The Global Market for Passive Cooling Materials and Technologies 2024-2034

2.1 The passive cooling market
2.1.1 Key materials and technologies
2.2 Market drivers
2.3 Electrification
2.4 Emerging materials
2.5 Passive versus active cooling
2.6 Applications roadmap

3.1 Principles employed for cooling or prevention of heating
3.1.1 Conduction
3.1.2 Convection
3.1.3 Radiation
3.1.4 Evaporation
3.1.5 Insulation
3.1.6 Phase change
3.2 Thermal interface materials
3.2.1 Types
3.2.2 Thermal conductivity
3.2.3 Comparative properties of TIMs
3.2.4 Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type
3.2.5 Thermal greases and pastes
3.2.6 Thermal gap pads
3.2.7 Thermal gap fillers
3.2.8 Thermal adhesives and potting compounds
3.2.9 Metal-based TIMs
3.2.9.1 Solders and low melting temperature alloy TIMs
3.2.9.2 Liquid metals
3.2.9.3 Solid liquid hybrid (SLH) metals
3.2.9.4 Hybrid liquid metal pastes
3.2.9.5 SLH created during chip assembly (m2TIMs)
3.3 Phase change materials
3.3.1 Key properties
3.3.2 Classification
3.3.3 Phase change cooling modes
3.3.4 Types
3.3.4.1 Organic phase change materials
3.3.4.1.1 Paraffin wax
3.3.4.1.1.1 Properties
3.3.4.1.1.2 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.4.1.1.3 Applications of paraffin PCMs
3.3.4.1.1.4 Commercial paraffin PCM products
3.3.4.1.2 Non-Paraffins (fatty acids, esters, alcohols)
3.3.4.1.2.1 Fatty Acids
3.3.4.1.2.2 Esters
3.3.4.1.2.3 Alcohols
3.3.4.1.2.4 Glycols
3.3.4.1.2.5 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.4.1.3 Bio-based phase change materials
3.3.4.1.3.1 Fatty Acids
3.3.4.1.3.2 Plant Oils
3.3.4.1.3.3 Agricultural Byproducts
3.3.4.1.3.4 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.4.1.3.5 Commercial development
3.3.4.2 Inorganic phase change materials
3.3.4.2.1 Salt hydrates
3.3.4.2.1.1 Properties
3.3.4.2.1.2 Applications of Salt Hydrate PCMs
3.3.4.2.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.4.2.1.4 Commercial Salt Hydrate PCM Products
3.3.4.2.2 Metal and metal alloy PCMs (High-temperature)
3.3.4.2.2.1 Properties
3.3.4.2.2.2 Applications
3.3.4.2.2.3 Advantages and disadvantages
3.3.4.2.2.4 Recent developments
3.3.4.3 Eutectic PCMs
3.3.4.3.1 Eutectic Mixtures
3.3.4.3.2 Examples of Eutectic Inorganic PCMs
3.3.4.3.3 Benefits
3.3.4.3.4 Applications
3.3.4.3.5 Advantages and disadvantages of eutectics
3.3.4.3.6 Recent developments
3.3.4.4 Encapsulation of PCMs
3.3.4.4.1 Benefits
3.3.4.4.2 Macroencapsulation
3.3.4.4.3 Micro/nanoencapsulation
3.3.4.4.4 Shape Stabilized PCMs
3.3.4.4.5 Commercial Encapsulation Technologies
3.3.4.4.6 Self-Assembly Encapsulation
3.3.4.5 Nanomaterial phase change materials
3.3.5 SWOT analysis
3.4 Carbon materials
3.4.1 Graphene
3.4.1.1 Properties
3.4.1.2 Graphene fillers
3.4.1.3 Graphene foam
3.4.1.4 Graphene aerogel
3.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
3.4.2.1 Properties
3.4.3 Fullerenes
3.4.4 Nanodiamond
3.4.4.1 Properties
3.4.5 SWOT analysis
3.5 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
3.5.1 SWOT analysis
3.6 Heat pipes
3.6.1 Technology description
3.6.2 Operation and use
3.6.3 Flat plate heat pipes and derivatives
3.6.4 Emerging heat pipes
3.7 Radiative cooling
3.7.1 Heat sinks
3.7.1.1 Conventional convective heat sinks
3.7.1.2 Benefits
3.7.1.3 Applications
3.7.1.4 Commercial PCM Heat Sinks
3.7.1.5 Advanced heat sinks
3.7.2 Traditional radiative cooling
3.7.3 Radiative cooling of buildings
3.7.3.1 Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling PDRC
3.7.4 Thermal louvers
3.7.5 Anti Stokes fluorescence cooling
3.8 Hydrogels
3.8.1 Structure
3.8.1.1 Hybrid hydrogels
3.8.1.1.1 Nanocomposite hydrogels
3.8.1.1.2 Macromolecular microsphere composite (MMC) hydrogels
3.8.1.1.3 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPN) hydrogels
3.8.1.1.4 Double-network (DN) hydrogels
3.8.2 Classification
3.8.2.1 Based on source
3.8.2.2 Based on composition
3.8.2.3 Based on configuration
3.8.2.4 Based on crosslinking
3.8.2.5 Size
3.8.2.5.1 Microgels
3.8.2.5.2 Nanogels
3.8.2.6 Environmental response
3.8.2.7 Degradability
3.8.3 Formulations
3.8.4 Benefits of hydrogels
3.8.5 Hydrogels for heating and cooling systems (thermal management)
3.8.5.1 Evaporative cooling
3.8.5.2 Hydroceramic hydrogel cooling
3.8.5.3 Cooling of solar panels
3.8.5.4 Hydrogel windows
3.8.5.5 Thermal management in electronics
3.9 Metamaterials
3.9.1 Types and properties
3.9.1.1 Optical Metamaterials
3.9.1.1.1 Photonic metamaterials
3.9.1.1.2 Tunable metamaterials
3.9.1.1.3 Frequency selective surface (FSS) based metamaterials
3.9.1.1.4 Plasmonic metamaterials
3.9.1.1.5 Invisibility cloaks
3.9.1.1.6 Perfect absorbers
3.9.1.1.7 Optical nanocircuits
3.9.1.1.8 Metalenses
3.9.1.1.9 Holograms
3.9.1.1.10 Applications
3.9.1.2 Electromagnetic metamaterials
3.9.1.2.1 Double negative (DNG) metamaterials
3.9.1.2.2 Single negative metamaterials
3.9.1.2.3 Electromagnetic bandgap metamaterials (EBG)
3.9.1.2.4 Bi-isotropic and bianisotropic metamaterials
3.9.1.2.5 Chiral metamaterials
3.9.1.2.6 Electromagnetic Invisibility cloak
3.9.1.3 Radio frequency (RF) metamaterials
3.9.1.3.1 RF metasurfaces
3.9.1.3.2 Frequency selective surfaces
3.9.1.3.3 Tunable RF metamaterials
3.9.1.3.4 RF metamaterials antennas
3.9.1.3.5 Absorbers
3.9.1.3.6 Luneburg lens
3.9.1.3.7 RF filters
3.9.1.3.8 Applications
3.9.1.4 Terahertz metamaterials
3.9.1.4.1 THz metasurfaces
3.9.1.4.2 Quantum metamaterials
3.9.1.4.3 Graphene metamaterials
3.9.1.4.4 Flexible/wearable THz metamaterials
3.9.1.4.5 THz modulators
3.9.1.4.6 THz switches
3.9.1.4.7 THz absorbers
3.9.1.4.8 THz antennas
3.9.1.4.9 THz imaging components
3.9.1.5 Acoustic metamaterials
3.9.1.5.1 Sonic crystals
3.9.1.5.2 Acoustic metasurfaces
3.9.1.5.3 Locally resonant materials
3.9.1.5.4 Acoustic cloaks
3.9.1.5.5 Hyperlenses
3.9.1.5.6 Sonic one-way sheets
3.9.1.5.7 Acoustic diodes
3.9.1.5.8 Acoustic absorbers
3.9.1.5.9 Applications
3.9.1.6 Tunable Metamaterials
3.9.1.6.1 Tunable electromagnetic metamaterials
3.9.1.6.2 Tunable THz metamaterials
3.9.1.6.3 Tunable acoustic metamaterials
3.9.1.6.4 Tunable optical metamaterials
3.9.1.6.5 Applications
3.9.1.7 Nonlinear metamaterials
3.9.1.8 Self-Transforming Metamaterials
3.9.1.9 Topological Metamaterials
3.9.1.10 Materials used with metamaterials
3.9.2 Thermal management
3.9.3 Cooling films
3.9.4 Optical solar reflection coatings
3.10 Passive cooling paints and coatings
3.10.1 Overview
3.10.2 Applications

4.1 Global revenues
4.1.1 By end use market
4.1.2 By materials
4.1.3 By end use market
4.2 Building and construction
4.2.1 Improved energy efficiency
4.2.2 Concrete
4.2.2.1 Benefits
4.2.2.2 Commercial PCM Concrete Products
4.2.3 Wallboards
4.2.3.1 Benefits
4.2.3.2 Commercial PCM Wallboards
4.2.4 Trombe Walls
4.2.4.1 Benefits
4.2.4.2 Products
4.2.5 HVAC
4.2.6 Solar Heating
4.2.7 Solar panels
4.2.8 Multi-mode ICER passive cooling
4.2.9 Panels and blankets
4.2.10 Coatings and paints
4.3 Electronics
4.3.1 Consumer devices
4.3.1.1 Smartphones and tablets
4.3.1.2 Wearable electronics
4.3.2 5G/6G Communications
4.3.2.1 Antenna
4.3.2.2 Base Band Unit (BBU)
4.3.3 Data Centers
4.3.3.1 Router, switches and line cards
4.3.3.2 Servers
4.3.3.3 Power supply converters
4.4 Apparel
4.4.1 Cooling vests
4.4.2 PCM Medical Textiles
4.5 Electric Vehicles (EV)
4.5.1 Applications
4.5.1.1 Lithium-ion batteries
4.5.1.1.1 Cell-to-pack designs
4.5.1.1.2 Cell-to-chassis/body
4.5.1.2 Power electronics
4.5.1.3 Charging stations
4.5.1.4 ADAS Sensors
4.5.1.4.1 ADAS Cameras
4.5.1.4.2 ADAS Radar
4.5.1.4.3 ADAS LiDAR
4.5.1.5 Paint additives
4.6 Cold storage transport
4.6.1.1 Temperature-controlled shipping
4.6.1.2 Commercial refrigeration
4.7 Thermal storage systems
4.7.1 Water heaters
4.7.2 Thermal batteries for water heaters and EVs
4.8 Aerogels
4.8.1 Silica aerogels
4.8.1.1 Properties
4.8.1.1.1 Thermal conductivity
4.8.1.1.2 Mechanical
4.8.1.2 Silica aerogel precursors
4.8.1.3 Products
4.8.1.3.1 Monoliths
4.8.1.3.1.1 Properties
4.8.1.3.1.2 Applications
4.8.1.3.1.3 SWOT analysis
4.8.1.3.2 Powder
4.8.1.3.2.1 Properties
4.8.1.3.2.2 Applications
4.8.1.3.2.3 SWOT analysis
4.8.1.3.3 Granules
4.8.1.3.3.1 Properties
4.8.1.3.3.2 Applications
4.8.1.3.3.3 SWOT analysis

Table 1. Key materials and technologies in passive cooling
Table 2. Passive cooling market drivers
Table 3. Formats of emerging carbon materials and inorganic compounds for passive thermal cooling applications
Table 4. Passive versus active cooling
Table 5. Functions and materials format
Table 6. Thermal conductivities (?) of common metallic, carbon, and ceramic fillers employed in TIMs
Table 7. Commercial TIMs and their properties
Table 8. Advantages and disadvantages of TIMs, by type
Table 9. Characteristics of some typical TIMs
Table 10. PCM Types and properties
Table 11. Advantages and disadvantages of parafiin wax PCMs
Table 12. Advantages and disadvantages of non-paraffins
Table 13. Advantages and disadvantages of Bio-based phase change materials
Table 14. Advantages and disadvantages of salt hydrates
Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of low melting point metals
Table 16. Advantages and disadvantages of eutectics
Table 17. Comparions of silicone vs. carbon-based polymers for passive cooling
Table 18. Properties of graphene, properties of competing materials, applications thereof
Table 19. Properties of CNTs and comparable materials
Table 20. Properties of nanodiamonds
Table 21. Common hydrogel formulations
Table 22. Benefits of hydrogels
Table 23. Hydrogel panel
Table 24. Optical Metamaterial Applications
Table 25. Applications of radio frequency metamaterials
Table 26. Applications of acoustic metamaterials
Table 27. Types of tunable terahertz (THz) metamaterials and their tuning mechanisms
Table 28. Tunable acoustic metamaterials and their tuning mechanisms
Table 29. Types of tunable optical metamaterials and their tuning mechanisms
Table 30. Markets and applications for tunable metamaterials
Table 31. Types of self-transforming metamaterials and their transformation mechanisms
Table 32. Key materials used with different types of metamaterials
Table 33. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by market (billion USD)
Table 34. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by materials (billion USD)
Table 35. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by region (billion USD)
Table 36. Market assessment for PCMs in building and construction-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 37. Market overview of aerogels in paints and coatings-market drivers, types of aerogels utilized, motivation for use of aerogels, applications, TRL
Table 38. Commercially available PCM cooling vest products
Table 39. PCMs used in cold chain applications
Table 40. Market assessment for phase change materials in packaging and cold chain logistics-market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 41. Market assessment for PCMs in refrigeration systems -market age, applications, key benefits and motivation for use, market drivers and trends, market challenges
Table 42. Key properties of silica aerogels
Table 43. Chemical precursors used to synthesize silica aerogels
Table 44. Carbodeon Ltd. Oy nanodiamond product list
Table 45. CrodaTherm Range
Table 46. Ray-Techniques Ltd. nanodiamonds product list
Table 47. Comparison of ND produced by detonation and laser synthesis

Figure 1. SWOT analysis for the passive cooling market
Figure 2. Passive cooling applications roadmap
Figure 3. SWOT analysis for Silicone thermal conduction materials for passive cooling
Figure 4. (L-R) Surface of a commercial heatsink surface at progressively higher magnifications, showing tool marks that create a rough surface and a need for a thermal interface material
Figure 5. Schematic of thermal interface materials used in a flip chip package
Figure 6. Thermal grease
Figure 7. Dispensing a bead of silicone-based gap filler onto the heat sink of a power electronics module
Figure 8. Application of thermal silicone grease
Figure 9. A range of thermal grease products
Figure 10. Thermal Pad
Figure 11. Dispensing a bead of silicone-based gap filler onto the heat sink of a power electronics module
Figure 12. Thermal tapes
Figure 13. Thermal adhesive products
Figure 14. Typical IC package construction identifying TIM1 and TIM2
Figure 15. Liquid metal TIM product
Figure 16. Pre-mixed SLH
Figure 17. HLM paste and Liquid Metal Before and After Thermal Cycling
Figure 18. SLH with Solid Solder Preform
Figure 19. Automated process for SLH with solid solder preforms and liquid metal
Figure 20. Classification of PCMs
Figure 21. Phase-change materials in their original states
Figure 22. SWOT analysis for phase change materials for passive cooling
Figure 23. Graphene layer structure schematic
Figure 24. Illustrative procedure of the Scotch-tape based micromechanical cleavage of HOPG
Figure 25. Graphene and its descendants: top right: graphene; top left: graphite = stacked graphene; bottom right: nanotube=rolled graphene; bottom left: fullerene=wrapped graphene
Figure 26. Schematic diagram of a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)
Figure 27. Detonation Nanodiamond
Figure 28. DND primary particles and properties
Figure 29. SWOT analysis for carbon materials for passive cooling
Figure 30. SWOT analysis for Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) for passive cooling
Figure 31. Fujitsu loop heat pipe
Figure 32. Samsung Galaxy vapor chamber
Figure 33. Structure of hydrogel
Figure 34. Classification of hydrogels based on properties
Figure 35. Preparation and potential biomedical applications of click hydrogels, microgels and nanogels
Figure 36. Layered Hydrogel between Wall Panels
Figure 37. IaaC Students Develop a Passive Cooling System from Hydrogel and Ceramic
Figure 38. Classification of metamaterials based on functionalities
Figure 39. Invisibility cloak
Figure 40. Electromagnetic metamaterial
Figure 41. Schematic of Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) structure
Figure 42. Schematic of chiral metamaterials
Figure 43. Metamaterial antenna
Figure 44. Terahertz metamaterials
Figure 45. Schematic of the quantum plasmonic metamaterial
Figure 46. Properties and applications of graphene metamaterials
Figure 47. Nonlinear metamaterials- 400-nm thick nonlinear mirror that reflects frequency-doubled output using input light intensity as small as that of a laser pointer
Figure 48. Radi-cool metamaterial film
Figure 49. Schematic of dry-cooling technology
Figure 50. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by market (billion USD)
Figure 51. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by materials (billion USD)
Figure 52. Global revenues for passive cooling materials, 2018-2034, by region (billion USD)
Figure 53. Global energy consumption growth of buildings
Figure 54. Energy consumption of residential building sector
Figure 55. Schematic of PCM use in buildings
Figure 56. Comparison of the maximum energy storage capacity of 10 mm thickness of different building materials operating between 18 °C and 26 °C for 24 h
Figure 57. Schematic of TIM operation in electronic devices
Figure 58. Schematic of Thermal Management Materials in smartphone
Figure 59. Wearable technology inventions
Figure 60. TIMs in Base Band Unit (BBU)
Figure 61. Image of data center layout
Figure 62. Application of TIMs in line card
Figure 63. PCM cooling vest
Figure 64. Application of thermal interface materials in automobiles
Figure 65. EV battery components including TIMs
Figure 66. Battery pack with a cell-to-pack design and prismatic cells
Figure 67. Cell-to-chassis battery pack
Figure 68. TIMS in EV charging station
Figure 69. ADAS radar unit incorporating TIMs
Figure 70. Schematic of PCM in storage tank linked to solar collector
Figure 71. Flower resting on a piece of silica aerogel suspended in mid air by the flame of a bunsen burner
Figure 72. Monolithic aerogel
Figure 73. SWOT analysis for monolith aerogels
Figure 74. SWOT analysis for powder aerogels
Figure 75. Aerogel granules
Figure 76. Internal aerogel granule applications
Figure 77. SWOT analysis for granule aerogels
Figure 78. Thermal Conductivity Performance of ArmaGel HT
Figure 79. SLENTEX® roll (piece)
Figure 80. Ultraguard -70°C Phase Change Material (PCM) being loaded into a Stirling Ultracold ULT25NEU portable freezer
Figure 81. Solid State Reflective Display (SRD®) schematic
Figure 82. Transtherm® PCMs
Figure 83. Carbice carbon nanotubes
Figure 84. Internal structure of carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 85. Carbon nanotube adhesive sheet
Figure 86. HI-FLOW Phase Change Materials
Figure 87. Kaneka phase change materials
Figure 88. Thermoelectric foil, consists of a sequence of semiconductor elements connected with conductive metal. At the top (in red) is the thermal interface
Figure 89. Credo™ ProMed transport bags
Figure 90. Metamaterial structure used to control thermal emission
Figure 91. Shinko Carbon Nanotube TIM product
Figure 92. The Sixth Element graphene products
Figure 93. Thermal conductive graphene film
Figure 94. Quartzene®
Figure 95. VB Series of TIMS from Zeon