Climate change is among the biggest challenges facing today's cities, which are in turn a major factor in driving or mitigating climate change. It is no surprise then that urban planning authorities are under mounting pressure to create cityscapes suited to the 21st century.
Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate offers a systematic overview of the environmental and sustainability challenges facing urban planners and policymakers, and how to meet those challenges. Beginning with an analysis of how climate change impacts built environments, it proceeds to offer quantitative analysis and practical solutions for strengthening urban resilience.
Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate readers will also find: - A future-oriented approach that accounts for both known and unknown threats - Detailed discussion of threats including environmental changes, global pandemics, natural disasters, and more - Case studies from around the globe, including biofuel generation in China and the 2022 World Cup in Qatar
Sustainable Cities in a Changing Climate is indispensable for environmental engineers, urban planners and policymakers, and advanced students in environmental planning and architecture.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xiii
About the Editor xv
Preface xvii
Abbreviations xix
Part I Climate Change and The Built Environment: Foundations and Implications 1
1 Understanding Climate Change Fundamentals: Exploring the Forces Shaping Our Planet’s Future 3
Introduction 3
Recent Climate Change is Anthropogenic 5
Spatial Distribution of Global Warming 6
Modes of Climate Variability 6
Find, Read, and Process Climatic Data 8
Climate Models (GCMs and RCMs) 8
Pathways and Scenarios 10
Observations and Reanalysis 10
Visualizing and Processing Climatic Data 12
Conclusion 15
References 15
2 Advancing Urban Resilience and Sustainability Through the WRF-Urban Model: Bridging Numerical Modeling and Real-World Applications 17
Introduction 17
Nexus Between Urbanization and Climate Change 18
Urban Modeling Through WRF-Urban Model 19
Overview of the WRF-Urban Model 20
Applications of the WRF-Urban Model 20
Relevant Case Studies 21
Case Study 1: Urban Climate Modeling in Singapore Using WRF-Urban 21
Case Study 2: Summertime Air Conditioning Electric Loads Modeling in Beijing, China, Using WRF-Urban 21
Case Study 3: Coastal-Urban Meteorology Study in the Metropolitan Region of Vitória, Brazil, Using the WRF-Urban Model 22
Limitations of the WRF-Urban Model 22
Ways Forward for Improvement 23
Conclusions 24
References 25
3 Assessing and Projecting Climatic Changes in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Region: Insights from Regional Climate Model (RCM) Simulations and Future Projections 29
Introduction 29
Methodology 31
GCMs vs. RCMs in Simulating MENA Temperature and Precipitation 32
RCMs Performance in Simulating MENA Climatic Changes 34
Projected Future Changes Over MENA-CORDEX 35
Conclusion 36
References 38
4 Building for Climate Change: Examining the Environmental Impacts of the Built Environment 39
Introduction 39
Embodied Carbon Emission in Building Environment 40
Embodied Carbon Emission for Selected Building Materials 40
Embodied Carbon Emission of Limestone Quarrying 41
Embodied Carbon Emission from Cement and Concrete Manufacturing 42
Embodied Carbon from Asphalt Production and Construction 44
Embodied Carbon Emission of Steel Production 45
Embodied Carbon Mitigation Strategies 46
MS1: Using Materials with a Lower Embodied Carbon 46
Precast Hollow-Core Slabs 48
Steel Framework System 48
Use of Unfired Brick 48
Ethylene Tetrafluoroethylene 49
MS2: Reducing, Reusing, and Recovering - Heavy Building Materials 49
MS3: Improvement in Design Phase and Efficient Construction 49
MS4: Carbon Sequestration 51
MS5: Extending the Building’s Life 51
Operation Carbon Emissions in Building Environment 51
Operation Carbon Mitigation Strategies 52
Efficient HVAC Systems in Buildings 53
Renewable Resources Integration 53
Strategy for Water Use 54
Use of Lighting 54
Conclusion 55
References 56
5 Unveiling the Nexus: Human Developments and Their Influence on Climate Change 61
Introduction 61
Life Cycle Assessment for Environmental Impact 63
ReCiPe Impact Category: Climate Change 64
Energy Sector Impact on Climate Change 65
Case Study 1: Electricity Generation in Turkey 65
Case Study 2: Coal Power Plant with Carbon Capture Technology in Czech Republic 67
Case Study 3: Solar Power with Energy Storage 68
Emissions Savings from Energy Sector 69
Energy Efficiency Increase 70
Wind and Solar Plant Installation 71
Keep Running the Nuclear Plants 72
Freshwater Sector Impact on Climate Change 72
Case Study 1: Water Supply in Singapore 72
Case Study 2: Seawater Desalination in South Africa 73
Case Study 3: Multistage Flash Desalination in Qatar 73
Emission Savings from Water Sector 74
Groundwater Management 74
Energy Management in Water System 75
Smart Wastewater Treatment Technology 75
Concluding Remarks 75
References 76
Part II Quantifying Resilience and Its Qualities 79
6 Assessing Resilience in Urban Critical Infrastructures: Interdependencies and Considerations 81
Introduction 81
Individual Network Resilience 83
Transportation Network Resilience 84
Electrical Network Resilience 84
Water Network Resilience 85
Case Study About Individual System Resilience: Transportation Resilience During Mega Sport Events 86
Infrastructures Interdependencies and Resilience 88
Case Study About Interdependent Systems Resilience 90
Conclusion 92
References 93
7 Assessing Infrastructure Resilience: Approaches and Considerations 97
Introduction 97
Complex Networks 98
Types of Graphs 98
Directed and Undirected Graphs 99
Weighted and Unweighted Graphs 99
Main Applications in Resilience Assessment 100
Betweenness Centrality 100
Graph Percolation 101
Strengths and Limitations of Complex Networks 101
Simulation Approaches 101
System Simulation 102
Agent-Based Modeling 103
GIS-Based Approaches 103
Strengths and Limitations of Simulation Approaches 103
Other Approaches 104
Statistical Approaches 104
Optimization Approaches 104
Conclusion 105
References 105
8 Enhancing Buildings Resilience: A Comprehensive Perspective on Earthquake Resilient Design 111
Introduction 111
Structural Resilience Representation 112
Performance-Based Design (PBD) 114
Supporting Systems 115
Supporting Systems Within the Building 116
Beyond the Building Limits 116
Conclusion 117
References 118
9 Enhancing Built Environment Resilience: Exploring Themes and Dimensions 121
Introduction 121
Uncertainty 122
Risk Identification and Assessment 123
Resilience Capacities 123
Resilience Components 124
Types of Resilience 124
Ecological and Engineering Resilience 125
Community and Social Resilience 127
Specified and General Resilience 128
Critical Infrastructure Resilience 128
Technical Systems, Products, and Production Resilience 129
Resilience Dimensions and Capitals 129
Resilience Measuring 130
Conclusion 133
References 134
10 Unveiling Urban Resilience: Exploring the Qualities and Interconnections of Urban Systems 139
Introduction 139
Urban Resilience to Climate Change 140
Climate Change Impacts on Built Environment Systems 140
Temperature Rise 144
Sea Level Rise (SLR) 144
Interacting Stresses 144
Major Uncertainties and Interrelations 146
Resilience Qualities 146
Reflectivity 146
Robustness 147
Redundancy 147
Flexibility 147
Resourcefulness 148
Rapidity of Recovery 148
Inclusivity 148
Integration 148
Interrelation of Resilience Qualities 149
Conclusion 149
References 150
11 Quantifying Urban Resilience: Methods and Approaches for Comprehensive Assessment 155
Introduction 155
Urban Resilience 156
Resilience Strategies 156
Urban and Community Resilience Assessment 157
Resilience Assessment Approaches 159
Qualitative Resilience Assessment 160
Conceptual Frameworks 161
Semiquantitative Indices 163
Quantitative Resilience Assessment 163
General Resilience Approaches (Measures) 164
Deterministic Performance-based Approach 165
Probabilistic Performance-based Approach 165
Structural-based Models 165
Optimization Models 165
Simulation Models 165
Fuzzy Logic Models 166
Frameworks and Tools for Measuring Resilience 166
Conclusion 177
References 177
Part III Resilient Urban Systems: Navigating Climate Change and Enhancing Sustainability 183
12 Building Climate Resilience Through Urban Planning: Strategies, Challenges, and Opportunities 185
Introduction 185
Understanding Climate Change Impacts on Urban Areas 186
Urban Planning Strategies for Mitigating Climate Change Impacts 188
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) 188
Fifteen Minutes City (FMC) 190
Compact Cities 190
Sustainable Land Use and Development Policies 191
Low-Impact Development (LID) 191
Sponge Cities 192
Green Infrastructure and Urban Greening Initiatives for Cool Cities 193
Waste Management and Recycling Systems, Public Participation, and Education 194
Risk Assessment and Adaptation in Urban Planning 195
Case Studies of Successful Climate-Responsive Urban Planning 200
Challenges and Opportunities 202
Major Key Points 203
Conclusion 204
References 204
13 Integrating Green-Blue-Gray Infrastructure for Sustainable Urban Flood Risk Management: Enhancing Resilience and Advantages 207
Introduction 207
Green Infrastructure (GI) 208
Gray Infrastructure (GRAI) 209
Green-Blue-Gray Infrastructure Combination 209
Benefits of Combining Green-Blue-Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) Systems 209
Green-Blue-Gray Infrastructure (GBGI) for Flood Risk Management 210
Environmental Impacts of Floods and Green Climate Change Adaptation 210
Regional Progress in GBGI Nexus Research 211
Flood Risk Management Resilience 212
Conclusion 221
References 221
14 Enhancing Energy System Resilience: Navigating Climate Change and Security Challenges 227
Introduction 227
Adapting the Theory of Resilience to Energy Systems 229
Why Incorporate Resilience into Energy Systems? 234
What are the Threats to the Energy System? 235
Domains of Resilience Approaches to Energy Systems 237
Resilience Enhancement Approaches for Energy Systems 240
System Hardening 240
Distributed Generation 240
Energy Storage 241
Smart Grid Technology 241
Enhancing Energy Efficiency 242
Make Climate Resilience a Central Part of Energy System Planning 242
Conclusion 243
References 245
15 Building Resilient Health Policies: Incorporating Climate Change Impacts for Sustainable Adaptation 251
Introduction 251
Climate Change Impacts on Public Health 253
Infectious Diseases 254
Air Pollution 255
Extreme Events 256
Considerations in Health Policy Development 256
Reducing Carbon Emissions 256
Medical Interventions 257
Healthy Lifestyle 257
Monitoring 257
Proactive Approaches 258
Strengthening Institutions 258
Conclusion 259
References 259
16 Enhancing Resilience: Surveillance Strategies for Monitoring the Spread of Vector-Borne Diseases 263
Introduction 263
Vector-Borne Diseases 265
Environmental Factors and Vector-Borne Diseases 265
Climate Change Impacts on Vector-Borne Diseases 266
Surveillance Strategies 266
Monitoring of Human Cases 268
Identification of Pathogen Species 269
Distribution and Behavior of Vectors 269
Climatic and Environmental Changes 270
Control Measures 270
Policy Development 270
Conclusion 271
References 271
Glossary 277
Index 281
