Organic Polymers in Energy-Environmental Applications provides comprehensive coverage of polymerization and functionalization of organic polymers, followed by innovative approaches, sustainable technologies, and solutions for energy and environmental applications, including environmental remediation, energy storage, corrosion protection, and more.
Edited by five highly qualified academics with significant experience in the field, Organic Polymers in Energy-Environmental Applications includes discussion on: - Characteristics and emerging trends of organic polymers, and organic polymers in imaging industries and curable coatings- Antifouling technology based on organic polymers and wearable technology featuring multifunctional sensor arrays in biomedicine- Organic bio-adhesive polymers in filter technology, nano-architectured organic polymers, and market dynamics of organic polymer-based technologies- Organic and inorganic modifications of polymers, pollutant removal via organic polymers, and biodegradable organic polymers- Life cycle assessment of organic polymers, applications of organic polymers in agriculture, and future outlooks of the field
With complete coverage of organic polymers, a topic of high interest due to their numerous practical applications ranging from membranes to super capacitors, Organic Polymers in Energy-Environmental Applications is an essential resource for polymer and environmental chemists, materials scientists, and all other related researchers and professionals interested in the subject.
Table of Contents
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxv
1 Organic Polymers: Past and the Present 1
Jyotirmoy Sarma, Subhasish Roy, Bhaskar Sharma, Fredy A. Madukkakuzhy, Monjumoni Das, and Pallabi Borah
1.1 Introduction and History of Polymers 1
1.2 Classification of Organic Polymers 6
1.3 Synthesis and Properties of Polymers 12
1.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 31
2 Basics of Polymerizations and Application Toward Organic Materials 37
Abhijit Mahanta, Arpita Joarder, Neha Khetawat, Dipjyoti Dutta, Panchanan Puzari, and Rekha R. Dutta
2.1 Introduction 37
2.2 Preparation of Covalent Organic Framework (COF) 39
2.3 Application Toward Organic Materials 46
2.4 Conclusions 50
3 Organic Polymers Fabrication for Solar Cells 55
Sudeshna Kalita, Hemanta Singhania, and Anup Singhania
3.1 Introduction 55
3.2 Organic Solar Cells 57
3.3 The Role of Organic Polymers in Solar Cells and Their Recent Progress 66
3.4 Conclusion 79
4 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Incorporating Conjugated Microporous Polymer 93
Benjamin Raj, Arun Kumar Padhy, Atimanyu Dey, Ramesh Oraon, and Mamata Mohapatra
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Microporous Polymer Material 95
4.3 Conclusion 107
5 Modification of Surface Properties of Polymeric Materials: Methodological Approaches and Applications 111
Akhi Das, Swrangsi Goyary, Sukanya Gogoi, Swaraj Pathak, and Nilamoni Nath
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 Physical Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 113
5.3 Chemical Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 115
5.4 Plasma Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 119
5.5 Corona Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 122
5.6 UV Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 127
5.7 Surface Patterning Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 129
5.8 Thermal Annealing Treatment for Polymer Surface Modification 137
5.9 Conclusion 138
6 Organic Polymers as Potential Catalysts 153
Saponjeet Borah, Rajkanya Das, Bitap R. Thakuria, Pulakesh Das, and Bedanta Gogoi
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 Recent Development of Porous Organic Polymer (POP) 156
6.3 Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis 157
6.4 Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization (RDRP) 162
6.5 Coordination Polymerization 163
6.6 Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)-Based Heterogeneous Catalysis 163
6.7 Polymer-Based Homogeneous Catalysis 168
6.8 Conclusion 169
7 Environmental Fate of Water-Soluble Cellulosic-Polymer-Based Composites 175
Bugra K. Debbarma, Sanghamitra Deka, Darshan Pegu, Golam Mohiuddin, and Prasanta Baishya
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Starch: A Widely KnownWater-Soluble Polymer 177
7.3 Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) 185
7.4 Properties ofWater-Soluble Polymer-Based Composites 189
7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 192
8 Future Roadmap of Organic Polymers 201
Chanchal Bhardwaj, Manisha Sharma, Pinki R. Agrawal, Chankit Kaushik, Rahul Sharma, and A.K. Sharma
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Polymers of Intrinsic Microporosity 203
8.3 Conclusion 208
9 Covalent-Organic Frameworks (COF): An Advanced Generation of Reticular Organic Polymers for Energy and Environmental Applications 215
Adhithya Ravi, Athira J. Ajith, and Abhijeet K. Chaudhari
9.1 Introduction 215
9.2 Synthesis 216
9.3 COFs as Thin Films 216
9.4 Polygon Skeletons 217
9.5 Pore Engineering 217
9.6 Thermal Stability 223
9.7 Advantages Over Conventional Polymers 223
9.8 Backbone Modifications 223
9.9 Functional Group Changes 225
9.10 COFs on Different Scales 226
9.11 Terracotta Process 226
9.12 Pyrolysis of COFs 226
9.13 COFs in Mitigation of Pollutants and Organic Dyes 227
9.14 COFs for Energy Applications 228
9.15 COFs in Batteries and Supercapacitors 230
9.16 Batteries 231
9.17 Supercapacitors 234
9.18 Electrochemical Sensors 235
9.19 Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) 236
9.20 Conclusion 236
10 A Multifunctional Polymer - POLYOX - and Its Uses as a Novel Drug-Delivery System 243
Preeta Bose, Dibya Das, Devlina Pal, Pintu K. De, and Himangshu S. Maji
10.1 Introduction 243
10.2 Advantages of Using POLYOX 245
10.3 Physical and Chemical Constituents 245
10.4 Release Mechanism 249
10.5 Ocular Drug Administration 251
10.6 Drug Delivery for the Gastroretentive System 252
10.7 Film with a Fast Turnaround Time 253
10.8 Extended Duration of Effect 254
10.9 Regulatory Aspects of POLYOX 255
10.10 The Consistency of POLYOX 255
10.11 Conclusion 256
11 Green Synthesis of Polymers and Its Application in Industry 261
Raja Chakraverty, Dibya Das, and Tatini Debnath
11.1 Introduction 261
11.2 Polymer 262
11.3 The Difference Between Degradable and Biodegradable Polymer 266
12 Organic Polymers and Their Role in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industries 279
Raja Chakraverty, Dibya Das, and Tatini Debnath
12.1 Natural Polymers: Inorganic and Organic 279
12.2 Synthetic Organic Polymers 279
12.3 Synthetic Polymers in Everyday Use 280
12.4 Synthetic Polymers Types 280
12.5 Addition Reactions 282
12.6 Polymerization Method 284
12.7 Polymers and Their Uses in Pharmaceutical and Chemical Industry 286
12.8 Polymeric Hydrogels 286
12.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 287
12.10 Future Scope 291
13 Current Trends in Organic Polymers and Nutraceutical Delivery 293
Sudeepto Biswas, Senjuti Bhattacharjee, Sukanta Roy, Dibya Das, Sourav Das, Panchali Dasgupta, Himangshu S. Maji, Subhasish Mondal, and Anirbandeep Bose
13.1 Introduction 293
13.2 Current Advancements in the Polymeric Delivery System for Nutraceuticals 296
13.3 Scope of Developing New Polymeric Nutraceutical Delivery 307
13.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 308
14 Conducting Organic Polymers Used in Biosensors for Diagnostic and Pharmaceutical Applications 313
Ritambhara Dash, Aritri Das, and Arnab S. Bhattacharyya
14.1 Introduction 313
14.2 Processibility and Sensitivity Issues 314
14.3 Side Chain and π-Electron Backbone 314
14.4 Polarons, Bipolarons, and Solitons 315
14.5 Doping in CPs 316
14.6 CPs for Biosensing 317
14.7 Oxidation and Charge Transfer 318
14.8 Color Change in PDA Polymers 318
14.9 Ionic Detection 319
14.10 Conductometry 321
14.11 Enzyme Entrapment 321
14.12 DNA Sensing 322
14.13 Hydrogel-Based Biosensors 322
14.14 Urea and Melamine Detection 323
14.15 Summary 323
15 Organic-Polymer-Based Photodetectors: Mechanism and Device Fabrication 333
Nasrin Sultana, Indranee Hazarika, and Bedanta Gogoi
15.1 Introduction 333
15.2 Organic-Polymer-Based Photodetector 337
15.3 Conclusion 348
16 Organic-Solvent-Resistant Polymeric Membranes for Emerging Application in Separation Science 355
Chinmoy Bhuyan, Prarthana Bora, Parashmoni Rajguru, Achyut Konwar, and Swapnali Hazarika
16.1 Introduction 355
16.2 Importance of Organic Polymers in Separation Science 356
16.3 OSR Membranes: Materials and Classifications 357
16.4 Types of Membrane Used for the Treatment of Organic Solvent 359
16.5 Modifications in Designing Membrane for Organic Solvent Purification 361
16.6 Application of OSR Polymeric Membranes in Different Industrial Processes 365
16.7 Commercial OSR membrane 368
16.8 Current Status of OSR Membrane 370
16.9 Conclusion 371
17 Biodegradable Organic Polymers for Environmental Protection and Remediation 381
Adhithya S. Santhosh, Sreehari Suresh, Mridul Umesh, Liya M. Stanly, Sneha Grigary, and Nilina James
17.1 Introduction 381
17.2 Role of Organic Biodegradable Polymers in Environmental Bioremediation 383
17.3 Conclusion 395
18 Application of Organic Polymers in Agriculture 403
Deepak Kumar, Nandni Sharma, Raman Tikoria, Sandeep Kour, Mohd. Ali, Parkirti, Roohi Sharma, and Puja Ohri
18.1 Introduction 403
18.2 Organic Polymers as Soil Conditioners/Stabilizers 405
18.3 Organic Polymers and Agrochemicals Delivery 407
18.4 Organic Polymer and Heavy Metal Toxicity 409
18.5 Organic Polymers and Other Plant Stress 411
18.6 Superabsorbent Organic Polymer and Agriculture 415
18.7 Conclusion 419
19 Porous Organic Polymers as Potential Catalysts 433
Manisha Sharma, Chanchal Bhardwaj, Pinki R. Agrawal, Chankit Kaushik, Rahul Sharma, and Ashok. K. Sharma
19.1 Introduction 433
19.2 Synthesis of POP Catalyst 434
19.3 Advantageous Features of POPs 436
19.4 Principle 436
19.5 Properties and Functions 437
19.6 Porous Organic Polymer as the Catalyst 438
19.7 Conclusion 443
20 Developing Trend in Organic Polymer Science 447
Jyoti Sarwan, Arfat P. Dar, Deeksha, Komal Mittal, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K
20.1 Introduction 447
20.2 Applications of Organic Polymers 451
20.3 Purification of DrinkingWater 459
20.4 Conclusion 459
21 Functionalization and Characterization of Organic Polymers 465
Ritu Raj, Subhashri Dutta, Rajan Singh, Vikash Kumar, and Gajendra P. Singh
21.1 Introduction 465
21.2 Synthesis of Functionalized Organic Polymer 465
21.3 Transformation of Functional Group 468
21.4 Characterization of Functional Organic Polymer 470
22 Organic Polymers for Adhesive Applications: History, Progress, and the Future 491
Samiran Upadhyaya, Madhabi Devi, Saponjeet Borah, and Neelotpal S. Sarma
22.1 Introduction 491
22.2 History and Developments 492
22.3 Classifications of Adhesives 494
22.4 Adhesive Characterization Techniques 497
22.5 Adhesive Efficiency and Strength Test 497
22.6 Applications of Adhesives 498
22.7 Commercial Aspects of Adhesives 504
22.8 Advanced Adhesive Formulations for Environment Sustainability and Applications in the Energy Sector 505
22.9 Disadvantages of Organic Adhesives 508
22.10 Conclusion 509
23 Remediation of Environmental Toxins with Porous Organic Molecules 513
Shambhawi Singh, Jyoti Sarwan, Shilpa Shalini, Nazim Uddin, Komal Mittal, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K
23.1 Introduction 513
23.2 Parameters of Oxygen-Rich POPs in Dye Adsorption fromWater Sources 517
23.3 TALPOPs Include Reversible Iodine Detection and Extraction 519
23.4 Sulfur- and Nitrogen-Rich Hierarchically POPs for Adsorptive Expulsion of Mercury 520
23.5 Novel N-Enriched Covalent Crystalline POPs for Efficient Removal of Cadmium 521
23.6 Novel Phenyl-Phosphate-Based POPs for the Elimination of PharmaceuticalWater Contaminants 522
23.7 Nano-architecture POPs in the Elimination of Toxic Metal Ions 524
23.8 PSM (Post-synthetic Modification) 525
23.9 POPs for Gas Extraction, Segregation, and Transformation 526
23.10 Hydrogen 526
23.11 Methane 527
23.12 Carbon Dioxide 527
23.13 Conclusion 528
24 Versatile Applications of Organic Polymer and Their Prospects 535
Shreya Sahani, Jyoti Sarwan, Komal Mittal, Richa Chaurasia, Kanchan Kumari, Nazim Uddin, and Jagadeesh C. Bose K
24.1 Introduction 535
24.2 Characteristics of Organic Polymer 537
24.3 Methods and Preparation 540
24.4 Properties and Characteristics of Organic Polymers 541
24.5 Types of Organic Polymers 542
24.6 Polymeric Co-delivery Systems in Cancer Treatment 548
24.7 Recent Clinical Research of Organic Polymers 549
24.8 Current Scenario of Organic Polymers 551
24.9 Future Perspectives of Organic Polymer 551
p>24.10 Conclusion 55125 Transdermal Drug Delivery and Organic Polymers: Current Scenario and Future Prospects 555
Sukanta Roy, Sourav Das, Dibya Das, Himangshu S. Maji, Anirbandeep Bose, Senjuti Bhattacharjee, Sudeepto Biswas, and Subas Chandra Dinda
25.1 Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) and Current Scenario 555
25.2 Navigating the Complexities of Transdermal Delivery 556
25.3 Structural Overview of Transdermal Delivery Systems 557
25.4 Exploring Different Organic and Synthetic Polymer-Based Strategies for Transdermal Drug Delivery 565
25.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 569
References 570
Index 577
