Spatial planning has embraced the idea of dealing with territorial inequalities by focusing on equipment logic on a national scale, and then economic development on a local scale.
Today, this issue is creating new angles of debate with strong political resonances (e.g. Brexit, French gilets jaunes movement). Interpretations of these movements are often quick and binary, such as: the contrast between metropolises and peripheries, between cities and the countryside, between the north and the south or between the east and the west of the European Union.
Territorial Inequalities sheds light on the social, political and operational implications of these divergences. The chapters cover the subject at different scales of action and observation (from the neighborhood to the world), but also according to their interdependences. To deal with such a vast and ambitious theme, the preferred approach is that of territorial development in terms of public policy, namely spatial planning.
Table of Contents
Foreword Territorial Capital and Spatial Inequalities xi
Thomas PIKETTY
Introduction xix
Magali TALANDIER and Josselin TALLEC
Chapter 1 Metropolization and Territorial Inequalities 1
Magali TALANDIER
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 T200 years of territorial inequalities 2
1.2.1 The development of the French metropolitan area 3
1.2.2 Processes of population concentration and deconcentration 5
1.2.3 The spatiotemporal model and territorial inequalities 8
1.3 Metropolization: 30 years of changing territorial inequalities 10
1.3.1 Methodology and databases 10
1.3.2 The majority of French household income is concentrated in suburban rings 11
1.3.3 Higher incomes in suburban areas than in the city centers 13
1.3.4 Fewer territorial disparities in areas polarized by small and medium-sized cities 14
1.3.5 Typology of territorial inequalities 17
1.3.6 Rapid growth in per capita incomes in periurban rings 19
1.3.7 Geographic inequalities in terms of income per capita 20
1.4 Wealth circulation and the reshaping of territorial inequalities 22
1.4.1 The economic base theory: an operational conceptual framework for the analysis of income flows 22
1.4.2 Productive residential systems 26
1.4.3 PRSs and territorial development 29
1.5 Conclusion 30
1.6 Appendices 32
1.7 References 39
Chapter 2 Inequalities in Territorial Development: Enigmas and Threats 43
Laurent DAVEZIES
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 The evolution of development inequalities 44
2.2.1 How should local or regional development be defined? 45
2.2.2 The widening of productive inequalities 50
2.2.3 Reducing inequalities in territorial income 51
2.2.4 Territorial inequalities do not equate to social inequalities 52
2.2.5 Policies for the "neighborhoods" or for the people? 53
2.2.6 Inequality and poverty 54
2.2.7 A reduction in territorial inequalities in terms of income 57
2.3 Public mechanisms for territorial cohesion 58
2.3.1 Redistribution mechanisms for public funds 59
2.3.2 Interterritorial redistribution linked to social welfare budgets 59
2.3.3 The redistributive effects of public budgets between regions 61
2.3.4 Fragmented European cohesion 63
2.3.5 Unequal treatment of equals 65
2.3.6 The "Catalonia" effect 68
2.4 The risk of rejecting intranational solidarities 71
2.4.1 The revolt of the rich regions 72
2.4.2 Questioning the cohesion model 74
2.4.3 Wealthy regions independent of poor regions 75
2.5 References 76
Chapter 3 Which Geographical Figures Should Be Mobilized Against Particular Territorial Inequalities? 79
Xavier DESJARDINS and Philippe ESTÈBE
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 The Saint-Malo-Geneva line 81
3.2.1 An obscure and enlightened France 81
3.2.2 From map to policy 84
3.2.3 A paradoxical ingratitude? 85
3.3 The countryside and the city 88
3.3.1 The long persistence of a rural densely populated world 88
3.3.2 The marriage of the Republic and the countryside 91
3.3.3 Solidarity through networks 93
3.3.4 Cycles of inequality 95
3.4 The Paris-countryside divide 96
3.4.1 The meeting of Maurras and Stalin 96
3.4.2 Would France have won against Paris? 99
3.5 Conclusion 102
3.6 References 103
Chapter 4 The Periurban Question 107
Éric CHARMES
4.1 Introduction 107
4.2 Periurbanization in figures and tables 109
4.3 The revitalization of the countryside 114
4.4 Villages: from community to club 116
4.5 Unequal intermunicipal governments 118
4.6 When the periurbs rebel 121
4.7 City life in the countryside: an unequal dream 123
4.8 The Gilets jaunes crisis 125
4.9 From the right to the city to the right to the village? 128
4.10 The moral devaluation of the periurbs 130
4.11 From urban sprawl to the revitalization of the countryside: toward a reversal of the stigma? 132
4.12 Conclusion: beyond "peripheral France" 134
4.13 References 136
Chapter 5 The European Union: Territorial Inequalities and Development Policy 143
Frédéric SANTAMARIA
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Inter-territorial inequalities in the framework of European construction 147
5.2.1 The reduction of territorial inequalities as a fundamental building block of the European project 147
5.2.2 An early awareness for a late political consideration 149
5.2.3 Maintaining the objective of reducing territorial inequalities in spite of major change 151
5.2.4 Substantive policies 156
5.2.5 The EU in the world: a relatively homogeneous space 157
5.3 The limits of EU action in the fight against territorial inequalities 161
5.3.1 Significant wealth inequalities at different levels within the EU 161
5.3.2 The 2008 financial crisis and the challenge to convergence 168
5.3.3 Beyond the financial and political framework of the EU's action to reduce territorial inequalities 171
5.3.4 Major conflicting objectives 177
5.3.5 A territorial approach of imperfect inequalities 179
5.3.6 A scientific approach lacking clarity 184
5.4 Conclusion 187
5.5 References 189
Chapter 6 Medium-sized Cities and Territorial Inequalities 193
Josselin TALLEC
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 From positions to conditions: a brief history of planning and its relationship with territorial inequalities 197
6.2.1 Growth and redistribution: the idea of a certain "golden age" of planning (1950-1975) 200
6.2.2 Repairing and supporting territories "in transition" (1975-1995) 202
6.2.3 Animation and concentration: a shift from competitiveness to differentiation (1995 to the present) 204
6.2.4 Differentiation at the bedside of territorial inequalities? 208
6.3 Medium-sized cities: a long-term figure in the planning and the treatment of territorial inequalities 209
6.3.1 Medium-sized cities: elements of contextualization of a stratum of urban systems 212
6.3.2 Medium-sized cities and a progressive differentiation of demographic dynamics and economic activity 218
6.3.3 Medium-sized cities and the permanence of a political object for treating territorial inequalities 220
6.4 Conclusion 228
6.5 References 230
Chapter 7 Urban Segregation 235
Sylvie FOL and Leïla FROUILLOU
7.1 Introduction 235
7.2 Emergence and uses of the notion of "segregation" 236
7.2.1 Segregation and the ghetto in the United States 236
7.2.2 The concept of "the ghetto" in France 241
7.3 Analyzing the causes of segregation 248
7.3.1 Segregation as the result of individual preferences 248
7.3.2 Segregation as a consequence of structural mechanisms 249
7.3.3 Segregation resulting from public policies 252
7.3.4 Segregation as the result of a combination of several processes 253
7.4 Methodological debates concerning the measurement of segregation 255
7.5 The effects of segregation 259
7.6 Anti-segregation policies 262
7.7 Conclusion 267
7.8 References 268
List of Authors 279
Index 281
