Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry is a book series devoted to reviews on research topics relevant to medicinal chemistry and allied disciplines. Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry covers developments in rational drug design, bioorganic chemistry, high-throughput screening, combinatorial chemistry, compound diversity measurements, drug absorption, drug distribution, metabolism, new and emerging drug targets, natural products, pharmacogenomics, chemoinformatics, and structure-activity relationships. This book series is essential for any medicinal chemist who wishes to be updated on the latest and the most important advances in the field. This is the tenth volume of the series.
The extensive volume brings 11 reviews on a variety of topics including anti-cancer drug therapeutics, food chemistry, toxicology and drug development strategies.
The list of topics in this volume includes:
- Isoxazole derivatives as a potential pharmacophore for new drug development contemporary trends in drug repurposing: identifying new targets for existing drugs
- Pharmaceutical potential of pyrimidines as antiviral agents
- Drugs and phytochemicals targeting cancer
- Harnessing the neurological properties of Indian brain health booster brahmiCarcinogenicity of hexavalent chromium and its effects
- Medicinal plants: a future of modern medical systemShikonin, a naphthoquinone of commercial importance: its biosynthesis and prospect for use as drugs
- Fast foods: chemical composition and implications for healthImplications of DNA-acting agents as anticarcinogenic potential in breast cancer therapeutics
- Aloe vera - a medicinal plant as a potential therapeutic agents for liver cancer.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Isoxazole Derivatives As Potential Pharmacophore For New Drug Development
1. Introduction
1.1. Isoxazoles
1.1.1. General Methods of Synthesis
1.1.2. Green Synthesis of Isoxazoles
1.2. Properties of Isoxazoles
1.2.1. Physical Properties
1.2.2. Chemical Properties
2. Pharmacological Activities of Isoxazole Derivatives
2.1. Isoxazoles As Antioxidants
2.2. Isoxazoles As Immunosuppressive Agents
2.3. Isoxazoles With Hypolipidemic Activity
2.4. Isoxazoles As Anti-Microbial Agents
2.5. Isoxazoles With Anti-Tubercular Activity
2.6. Isoxazoles With Anti-Stress Activity
2.7. Isoxazoles As Anticancer Agents
2.8. Isoxazoles With Anti-Diabetic Activity
2.9. Isoxazoles With Anti-Inflammatory Activity
2.10. Miscellaneous Activities
3. Sar Study of Isoxazoles
4. Future Developments
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 2 Contemporary Trends in Drug Repurposing: Identifying New Targets For Existing Drugs
1. Introduction
2. Background
3. Literature Trends and Statistics
4. Tools and Techniques For Drug Repurposing
5. Case Studies of Blockbuster Drugs Identified Using Drug Repurposing
5.1. Aspirin
5.2. Thalidomide
5.3. Sildenafil
5.4. Amantadine
5.5. Bupropion
5.6. Paromomycin
5.7. Finasteride
6. Drug Repurposing From An Academic and Industrial Eye View
6.1. Integration of Pharmaceutical Industry and Clinical Studies
6.2. Intellectual Coverage and Knowledge Transfer
6.3. Regulatory Process Involved
7. Cost Comparison of Drug Repurposing Versus Traditional Drug
- Development
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 3 Pharmaceutical Potential of Pyrimidines As Antiviral Agents
1. Introduction
1.1. Dna Virus
1.2. Rna Virus
1.3. Steps of Viral Infections
1.4. Inhibitory Action of Antiviral Agents
2. Current Status of Antiviral Agents in Clinical Use
2.1. Iodo-2’- Deoxyuridine (Idu)
2.2. Valaciclovir
2.3. Penciclovir
2.4. Famciclovir
2.5. Foscarnet
2.6. Ribavirin
2.7. Lamivudine
2.8. Amantadine and Rimantadine
2.9. Interferon Alpha
2.10. Adefovir
2.11. Remdesivir
2.12. Nitazoxanide
3. Pyrimidines As Antiviral Agents
3.1. Thio-Arabinosylpyrimidine Nucleosides
3.2. Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides
3.3. Lyxofuranosyl Pyrimidines
3.4. 2’-Deoxyuridine Analogues
3.5. 1-H- Pyrimidine-2,4-Diones
3.6. Pyrimidin-4(3H)-Ones
3.7. Pyrimidinyl-1,3-Thiazolidin-4-Ones
3.8. S-Alkylated Pyrimidin-4(3H)-Ones
3.9. [2-(Phosphonomethoxy) Ethoxy] Pyrimidines
3.10. 4-(3H)-Pyrimidinones, and Uridines
3.11. 5-(1-Azido-2-Haloethyl) Uracils
3.12. 6-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy)Alkoxy]Pyrimidines
3.13. (Z)- and (E)-[2-Fluoro-2- (Hydroxymethyl) Cyclopropylidene]Methyl-Pyrimidines
3.14. Pyrimidines Carbonucleosides
3.15. Suitably Substituted Pyrimidines
3.16. 2-Deoxy-1, 5-Anhydro-D-Mannitol Nucleosides With Pyrimidine Base Moiety
3.17. 5-Ethyl and E-5- (2-Bromovinyl) Uracil-(Benzoyloxymethyl) Pyrrolidine
3.18. Dihydroxypyrimidine Carboxylates
3.19. 2’, 3’-Dideoxynucleoside Analogs
3.20. Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides
3.21. 5-Fluorocytosine Analogous and (R)-Oxaselenolane Nucleosides
3.22. 2', 3'-Β-L-Dideoxy-5-Azacytidine
3.23. 5-, 6-, Or 5,6-Substituted Acyclic Pyrimidine Nucleosides
3.24. 2-Alkylamino-6- Substituted-3,4-Dihydro-5-Alkylpyrimidin-4(3H)-Ones
3.25. Pyrimidine- 2,4-Dione
3.26. 2-Arylcarbonylmethylthio-6-Arylmethylpyrimidin-4(3H)-Ones
3.27. (5-Ethyl-4,6-Dimethylpyrimidin-2-Yl) Thiazolidin-4-One
3.28. N-1-Alkylated-5-Aminoaryalkylsubstituted-6-Methyluracils
3.29. N, N-Disubstitutedaminopyrimidin-4(3H)-Ones
3.30. Substituted 5,6-Dihydroxypyrimidine-4-Carboxamide
3.31. 4’-C-Substituted Nucleosides
3.32. Β-L-2’,3’-Didehydro-2’,3’-Dideoxy-2’-Fluoro-4’-Thionucleosides
3.33. 5-Substituted-2,4-Diamino-6-[2-(Phosphonomethoxy) Ethoxy]Pyrimid- Ines
3.34. D- & L-Cyclopentenyl Nucleosides
3.35. 2-(2,6-Dihalophenyl)-3-(Substituted Pyrimidinyl)-1,3-Thiazolidin-4-Ones
3.36. N-1 Alkyl Substituted Pyrimidines
3.37. 2-(Phosphonomethoxy) Alkyl Derivatives of Pyrimidine Based Acyclic Nucleosides 112
3.38. (-)-Β-D-(2R,4R)-Dioxolane-Thymine-5’-O-Aliphatic Acid Esters and Amino Acid Esters
3.39. 2’,3’-Dideoxy-3’-Thiacytidin-5’-Yl O-Alkyl Carbonates
3.40. Pyrimidine-Pyrazolones
3.41. N-1 (1, 5-Anhydro-2, 3- Dideoxy-D-Arabino-Hexitolyl) -5-Substituted Pyrimidines
3.42. C-3’ Modified Ribose Nucleosides
3.43. 5-Hydroxy-5, 6-Dihydro-6-Substituted Uracils
4. Heteroannulated Pyrimidines As Antiviral Agents
4.1. Pyrazolo [3,4-D] Pyrimidines
4.2. Bicyclic Furanopyrimidine Deoxy Nucleosides
4.3. 2,3-Dihydrofuro[2,3-D] Pyrimidin-2-Ones
4.4. 6-(Alkyn-1-Yl)Furo[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-2(3H)-One Nucleosides
4.5. Imidazo [1,2-C] Pyrimidine-5-One
4.6. Furo [2,3-D]Pyrimidin-2-Ones
4.7. 2,3-Thieno[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-2-One Nucleosides
4.8. 6-(Alkyl-Heteroaryl)Furo[2,3-D]Pyrimidin-2(3H)-One Nucleosides
4.9. Alkenyl Substituted Aryl Bicyclic Furano Pyrimidines
4.10. Pyrrolo[2,3-D]Pyrimidine
4.11. Pyrazolo[3,4-D]Pyrimidines
4.12. Pyrazolo[1,5-A]-Pyrimidines
4.13. Hybrid Diarylbenzopyrimidine Analogues (Dabps)
4.14. Bicyclo Furano Pyrimidines
4.15. Unsaturated Nucleosides
4.16. Acyl (Thio)Urea and 2H-1,2,4-Thiadiazolo [2,3-A] Pyrimidine Derivatives
4.17. Substituted Thiopyrimidine and Thiazolopyrimidine Derivatives
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
Chapter 4 Drugs and Phytochemicals Targeting Cancer
1. Introduction
2. Cause and Risk Factors Leading to Cancer
2.1. Chemical Carcinogens
2.2. Physical Carcinogens
2.3. Biological Carcinogens
3. Different Approaches Towards the Treatment of Cancer
3.1. Radiation Therapy
3.2. Chemotherapy and Different Types of Chemotherapeutic agents
3.2.1. Nitrogen Mustards Alkylators
3.2.2. Phosphoramide Mustard
3.2.3. Drug-Conjugates As Alkylator
3.2.4. Antimetabolites
3.2.5. Antibiotics As Chemotherapeutic Agents
3.3. Metal Salts As A Chemotherapeutic Agent
4. Phytochemicals and Their Role in the Regulation of Cancer Metabolism
4.1. Curcumin
4.2. Resveratrol
4.3. Berberine
4.4. Quercetin
4.5. Isothiocyanates
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 5 Harnessing the Neurological Properties of Indian Brain Health Booster Brahmi
1. Introduction
2. Phytochemical Evaluation
3. Neurological Properties of Bacopa Monneiri
3.1. Anti-Alzheimer’s Activity
3.2. Anti-Parkinson Activity
3.3. Anti-Stroke Activity
3.4. Anticonvulsant Activity
3.5. Anti-Depressant Activity
3.6. Anxiolytic Activity
4. Toxicological Studies
5. Clinical Studies
- Conclusion and Future Prospects
- Acknowledgments
- Abbreviations
- References
Chapter 6 Carcinogenicity of Hexavalent Chromium and Its Effects 205
1. Background
2. Introduction
3. Case Studies of Cancer Caused By Cr(Vi)
4. DNA Repair and Cancer
5. Proteotoxic Stress
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 7 Medicinal Plants: A Future of Modern Medical System
Author
- Ashok Kumar Jha
- Ravi S. Singh
