This reference highlights the significance of marine ecosystems, encompassing seaweed beds, seagrasses, coral reefs, mangroves, estuaries, and protected areas, as a remarkable gateway to overcoming healthcare challenges and unlocking a rich trove of bioactive compounds for drug discovery.
One of the key highlights of this book is its exploration of the development of marine bio-drugs, a field that demands collaboration among scientists from both academic and industrial fronts. The editors also include a prospective review on marine environments, emphasizing the necessity for big data, collective knowledge sharing, financial support, and streamlined administrative processes, all of which contribute to enhancing innovation in the drug discovery process. Another feature includes reference lists that allow researchers to explore topics of interest in depth.
With twelve comprehensive chapters, this book extensively covers marine ecosystem biodiversity, productivity, protected areas, and the intricate interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that shape these ecosystems. Readers will learn about important bioactive compounds within marine organisms and how to use this knowledge to outline a strategy for bio-drug discovery.
The book caters to a diverse audience of researchers, students, ecologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and biotechnologists who are engaged in studying the dynamic components of marine environments. By providing the latest insights and strategies in the realm of bio-drug discovery from marine resources, this book serves as an invaluable resource for scholars and professionals seeking to tap into the potential of these unique ecosystems.
One of the key highlights of this book is its exploration of the development of marine bio-drugs, a field that demands collaboration among scientists from both academic and industrial fronts. The editors also include a prospective review on marine environments, emphasizing the necessity for big data, collective knowledge sharing, financial support, and streamlined administrative processes, all of which contribute to enhancing innovation in the drug discovery process. Another feature includes reference lists that allow researchers to explore topics of interest in depth.
With twelve comprehensive chapters, this book extensively covers marine ecosystem biodiversity, productivity, protected areas, and the intricate interplay of biotic and abiotic factors that shape these ecosystems. Readers will learn about important bioactive compounds within marine organisms and how to use this knowledge to outline a strategy for bio-drug discovery.
The book caters to a diverse audience of researchers, students, ecologists, microbiologists, pharmacologists, and biotechnologists who are engaged in studying the dynamic components of marine environments. By providing the latest insights and strategies in the realm of bio-drug discovery from marine resources, this book serves as an invaluable resource for scholars and professionals seeking to tap into the potential of these unique ecosystems.
Audience
Ecologists, environmental scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, microbiologists, marine biologists.Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Biodiversity of Marine Ecosystems- Mohamed Abu El-Regal and Sathianseon Satheesh
2. Comparison Between Marine and Terrestrial Ecosystems
3. Importance of Marine Environments
4. Diversity of Marine Ecosystems
4.1. Divisions of the Marine Environment
4.1.1. The Continental Shelf
4.1.2. Pelagic Realm
4.1.3. Benthic Realm
6. Benthic Ecosystems
6.1. Estuary Ecosystems
6.2. Mangrove Ecosystems
6.3. Rocky Shore Communities
6.4. Sandy Beaches
6.5. Coral Reef Ecosystem
6.5.1. Importance of Coral Reef Ecosystem
6.5.2. Benthic Communities in the Reef Ecosystem
6.5.3. Impacts on the Coral Reef Ecosystem
6.5.4. Seagrass Communities
7. Marine Microbial Communities
7.1. Diversity Based on Environmental Conditions
7.2. Diversity Based on Nutrition
7.3. Diversity Based on Ecological Importance
7.4. Diversity Based on the Symbiotic Association
8. Oceanic Zone
8.1. Epipelagic Zone
8.2. Mesopelagic Zone
8.3. Bathypelagic Zone
8.4. Abyssal Zone
8.5. Hadal Zone
8.6. Photic Zone
8.7. Disphotic Zone
8.8. Aphotic Zone
8.9. Life in the Oceanic Zone (Open Sea)
8.10. Food Web in the Open Water
8.11. Adaptations of Organisms in the Open Ocean
9. Threats to Marine Ecosystems
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Yassin M. Al-Sodany and Amany M. Diab
2. Ecosystem Components
2.1. Biotic Components of Marine Ecosystem
2.1.1. Population of Water Microorganisms
2.1.2. Populations of Large Animals
2.1.3. Concepts of Productivity
3. Marine Habitats
4. Productivity in Marine Ecosystems
4.1. Marine Pelagic Environment Productivity
4.1.1. The Deep Marine Water Regional Productivity
4.1.2. Productivity in Coastal Waters
4.2. Productivity of Benthic Plants
5. Ecosystem Productivity and Diversity
6. Human Impact and Marine Ecosystem Productivity
7. Primary Productivity and Fishery Catch Relationships
8. Factors Limiting Primary Productivity in Marine Ecosystems
8.1. Geographic Variation
8.2. Depth Variation
8.3. Seasonality
8.4. Light Requirements
8.5. Under Water Light Climate
8.6. Transparency
8.7. Nutrient Requirements
8.8. Effect of Temperature
8.9. Dissolved Oxygen
9. Estimating Primary Productivity
9.1. Harvest Method
9.2. Oxygen Method
9.3. Carbon Dioxide Method
9.4. Radioactive Method
9.5. Chlorophyll Method
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Elham Mahmoud Ali
2. Importance of Marine Ecosystems
3. Marine Resources as “Blue Economy”
4. Main Types of Marine Ecosystems and Marine Habitats
4.1. Pelagic/ Water Environment
4.1.1. Neritic Zone
4.1.2. Oceanic Zone
4.2. Benthic/Bottom Environment
4.2.1. Supra-Littoral Zone
4.2.2. Intertidal/Littoral Zone
4.2.3. Sub-Littoral Zone
4.3. Other Marine Ecosystems
4.3.1. Mangroves
4.3.2. Lagoons/Estuaries
4.3.3. Reef
4.3.4. Brackish
4.3.5. Sea
5. Factors Affecting Marine Ecosystems
5.1. Biotic Factors Affecting Marine Ecosystem
5.1.1. Producers
5.1.2. Consumers
5.1.3. Decomposers
5.2. Abiotic Factors Affecting Marine Ecosystem
5.2.1. Sunlight
5.2.2. Oxygen
5.2.3. Temperature
5.2.4. Water
5.2.5. Wind
5.2.6. Ocean Currents
5.2.7. Terrain
5.2.8. Chemical Composition
6. Relationship Between Biotic and Abiotic Factors
7. Organisms’ Diversity in the Marine Ecosystem
7.1. Microorganisms of Marine Ecosystems
7.2. Plant Species of Marine Ecosystems
7.2.1. Kelps
7.2.2. Red Algae
7.2.3. Mangrove
7.3. Animal Species of Marine Ecosystem
7.3.1. Sea Mammals
7.3.2. Sea Turtles
8. Challenges Facing Marine Ecosystems
8.1. Impacts of Pollution on Marine Ecosystems
8.2. Impacts of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgements
- References
- N.G. El-Din Thabet Shams El-Din
2. Marine Protected Areas (Mpas)
3. Benefits of Mpas
4. Distribution of Mpas
5. Size Distribution of Mpas
6. Types of Mpas
7. Classification of Mpas Applied
7.1. Mpas and Territories Conserved by Indigenous Peoples and Communities
7.2. Private Mpas
7.3. High Seas
7.4. Ramsar Sites
7.5. World Heritage
7.6. Large Scale Mpas
8. Ecosystems Services and Livelihood of Mpas
8.1. Mpas and Ecosystem Services
8.2. Mpas and Food Security
8.2.1. Mpas and Fisheries Management
8.3. Tourism and Recreation
8.4. Energy Development
8.5. Shipping and Marine Transportation
8.6. Coastal and Marine Aquaculture
8.7. Implementing the Green List (Gl)
8.8. Mpas and Connectivity
9. Blue Carbon of Mpas
10. The Economic Case for Mpas
11. Characteristics of Marine Environment Affecting Mpas
11.1. Multi-Dimensional Environment
11.2. Lack of Clear Ownership
11.3. Multiple Jurisdictions
11.4. Boundary Demarcation
11.5. Enforcement and Management Difficulties
11.6. Lack of Visibility of Characteristics Being Protected
11.7. Connectivity Between Ecosystems and Habitats
12. Governance of Mpas
12.1. Importance of Governance
12.1.1. Governance Approaches
12.2. Mpas’ Governance Types
12.3. Mpas Governance Framework
12.4. Definition of Incentive
12.5. Combination of Incentives
12.6. Building Resilience in a Governance System
12.7. The Output of Effective Governance of Mpas
13. Marine Park of the Great Barrier Reef(Gbr):A Case Study
14. Benefits of Zoning Application in Gbr
15. Experience Gained from Zoning Implementation in Gbr (A Case
- Study)
- Conclusion
- Consent for Publication
- Conflict of Interest
- Acknowledgement
- References
- Waleed M.M. El-Sayed, Mohamed A.A. Abdrabo and Moaz M. Hamed
2. Factors Influencing Mangrove Distributions
2.1. Floristics and Biogeography
2.2. Extant Influencing Factors
2.3. Dispersal Pathways and Evolutionary Processes
3. Microbial Diversity of Mangrove Ecosystems
3.1. Algae
3.2. Fungi
3.3. Actinomycetes
Author
- Hassan A.H. Ibrahim
- Mostafa M. El-Sheekh
