Urban Mobility Systems in the World provides insight into the geographical organization of urban mobility systems around the world. These "systems" consist of infrastructure networks, existing transport services and people's travel practices. Adopting a comparative approach, the book highlights the geographical diversity of mobility systems, based on case studies from Africa, North and South America, Asia and Europe.
This multi-disciplinary book is organized into twelve chapters, divided into four parts. The first part gives an overview of urban mobility, and then examines the factors that determine everyday mobility in cities, revealing different travel practices among populations (poor, elderly and children). Parts 2 and 3, respectively, focus on urban public transport (trains, metros, minibuses) and active modes of transport (walking, cycling), and the related infrastructure policies. The final section examines the circulation of urban mobility analysis tools and public policy models.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Diversity and Evolution of Urban Mobility Systems xiii
Gaële LESTEVEN
Part 1 Urban Mobility and Socio-Economic Characteristics 1
Chapter 1 Getting Around the City: Overview of Urban Mobility Around the World 3
Gaële LESTEVEN
1.1 Describing urban mobility systems 3
1.1.1 Definitions 3
1.1.2 Population growth and urban transition 5
1.1.3 Mobility and urban forms 6
1.1.4 Social trends 8
1.2 Observing urban mobility 9
1.2.1 Household equipment and personal mobility 9
1.2.2 A diversity of modal share 10
1.3 Modes of transport: areas of relevance, urban planning and local policies 13
1.3.1 The predominance of private cars 13
1.3.2 High urban density and public transport 15
1.3.3 Active transport in the heart of the city 17
1.4 Conclusion 18
1.5 References 19
Chapter 2 Unevenly Distributed Mobility, Spotlight on Brazil 23
Benjamin MOTTE-BAUMVOL
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Income and access to the automobile, main determinants of low mobility 24
2.2.1 Decreasing inequalities of motorization 24
2.2.2 Decoupling of motorization and automotive mobility 25
2.2.3 Automobile dependency as a source of inequalities 26
2.3 Low mobility as a source of exclusion 27
2.4 The effects of accessibility and low densities 28
2.5 Room for maneuver with respect to transport poverty 29
2.6 In Brazil, increased inequality and transport poverty? 32
2.6.1 Low mobility, a question of measurement? 32
2.6.2 With motorization, inequalities in mobility increase 33
2.6.3 Slow public transport 34
2.6.4 Geographical confinement 35
2.6.5 Highly mobile poor neighborhoods 36
2.7 Conclusion 37
2.8 References 37
Chapter 3 Going Out Without Getting By? Mobility and Poverty in Dakar 45
Lourdes DIAZ OLVERA, Didier PLAT and Pascal POCHET
3.1 Field and tools 46
3.2 Who are the poor? 48
3.3 A specific mobility in situations of poverty 50
3.3.1 Essential mobility 50
3.3.2 Costly mobility 51
3.3.3 Local mobility 53
3.4 Going to study: degraded conditions of access to institutions 55
3.5 Shopping for food: a little further, a little less easy 57
3.6 Living in the outskirts, working in the neighborhood instead of downtown Dakar 59
3.7 Restricted access to the city 62
3.8 Conclusion 63
3.9 References 64
Chapter 4 Children’s Mobility: Comparative Perspectives Between France and Quebec 67
Sylvanie GODILLON
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Children as mainly passengers in individual motorized modes 68
4.2.1 School as structuring family organization 68
4.2.2 The predominance of motorized modes for getting to school 69
4.2.3 Walking and cycling, modes used less and less 71
4.3 Important health, safety and environmental issues 71
4.3.1 Physical inactivity impacts children’s health 71
4.3.2 Parental fears of accidents and assaults 72
4.3.3 A difficult but necessary change faced with climate issues 74
4.4 Actions to encourage modal change for daily mobility 74
4.4.1 Organizing accompaniment of children on foot 75
4.4.2 Pedestrianizing the streets around schools 76
4.4.3 Developing children’s cycling skills 77
4.5 Conclusion 78
4.6 References 78
Part 2 Urban Public Transport 83
Chapter 5 Mobility, Public Transportation and Super-Aging in Japan 85
Sophie BUHNIK
5.1 Introduction: Japan or the efficiency of urban transport faced with super-aging 85
5.2 Geographies of super-aging in Japan and their influence on public transport networks and daily mobilities 88
5.2.1 The deepening depopulation of Japan’s peripheries 88
5.2.2 An aging of suburban fringes reinforced by changes in residential preferences 90
5.3 The influence of passengers’ sociodemographic characteristics and location on transportation reconfigurations 93
5.3.1 Changes in rail traffic: key figures and explanations 93
5.3.2 Unpacking the factors behind the rise in motorization rates in aging and shrinking Japan 96
5.4 Seniors’ exposure to urban decline and the changing role of station neighborhoods in aging agglomerations 97
5.4.1 Attachment to station neighborhoods tested by the decline in rail traffic and commercial devitalization 97
5.4.2 Between automobile dependence and new places of sociability for senior suburban households 99
5.4.3 Questioning the present and future strategies of railway companies 101
5.5 Maintaining accessibility in aging cities and regions: transport policies at the crossroads of care and local autonomy 103
5.5.1 Integration of public and private actors in compact city policies 104
5.5.2 Institutionalization of volunteering to curb the shrinkage of transport 107
5.6 Conclusion 108
5.7 References 109
Chapter 6 From Calcutta to Delhi and Hyderabad: Genealogy of Indian Metros 113
Bérénice BON
6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 The first metro in Calcutta: jewel for rail engineers, burden for urban policies 114
6.2.1 The birth of the Calcutta metro: emerging urban transport policies across India 115
6.2.2 The Calcutta metro, jewel of railway engineers 118
6.3 Construction of a political and technical model around the Delhi metro 119
6.3.1 Delhi, capital of India and center of experimentation for major urban projects 120
6.3.2 National sectoral reforms, a favorable context for metros at local level 122
6.3.3 Building a metro but also a political and technical model 123
6.4 Private firms and regional states: counterweights to the Delhi metro model 126
6.4.1 The controversial arrangements of the Hyderabad metro 127
6.4.2 Mumbai’s hybrid model 129
6.5 Conclusion 131
6.6 References 132
Chapter 7 Non-Centralized Urban Transport: An Illustration Based on the Case of Jakarta 135
Rémi DESMOULIÈRE
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Words and things: terminological issues 137
7.2.1 Paratransit, a functional approach 137
7.2.2 Informal transport and artisanal transport: from the socioeconomic to the political 140
7.2.3 Centralization, decentralization and non-centralization 142
7.3 Operating and controlling non-centralized transport 143
7.3.1 Fragmented structures of operation 143
7.3.2 The ambivalent role of public authorities 145
7.3.3 Intermediary organizations: popular companies or cartels? 147
7.4 What place for non-centralized transport in contemporary metropolises? 149
7.4.1 “Gearboxes for metropolization?” Questions of flexibility and adaptability 149
7.4.2 Integration of non-centralized transport: experiences and sticking points 152
7.5 Conclusion 153
7.6 References 154
Part 3 Active Modes of Transport and Infrastructure Policies 157
Chapter 8 The Infrastructure of Walking: The Case of Mexico City Sidewalks 159
Ruth PÉREZ LÓPEZ, Jérôme MONNET and Guénola CAPRON
8.1 Introduction: sidewalks, a special element of urban pedestrian infrastructure 159
8.2 In Mexico City, the place of walking in the mobility system reflects social inequalities 161
8.3 The social and material production of sidewalks: methodology 165
8.4 The diversity of sidewalk functions 166
8.5 Competition and conflict between sidewalk uses 169
8.6 From uses to actors’ games: the production of a negotiated order 172
8.7 Conclusion: Towards inclusive and adaptive sidewalk layouts? 176
8.8 References 177
Chapter 9 Cycling Policies in Europe: The Case of Greater Lyon and Hamburg 181
Manon ESKENAZI
9.1 Introduction 181
9.2 Cycling infrastructure at the heart of cycling policies 183
9.3 Hamburg: cycling planning to support the development of practices 184
9.3.1 Integrating cycling into the urban strategy of the sustainable city: the carrot-without-the-stick approach 185
9.3.2 Cycling infrastructure at the heart of cycling strategy 187
9.3.3 Cycling services to build intermodality 189
9.4 Greater Lyon: relaunching practice through policies, a missed bet? 191
9.4.1 A cycling policy of plans 191
9.4.2 Infrastructure and services as the pillars of public cycling action 194
9.5 Conclusion 197
9.6 References 199
Part 4 Circulation of Urban Mobility Analysis Tools and Public Policy Models 203
Chapter 10 Categorical Pitfalls for Analyzing Urban Mobility 205
Hadrien COMMENGES and Florent LE NÉCHET
10.1 Introduction 205
10.2 Which type of data for analyzing urban mobility? 207
10.2.1 Typology of mobility data 207
10.2.2 From local surveys to attempts at international harmonization 211
10.3 Which objects describe mobility? 213
10.3.1 The trip 213
10.3.2 The mode of transport 215
10.3.3 The city 218
10.4 Categorical pitfalls: balancing diversity and comparability 223
10.4.1 The category of transport: modes and purposes for travel 224
10.4.2 Temporal categories: the typical working day 227
10.4.3 The spatial category: local urban systems 228
10.4.4 Categories reconstructed for harmonization: ad hoc mechanisms 231
10.5 Discussion 233
10.6 References 234
Chapter 11 Geographical Inequalities in the Analysis of Urban Mobility 243
Florent LE NÉCHET
11.1 Introduction 243
11.2 Analysis of the implementation of CEREMA-type surveys in France 245
11.3 Size effects and context effects explaining why an HTS is carried out 248
11.4 Bibliometric analysis of research on urban mobility 251
11.5 Global heterogeneity of urban mobility analysis 253
11.6 Thematic specializations revealing issues for local action on mobility 257
11.7 Discussion 259
11.8 References 260
Chapter 12 Circulation of Models in Africa: The Example of Bus Rapid Transit in Cape Town 265
Solène BAFFI
12.1 Introduction 265
12.2 The diffusion of BRT in Africa 266
12.2.1 Diffusion of an efficient transport model as a planning and urban planning tool 266
12.2.2 Stakeholders supporting this model 268
12.2.3 Limits of the circulation of the model in Africa 270
12.3 South Africa, laboratory for urban mobility projects 272
12.3.1 A long-awaited reform 272
12.3.2 BRT: symbol of post-apartheid South Africa 275
12.3.3 The Capetonian version of the BRT project: MyCiti 276
12.4 Between strong appropriation and poor adaptation, MyCiti’s mixed record 279
12.4.1 An international model reappropriated to assert local power 279
12.4.2 A project ill-suited to South African specificities 280
12.4.3 Feedback effects at different levels 282
12.5 Conclusion 284
12.6 References 285
List of Authors 291
Index 293
