CLEAN and RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION
According to the World Renewable Energy Council (WREC), by the year 2100, the world's population will increase to 12 billion and the worldwide energy demand will increase steeply to about five times the present scenario. Researchers are striving to find alternative forms of energy, and this quest is strongly forced by the increasing worry over climate change and planetary heating. Among the diverse varieties of alternative energy sources, biomass has the singular advantage of being carbon neutral. The carbon that is discharged to the atmosphere during its exercise is read back during the utilization of biomass resources for energy output. Currently, biomass provides approximately 13% of the world's primary energy supply and more than 75% of global renewable energy. Indeed, it is estimated that bioenergy could contribute 25-33% of the global energy supply by 2050. Continued adoption of biomass will require efficient conversion rates and avoidance of competition with food and fibers.
This book focuses on the recent practices in clean energy and renewable energy. The contributors highlight how newer technologies are reducing the dependency on non-renewable resources, benefiting the researchers who are working in the area of clean and renewable energy production. This new volume will also benefit mechanical engineers, electrical engineers, and bioengineers as they will be updated with the recent work progressing all over the globe. It will benefit the professionals working in the renewable energy sector such as solar, wind, hydrothermal, hydrogen, and bioenergy, including professors, research scholars, industry professionals, and students working in this field.
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
1 Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications 1
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils 2
1.2 Motivation 4
1.3 Need of Research 6
1.4 Detailed Survey 10
1.5 Identification of the Research Gaps 16
1.6 Conclusions 20
2 Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 27
Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar
2.1 Methodology 28
2.2 Procedure 29
2.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 31
2.4 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 32
2.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 34
2.6 CNSL Study 35
2.7 Conclusions 51
3 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications 53
Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 56
3.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage 70
3.4 Renewable Energy 74
3.5 Conclusion 81
4 Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage 87
Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Gas Hydrates 89
4.3 Hydrogen Energy 108
4.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications 114
4.5 Conclusion 115
5 Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology 123
Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma
5.1 Introduction 124
5.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development 126
5.3 Global Energy Scenario 127
5.4 Solar Energy Potential 129
5.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation 129
5.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 130
5.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System 132
5.8 Conclusion 137
6 A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation 143
Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose
6.1 Introduction 144
6.2 Background 145
6.3 Methodology 148
6.4 Study Selection Criteria 149
6.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells 150
6.6 Outlook 163
7 Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste 175
Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar
7.1 Introduction 176
7.2 Generation of Biofuels 177
7.3 Biomass Conversion Routes 178
7.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism 179
7.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations 180
7.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis 180
7.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process 182
7.8 Influence of Operating Parameters 184
7.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation 190
7.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products 192
7.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process 193
7.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis 194
7.13 Conclusions 194
8 Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives 201
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
8.1 Introduction 202
8.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System 206
8.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories 207
8.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage 211
8.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs 214
8.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System 216
8.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System 216
8.8 Conclusion 221
9 Ocean Energy - A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector 225
R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey
9.1 Introduction 226
9.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects 227
9.3 Ocean Energy Potential 228
9.4 Types of Ocean Energy 230
9.5 Tidal Energy 230
9.6 Tidal Currents 235
9.7 Wave Energy 235
9.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 237
9.9 Salinity Gradient 238
9.10 Marine Energy Projects in India 239
9.11 Conclusion 241
10 Performance of 5@Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review 247
Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad Introduction 248
11 Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 267
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko@Gyan@Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma
11.1 Introduction 268
11.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context 271
11.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems 271
11.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System 277
11.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs 277
11.6 Conclusion 283
12 Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 287
Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R.
12.1 Introduction 287
12.2 Preparation Methods 290
12.3 Carbonization and Activation 290
12.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes 293
12.5 Energy Storage Applications 297
12.6 Importance of Electrolyte 304
12.7 Conclusions 304
13 A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy 313
Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose
13.1 Introduction 314
13.2 Methodology 317
13.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer 319
13.4 Scope for Improvements 329
13.5 Conclusion 331
14 Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction 335
Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar
14.1 Introduction 336
14.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework 337
14.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions 339
14.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints 341
14.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere 347
14.6 Outlook 348
15 Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception 355
Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma
15.1 Introduction 356
15.2 MPPT Systems 359
15.3 Challenges and Future Perspective 369
15.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques 370
15.5 Conclusion 370
16 Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy 375
Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose
16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy 376
16.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass 380
16.3 Challenges and Opportunities 389
16.4 Bioethanol Economy 395
17 Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 413
Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth
17.1 Energy 414
17.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used 417
17.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today 418
17.4 Technical and Economic Considerations 423
17.5 Conclusion 432
18 Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 437
Girdhar Joshi
18.1 Biodiesel 438
18.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 439
18.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods 445
18.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel 466
18.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel 466
18.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel 475
18.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel 476
19 Biomass Energy and Its Conversion 489
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
19.1 Introduction 490
19.2 Sources of Biomass 491
19.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy 492
19.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 496
19.5 Physical Conversion 497
19.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel 498
19.7 Summary 500
20 Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation 505
Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke
20.1 Introduction 506
20.2 Co-Gasification 509
20.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation 516
20.4 Summary 516
References 517
Index 523
