Slow-wave Microwave and mm-wave Passive Circuits presents the fundamentals and state of the art concepts, design examples, relevant components, and technology of the subject, plus examples of circuit layout optimization using slow-wave circuits. Recent advances in aspects of the slow-wave concept are covered, with potential applications including automotive radars, medical and security applications, and 5G and future 6G for very high-speed communications.
The text considers a variety of slow-wave structures and associated concepts which are useful for circuit design, each structure electrically modeled with clear illustration.
The highly qualified authors show that the use of the slow-wave concept can, in some cases, improve the performance of passive circuits. The techniques proposed make it possible to reduce the size and/or the performance of the circuits, with a beneficial cost-saving effect on semiconductor materials. Concepts are applied to several technologies, namely CMOS, PCB (Printed Circuit Board) and nanowires.
Sample topics covered include: - Concepts of energy storage with examples of slow-wave CPW (S-CPW), slow-wave SIW (SW-SIW), and slow-wave microstrip (S-MS),- Transmission line topology and application in integrated technologies (CMOS), including possibilities offered by the BEOL (Back-End-Of-Line),- Effect of the geometrical dimensions on the transmission line parameters (Zc, a, ereff, and Q) and comparisons between conventional CPW and CPS, and slow-wave CPW and CPS, - Performance of slow-wave coupled lines and comparison with conventional microstrip coupled lines.
Slow-wave Microwave and mm-wave Passive Circuits is a highly useful resource for graduate students (best complemented with a basic book on microwaves), engineers, and researchers. The text is also valuable for physicists wishing to implement comparable techniques in optics or mechanics.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors vii
Preface ix
Acronyms xi
1 Background Theory and Concepts 1
Philippe Ferrari, Marc Margalef-Rovira, and Gustavo P. Rehder
1.1 Historical Background 1
1.2 The Slow-Wave Concept 3
1.3 Modern Slow-Wave Transmission Lines Brief Description 7
1.3.1 Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguide 7
1.3.2 Slow-Wave Microstrip (S-MS) 8
1.3.3 Slow-Wave Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SW-SIW) 8
1.4 Motivations for the Development of Modern Slow-Wave Transmission Lines 9
1.4.1 Improvement of Transmission Lines Performance in Integrated Technologies 10
1.4.2 Reduction of the Transmission Lines and SIWs Length 16
1.4.3 Addition of New Degrees of Freedom in the Development of Coupled-Lines and 3D Transmission Lines 16
References 17
2 Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides and Slow-Wave Coplanar Striplines 21
Anne-Laure Franc, Leonardo Gomes, Marc Margalef-Rovira, and Abdelhalim Saadi
2.1 Introduction - Chapter Organization 21
2.2 Principle of Slow-Wave CPW and Slow-Wave CPS 22
2.2.1 Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides Topology 22
2.2.2 Slow-Wave Coplanar Striplines Topology 24
2.2.3 Figures of Merit 24
2.3 Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides 25
2.3.1 Electrical Performance 25
2.3.1.1 CPW Strips Dimensions 26
2.3.1.2 Shield Dimensions 28
2.3.1.3 Metal Strips’ Thickness 29
2.3.2 Electrical Model 30
2.3.2.1 Model Components 31
2.3.2.2 Model Component Calculations 33
2.3.2.3 Losses Distribution 35
2.3.2.4 Dispersion: Floating Shield Equivalent Inductance 37
2.3.3 Benchmark With Conventional Transmission Lines 38
2.3.3.1 Comparison of Electrical Performance 38
2.3.3.2 Trade-off Between Surface Area and Electrical Performance 40
2.4 Slow-Wave Coplanar Striplines 41
2.4.1 Electrical Performance 41
2.4.2 Electrical Model 43
2.4.3 Design 44
2.4.3.1 Design Rules 44
2.4.3.2 Design Flexibility 45
2.5 Coupled Slow-Wave Coplanar Waveguides 45
2.5.1 Topology 45
2.5.1.1 Design Flexibility 45
2.5.2 Electric and Magnetic Fields Distribution 47
2.5.3 Propagation Modes in Coupled Slow-Wave CPWs 47
2.5.4 Definition of the Electric Model Topology: RLRC Model for Coupled Lines 48
2.5.4.1 Magnetic Coupling 49
2.5.4.2 Electric Coupling 50
2.5.4.3 Lossy Model of a Coupled Slow-Wave CPW 52
2.5.5 Design Charts 52
2.6 Circuits Using Slow-Wave CPW and Slow-Wave CPS 54
2.6.1 Junctions 55
2.6.1.1 Microstrip to Slow-Wave CPW Junction 55
2.6.1.2 Tee-Junctions 56
2.6.2 Millimeter-Wave Filters 57
2.6.2.1 Dual Behavior Resonator 57
2.6.2.2 Coupled Lines Filters 59
2.6.2.3 LC Quasi-Lumped Resonator 61
2.6.3 Power Divider/Combiner 65
2.6.3.1 Wilkinson Topology 65
2.6.3.2 Variation Based on Wilkinson Topology 66
2.6.4 Couplers & Baluns 69
2.6.4.1 Branch-Line Couplers 69
2.6.4.2 Coupled Line Couplers 69
2.6.4.3 Rat-Race Balun 71
2.6.4.4 Power-Divider-Based Balun 73
2.6.5 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator tank 73
2.6.5.1 Slow-Wave CPS as Inductor Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 74
2.6.5.2 Slow-wave CPS resonator standing wave Voltage-Controlled Oscillator 77
2.6.5.3 Conclusion 79
2.6.6 Phase Shifter 80
2.6.6.1 Integrated Phase Shifter With Varactors 81
2.6.6.2 Compact Liquid Crystal MEMS Phase Shifter 82
2.6.7 Sensors 85
2.7 Conclusion 86
References 86
3 Slow-Wave Microstrip Lines 91
Hamza Issa and Ariana Lacorte Caniato Serrano
3.1 Introduction 91
3.2 Principle of Slow-Wave Microstrip Lines 92
3.3 PCB Technology 94
3.3.1 Slow-Wave Microstrip Line 94
3.3.2 Slow-Wave Coupled Lines 95
3.4 Metallic Nanowire Membrane Technology 95
3.5 Electrical Model 98
3.5.1 Linear Capacitance C SMS 99
3.5.2 Linear Inductance L SMS 103
3.5.2.1 PCB Technology 103
3.5.2.2 MnM Technology 104
3.5.3 Linear Strip Resistance R 105
3.5.4 Linear Conductance G 105
3.5.5 Metallic via Inductance L via and Mutual M ij 105
3.5.6 Metallic vias Resistance R via 107
3.5.7 Electrical Model for Coupled Lines 107
3.5.8 Validation 108
3.5.8.1 PCB Technology 109
3.5.8.2 MnM Technology 111
3.5.9 Discussion 120
3.6 Applications 121
3.6.1 Wilkinson Power Divider 122
3.6.2 Branch-Line Coupler 124
3.6.3 Forward-Wave Directional Coupler 126
3.6.4 MEMS Phase Shifter With Liquid Crystal 129
3.7 CMOS Technology 132
3.7.1 Slow-Wave Microstrip Lines (S-MS) 132
3.7.2 Principle of an Artificial Transmission Line Based on Meandered S-MS Lines 135
3.7.3 Artificial S-MS Line and Meandered-Microstrip Line 135
3.7.3.1 Design 135
3.7.3.2 Results and Comparison 136
3.7.4 Branch-Line Coupler 137
3.7.4.1 Design 137
3.7.4.2 Results 138
3.7.4.3 Influence of the Back-End-Of-Line 140
References 140
4 Slow-Wave SIW 143
Matthieu Bertrand, Jordan Corsi, Emmanuel Pistono, and Gustavo P. Rehder
4.1 Substrate Integrated Waveguides 144
4.2 Basic Concept of the Slow-Wave SIW 146
4.3 Modeling of Slow-Wave SIW 147
4.3.1 Lossless SW-PPW to Lossless SW-SIW 147
4.3.2 Lossy Slow-Wave PPW (Dielectric Losses) 151
4.3.3 Lossy Slow-Wave PPW (Metallic Posts Losses) 153
4.4 SW-SIW in PCB Technology 157
4.4.1 Design Rules 157
4.4.2 Ku-Band SW-SIW Implementation and Results 158
4.4.3 SW-SIW Coupler 161
4.4.4 SW-SIW Cavity Filter 165
4.4.5 Slow-Wave SIW Cavity-Backed Antenna 167
4.5 SW-SIW in Metallic Nanowire Membrane Technology 170
4.5.1 Effective Width and Cut-off Frequency 172
4.5.2 Losses due to Metallic Nanowires 173
4.5.3 W-Band Implementation and Results 176
4.5.4 SW-SIW Cavity Filters 180
References 183
Index 187
