This book focuses on the integration of machine-type communications (MTC) and satellite connectivity toward the 6th generation of mobile systems (i.e., the “6G”). Integrating these two technologies, especially within the emerging direct-to-satellite (DtS) concept employing direct connectivity between an MTC terminal and a satellite-based gateway, will be critical in enabling the future Internet of Things (IoT) applications in remote areas with limited connectivity infrastructure available. To this end, the book delivers an in-depth analysis of the drivers, use cases, scenarios, technical aspects, cybersecurity, and mechanisms spanning from the physical layer (PHY) to the application layer, regulation, standardization, and potential business models. In addition, many examples, illustrative figures, and tables support the text.
With each chapter written by renowned experts in the field, Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era contains information on: - How to enable wireless connectivity for MTC/IoT devices in remote areas, which hardware and network architectures can be employed, and their pros and cons - Fundamental and practical challenges, design dimensions, and perspective technologies for integrated MTC and satellite systems - Applications and business areas that would be the first ones to employ DtS and status of standardization and regulation activities in the field
The strong tutorial element makes the Integration of MTC and Satellites for IoT toward 6G era a convenient learning resource for students and educators in higher education institutions. Moreover, it is ideal for students obtaining their first professional degree and experts who operate in this or adjacent fields and want to revise and update their knowledge.
Table of Contents
Contributors xix
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
Acronyms xxvii
About the Companion Website xxxvii
1 Introduction and Motivation 1
Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Connectivity Solutions and Satellite Integration 4
1.3 Outlook 10
2 Machine-Type Communications, the Internet of Things, and Satellite Networks: Drivers, Use Cases, and Requirements 17
Hirley Alves, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Marko Höyhtyä
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Drivers 18
2.3 Pertinent Use Cases for Satellite Internet of Things 20
2.4 Requirements and Key Value and Performance Indicators 24
2.5 Outlook 31
3 Non-terrestrial Network Support for Massive Machine-Type Communication: Architectural and Radio Channel Model Considerations 37
Carla Amatetti, Alessandro Guidotti, and Alessandro Vanelli-Coralli
3.1 Introduction 37
3.2 Internet of Things --Nonterrestrial Networks in the 3GPP Standard 39
3.3 Non-terrestrial Network System Architectures for 5G New Radio 40
3.4 Non-terrestrial Network Channel Characteristics 48
3.5 Link Budget Characterization 55
3.6 Outlook 63
4 Constellation Design for New Space Applications 67
Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo and Marko Höyhtyä
4.1 Satellite Orbital Formations 67
4.2 Characteristics of Constellations and Main Parameters 70
4.3 Constellation Design 76
4.4 Operation of Satellites in the Orbit 86
4.5 Outlook 87
5 Physical-Layer Aspects of Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Integration 91
Houcine Chougrani, Oltjon Kodheli, Wallace A. Martins, Haythem Chaker, and Symeon Chatzinotas
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Machine-Type Communication Technology Landscape 92
5.3 Satellite Challenges from a Physical-Layer Perspective 96
5.4 Techniques for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 108
5.5 Roadmap for Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Integration 113
5.6 Outlook 114
6 An Overview of Medium Access Control Protocols in Machine-Type Communication Satellite Internet-of-Things Networks 119
Muhammad Asad Ullah, Federico Clazzer, Andrea Munari, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Hirley Alves
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Satellite Internet of Things: An Overview 121
6.3 Performance Metrics for Medium Access Control 129
6.4 Medium Access Control Protocols Classification 131
6.5 Medium Access Control Protocols Overview 132
6.6 Open Challenges 139
6.7 Outlook 140
7 Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Connectivity: A Network Perspective 147
Luca Lodigiani and Mihály Varga
7.1 Introduction 147
7.2 Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks -- 3GPP Release 17 148
7.3 Network Characteristics and Challenges of the Nonterrestrial Massive Machine-Type Communication System 162
7.4 Internet-of-Things Nonterrestrial Network Evolution -- Releases 18, 19, and Beyond 176
7.5 Outlook: A Look Out Toward the 6G Massive Machine-Type Communication Network 184
8 6G Satellite Network Architecture with Onboard Computing Capabilities 193
Taeyeoun Kim, Jeongho Kwak, and Jihwan P. Choi
8.1 Introduction 193
8.2 6G Onboard Processing Satellites 194
8.3 6G Satellite Networks 202
8.4 Outlook 212
9 Role of Software-Defined Networking in Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Connectivity 215
Ahan Kak, Van-Quan Pham, Huu-Trung Thieu, and Nakjung Choi
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 State of the Art 217
9.3 Key Enabling Technologies 219
9.4 Space Fabric Design and Description 225
9.5 Use Cases 235
9.6 Research Challenges 237
9.7 Outlook 239
10 Cybersecurity for Machines in Satellite-Terrestrial Networks 245
Jani Suomalainen and Ijaz Ahmad
10.1 Introduction 245
10.2 Security Challenges 246
10.3 Security Solutions 254
10.4 Future Research 260
10.5 Outlook 264
11 Dual-Function Strategies for Heterogeneous 6G Internet-of-Things Systems 273
Antti Anttonen
11.1 Introduction 273
11.2 Communication and Sensing 274
11.3 Communication and Power Transfer 279
11.4 Communication and Computing 285
11.5 Outlook 293
12 Simulators, Emulators, and Visualization Tools for Analysis of Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 301
Mikko Majanen, Sandrine Boumard, Anastasia Yastrebova-Castillo, and Jani Puttonen
12.1 Introduction 301
12.2 State-of-the-Art Survey 304
12.3 Example Simulation Process with SCNE 317
12.4 Outlook and Future Work 323
13 Applications and Business Prospects of Integrated Machine-Type Communications and Satellite Networks 329
Marco Guadalupi, Ramon Ferrús, Josep Ferrer, Gianluca Redolfi, and Stephan Bernard
13.1 Introduction 329
13.2 Satellite Internet of Things/Machine-Type Communication Market and Business Prospects 331
13.3 3GPP Ecosystem and Business Models 345
13.4 Toward the Realization of Cost-Efficient Satellite Massive Machine-Type Communication Systems 349
13.5 Illustrative Assessments 356
13.6 Outlook 364
14 Regulation and Spectrum Opportunities in Integrated Machine-Type Communication and Satellite Networks 369
Sandrine Boumard, Miia Mustonen, and Marja Matinmikko-Blue
14.1 Regulations of Radio Frequencies and Satellites Orbits 369
14.2 Spectrum Management Techniques 375
14.3 Frequency Allocations for Machine-Type Communication 380
14.4 Challenges and Opportunities 384
14.5 Outlook 387
15 3GPP Standardization of Internet of Things in Nonterrestrial Networks 393
Helka-Liina Määttänen, Gino Masini, Robert S. Karlsson, Emre A. Yavuz, and Talha Khan
15.1 Introduction 393
15.2 Scenarios 395
15.3 Architecture 396
15.4 Physical Layer 403
15.5 User Plane 406
15.6 System Information 408
15.7 Mobility 410
15.8 Outlook 414
Copyright Notice 414
Bibliography 415
Index 417
