systems (HAS) acquired Chassis Brakes International, a multinational manufacturer of automotive brakes and brake components. This acquisition strengthened Hitachi Automotive Systems’ chassis and safety systems capabilities. It also supported the development and integration of electrification, AD/ADAS technologies, and software that contributes to a safer and more sustainable society.

Scope of the Study

Market Segments Covered in the Report:

By Type

  • Dynamic Brake Support
  • Crash Imminent Braking

By System

  • Low Speed
  • High Speed

By Vehicle Type

  • Passenger Cars
  • Commercial Vehicles

By Geography

  • North America
  • US
  • Canada
  • Mexico
  • Rest of North America
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • UK
  • France
  • Russia
  • Norway
  • Netherlands
  • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
  • China
  • Japan
  • India
  • South Korea
  • Singapore
  • Taiwan
  • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • LAMEA
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • UAE
  • Saudi Arabia
  • South Africa
  • Nigeria
  • Rest of LAMEA

Key Market Players

List of Companies Profiled in the Report:

  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Continental AG
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG
  • Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd.( Hyundai Motor)
  • Aisin Corporation(Toyota Motor Corporation)
  • Hitachi, Ltd.(Hitachi Astemo, Ltd.)
  • Valeo SA
  • HL Mando Corporation
  • Netradyne, Inc.
  • Aptiv PLC

Unique Offerings

  • Exhaustive coverage
  • The highest number of Market tables and figures
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Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Market Scope & Methodology
1.1 Market Definition
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Market Scope
1.4 Segmentation
1.4.1 Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market, by Type
1.4.2 Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market, by System
1.4.3 Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market, by Vehicle Type
1.4.4 Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market, by Geography
1.5 Methodology for the research
Chapter 2. Market At a Glance
2.1 Key Highlights
Chapter 3. Market Overview
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.1.1 Market Composition and Scenario
3.2 Key Factors Impacting the Market
3.2.1 Market Drivers
3.2.2 Market Restraints
3.3 Porter Five Forces Analysis
Chapter 4. Strategies Deployed in Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
Chapter 5. Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
5.1 Global Dynamic Brake Support Market by Region
5.2 Global Crash Imminent Braking Market by Region
Chapter 6. Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
6.1 Global Low Speed Market by Region
6.2 Global High Speed Market by Region
Chapter 7. Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
7.1 Global Passenger Cars Market by Region
7.2 Global Commercial Vehicles Market by Region
Chapter 8. Global Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Region
8.1 North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.1.1 North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.1.1.1 North America Dynamic Brake Support Market by Country
8.1.1.2 North America Crash Imminent Braking Market by Country
8.1.2 North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.1.2.1 North America Low Speed Market by Country
8.1.2.2 North America High Speed Market by Country
8.1.3 North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.1.3.1 North America Passenger Cars Market by Country
8.1.3.2 North America Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
8.1.4 North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Country
8.1.4.1 US Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.1.4.1.1 US Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.1.4.1.2 US Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.1.4.1.3 US Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.1.4.2 Canada Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.1.4.2.1 Canada Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.1.4.2.2 Canada Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.1.4.2.3 Canada Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.1.4.3 Mexico Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.1.4.3.1 Mexico Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.1.4.3.2 Mexico Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.1.4.3.3 Mexico Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.1.4.4 Rest of North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.1.4.4.1 Rest of North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.1.4.4.2 Rest of North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.1.4.4.3 Rest of North America Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2 Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.1 Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.1.1 Europe Dynamic Brake Support Market by Country
8.2.1.2 Europe Crash Imminent Braking Market by Country
8.2.2 Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.2.1 Europe Low Speed Market by Country
8.2.2.2 Europe High Speed Market by Country
8.2.3 Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.3.1 Europe Passenger Cars Market by Country
8.2.3.2 Europe Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
8.2.4 Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Country
8.2.4.1 Germany Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.1.1 Germany Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.1.2 Germany Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.1.3 Germany Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.2 UK Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.2.1 UK Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.2.2 UK Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.2.3 UK Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.3 France Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.3.1 France Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.3.2 France Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.3.3 France Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.4 Russia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.4.1 Russia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.4.2 Russia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.4.3 Russia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.5 Norway Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.5.1 Norway Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.5.2 Norway Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.5.3 Norway Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.6 Netherlands Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.6.1 Netherlands Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.6.2 Netherlands Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.6.3 Netherlands Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.2.4.7 Rest of Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.2.4.7.1 Rest of Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.2.4.7.2 Rest of Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.2.4.7.3 Rest of Europe Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3 Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.1 Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.1.1 Asia Pacific Dynamic Brake Support Market by Country
8.3.1.2 Asia Pacific Crash Imminent Braking Market by Country
8.3.2 Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.2.1 Asia Pacific Low Speed Market by Country
8.3.2.2 Asia Pacific High Speed Market by Country
8.3.3 Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.3.1 Asia Pacific Passenger Cars Market by Country
8.3.3.2 Asia Pacific Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
8.3.4 Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Country
8.3.4.1 China Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.1.1 China Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.1.2 China Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.1.3 China Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.2 Japan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.2.1 Japan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.2.2 Japan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.2.3 Japan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.3 Taiwan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.3.1 Taiwan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.3.2 Taiwan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.3.3 Taiwan Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.4 India Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.4.1 India Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.4.2 India Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.4.3 India Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.5 South Korea Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.5.1 South Korea Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.5.2 South Korea Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.5.3 South Korea Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.6 Singapore Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.6.1 Singapore Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.6.2 Singapore Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.6.3 Singapore Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.3.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.3.4.7.1 Rest of Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.3.4.7.2 Rest of Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.3.4.7.3 Rest of Asia Pacific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4 LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.1 LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.1.1 LAMEA Dynamic Brake Support Market by Country
8.4.1.2 LAMEA Crash Imminent Braking Market by Country
8.4.2 LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.2.1 LAMEA Low Speed Market by Country
8.4.2.2 LAMEA High Speed Market by Country
8.4.3 LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.3.1 LAMEA Passenger Cars Market by Country
8.4.3.2 LAMEA Commercial Vehicles Market by Country
8.4.4 LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Country
8.4.4.1 Brazil Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.1.1 Brazil Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.1.2 Brazil Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.1.3 Brazil Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.2 Argentina Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.2.1 Argentina Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.2.2 Argentina Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.2.3 Argentina Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.3 UAE Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.3.1 UAE Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.3.2 UAE Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.3.3 UAE Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.4 Saudi Arabia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.4.1 Saudi Arabia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.4.2 Saudi Arabia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.4.3 Saudi Arabia Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.5 South Africa Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.5.1 South Africa Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.5.2 South Africa Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.5.3 South Africa Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.6 Nigeria Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.6.1 Nigeria Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.6.2 Nigeria Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.6.3 Nigeria Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
8.4.4.7 Rest of LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market
8.4.4.7.1 Rest of LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Type
8.4.4.7.2 Rest of LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by System
8.4.4.7.3 Rest of LAMEA Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market by Vehicle Type
Chapter 9. Company Profiles
9.1 Robert Bosch GmbH
9.1.1 Company Overview
9.1.2 Financial Analysis
9.1.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.1.4 Research & Development Expense
9.1.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.1.5.1 Acquisition and Mergers:
9.1.6 SWOT Analysis
9.2 Continental AG
9.2.1 Company Overview
9.2.2 Financial Analysis
9.2.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.2.4 Research & Development Expense
9.2.5 SWOT Analysis
9.3 ZF Friedrichshafen AG
9.3.1 Company Overview
9.3.2 Financial Analysis
9.3.3 Regional Analysis
9.3.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.3.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.3.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.3.6 SWOT Analysis
9.4 Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. (Hyundai Motor)
9.4.1 Company Overview
9.4.2 Financial Analysis
9.4.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.4.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.4.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.4.5.1 Partnerships, Collaborations, and Agreements:
9.4.6 SWOT Analysis
9.5 Aisin Corporation (Toyota Motor Corporation)
9.5.1 Company Overview
9.5.2 Financial Analysis
9.5.3 Regional Analysis
9.5.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.5.5 SWOT Analysis
9.6 Hitachi, Ltd. (Hitachi Astemo, Ltd.)
9.6.1 Company Overview
9.6.2 Financial Analysis
9.6.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.6.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.6.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.6.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.6.5.2 Acquisition and Mergers:
9.6.6 SWOT Analysis
9.7 Valeo SA
9.7.1 Company Overview
9.7.2 Financial Analysis
9.7.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.7.4 Research & Development Expense
9.7.5 Recent strategies and developments:
9.7.5.1 Product Launches and Product Expansions:
9.7.6 SWOT Analysis
9.8 HL Mando Corporation
9.8.1 Company Overview
9.8.2 Financial Analysis
9.8.3 Regional Analysis
9.8.4 Research & Development Expenses
9.8.5 SWOT Analysis
9.9 Netradyne, Inc.
9.9.1 Company Overview
9.9.2 SWOT Analysis
9.10. Aptiv PLC
9.10.1 Company Overview
9.10.2 Financial Analysis
9.10.3 Segmental and Regional Analysis
9.10.4 Research & Development Expense
9.10.5 SWOT Analysis
Chapter 10. Winning Imperative for Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) Market

Companies Mentioned

  • Robert Bosch GmbH
  • Continental AG
  • ZF Friedrichshafen AG
  • Hyundai Mobis Co., Ltd. ( Hyundai Motor)
  • Aisin Corporation (Toyota Motor Corporation)
  • Hitachi, Ltd. (Hitachi Astemo, Ltd.)
  • Valeo SA
  • HL Mando Corporation
  • Netradyne, Inc.
  • Aptiv PLC

Methodology

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