Oil and gas pipelines are typically used to transport oil and gas, but can be adapted to transport ethanol, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and more. A pipeline network is an efficient method for transporting any number of energy-providing products, but safety and integrity are critical aspects of pipeline integrity management. The demand for pipeline safety and security is increasing in the face of more stringent standards and deepening environmental concerns, including those related to climate change.
Oil and Gas Pipelines: Integrity, Safety, and Security Handbook provides a comprehensive introduction to the integrity of new and aging pipelines and their management, repair, and maintenance. All major varieties of pipeline are included, along with all pertinent public safety and environmental protections. Now fully updated to reflect the latest research and technological developments, the book is a critical contribution to the reliability and safety of the global energy grid and ongoing efforts at carbon capture, utilization, and storage.
Readers of the second edition of Oil and Gas Pipelines will also find: - 26 new chapters including a new section on the digitalization of pipelines- Detailed discussion of topics including management of geohazards, mechanical damage, internal corrosion monitoring, and many more- Extensive case histories with practical accompanying solutions
Oil and Gas Pipelines is ideal for engineers, scientists, technologists, environmentalists, students, and others who need to understand the basics of pipeline technology as it pertains to energy deliverability, environmental protection, public safety, and the important role of pipelines and pipeline security to ensure energy security during the energy transition.
Table of Contents
Contributors xxvii
Preface xxxiv
Preface to the First Edition xxxvi
Volume 1
Part I Digitalization of Pipelines 1
1 The Digital Future of Pipeline Integrity Management 3
Gaurav Singh
2 Cybersecurity and Safety Implications of Pipelines 15
Jason D. Christopher and Ben Miller
3 Practical Application of Machine Learning to Pipeline Integrity 25
Michael Gloven
4 Pipeline Corrosion Management, Artificial Intelligence, and Machine Learning 43
Khairul Chowdhury, Binder Singh, and Shahidullah Kawsar
Part II Design 65
5 CO2 Pipeline Transportation: Managing the Safe Repurposing of Vintage Pipelines in a Low-Carbon Economy 67
Daniel Sandana
6 Pipeline Integrity Management Systems (PIMS) 102
Katherine Jonsson, Ray Goodfellow, Douglas Evans, and Chitram Lutchman
7 SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition 115
Rumi Mohammad, Ian Verhappen, and Ramin Vali
8 Material Selection for Fracture Control 139
William Tyson
9 Strain-Based Design of Pipelines 148
Nader Yoosef-Ghodsi
10 Stress-Based Design of Pipelines 161
Mavis Sika Okyere
11 Spiral Welded Pipes for Shallow Offshore Applications 183
Ayman Eltaher
12 Residual Stress in Pipelines 189
Douglas Hornbach and Paul Prevéy
13 Pipeline/Soil Interaction Modeling in Support of Pipeline Engineering Design and Integrity 217
Shawn Kenny and Paul Jukes
14 Human Factors 261
Lorna Harron
Part III Nonmetallic Pipelines 277
15 Nonmetallic Composite Pipelines 279
Niels Grigat, Stephan Koß, Ben Vollbrecht, Tim Mölling, Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum, and Thomas Gries
Part IV Manufacture, Fabrication, and Construction 287
16 Microstructure and Texture Development in Pipeline Steels 289
Roumen H. Petrov, John J. Jonas, Leo A.I. Kestens, and J. Malcolm Gray
17 Pipe Manufacture - Longitudinal Submerged Arc Welded Large Diameter Pipe 316
Christoph Kalwa
18 Pipe Manufacture - Spiral Pipe 321
Franz Martin Knoop
19 Pipe Manufacture - Seamless Tube and Pipe 328
Rolf Kümmerling and Klaus Kraemer
20 Design of Steels for Large-Diameter Sour Service Pipelines 340
Nobuyuki Ishikawa
21 Pipeline Welding from the Perspective of Safety and Integrity 349
David Dorling and James Gianetto
22 The Effect of Installation on Offshore Pipeline Integrity 378
Robert O’Grady
Part V Inspection and Monitoring 391
23 Utilizing Cathodic Protection for Real-Time Detection of Mechanical Damage and Interference 393
Gérard Huss, Carine Lacroix, Éric Parizot, and David Xu
24 Airborne LiDAR for Pipeline Inspection and Leak Detection 400
Ashwin Yerasi
25 3D-Geolocalization by Magnetometry Using UAS: A Novel Method for Buried Pipeline Mapping and Bending Strain Assessment 407
Mehdi M. Laichoubi, Hamza Kella Bennani, Ludovic Berthelot, Vincent Benet, Miaohang Hu, Michel Pinet, and Samir Takillah
26 Distributed Fiber-Optic Sensors for Pipeline Inspection and Monitoring 417
Nageswara Lalam and Ruishu Wright
27 Direct Assessment 431
John A. Beavers, Lynsay A. Bensman, and Angel R. Kowalski
28 Internal Corrosion Monitoring Using Coupons and ER Probes: A Practical Focus on the Most Commonly Used, Cost-Effective Monitoring Techniques 441
Daniel E. Powell
29 In-Line Inspection (ILI) (“Intelligent Pigging”) 462
Neb I. Uzelac
30 Inspection of Offshore Pipelines 482
Konrad Reber
31 Tethered Inspection of the Riser System for Wall Thickness and Cracks 488
A. Enters, T.-S. Kristiansen, and U. Schneider
32 Eddy Current Testing in Pipeline Inspection 493
Konrad Reber
33 Unpiggable Pipelines 501
Tom Steinvoorte
34 In-The-Ditch Pipeline Inspection 512
Greg Zinter
35 Flaw Assessment 525
Ted L. Anderson
36 Integrity Management of Pipeline Facilities 533
Greg Szuch, Mike Reed, and Keith Leewis
37 Pipeline Geohazard Detection Using Satellite InSAR 549
Murray Down and Jon Leighton
38 Integrity Management of Pipelines with Cracking 557
Michael Palmer
Part VI Maintenance, Repair, Replacement, Reuse, and Abandonment 571
39 Hydrogen and the Energy Transition 573
Neil Gallon and Adrian Horsley
40 Pipeline Cleaning 593
Randy L. Roberts
41 Managing an Aging Pipeline Infrastructure 601
Brian N. Leis
42 Pipeline Repair Using Full-Encirclement Repair Sleeves 630
William A. Bruce, Melissa Gould, and John Kiefner
43 Pipeline Repair 655
Robert Smyth and David Futch
44 Pipeline Oil Spill Cleanup 667
Merv Fingas
45 Pipeline Abandonment 693
Alan Pentney and Dean Carnes
Volume 2
Part VII Threats to Integrity and Safety 701
46 Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC): Causes and Mechanisms 703
Aisha H. Al-Moubaraki and Ime Bassey Obot
47 Management of Geohazard Loading During Pipeline Operation 718
Andy Young
48 Climate Change, Pipeline Corrosion, and Integrity Management 761
Binder Singh
49 External Corrosion of Pipelines in Soil 771
Homero Castaneda, Hui Wang and Omar Rosas
50 Knowledge- and Data-Driven External Corrosion Modeling in Pipelines 781
Hui Wang, Homero Castaneda and Sreelakshmi Sreeharan 781
51 Electrochemical Noise to Monitor Corrosion of a Coated Metal 798
Sarah Leeds
52 Telluric Influence on Pipelines 813
David H. Boteler and Larisa Trichtchenko
53 Factors Controlling Stress Corrosion Cracking and Typical Growth Rates 828
Brian N. Leis
54 Physical Traits and Growth Processes for High-pH and Near-Neutral-pH Stress-Corrosion Cracking 870
Brian N. Leis
55 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion 946
Jason S. Lee and Brenda J. Little
56 Progression of Pitting Corrosion and Structural Reliability of Welded Steel Pipelines 966
Robert E. Melchers
57 Mechanical Damage in Pipelines: A Review of the Methods and Improvements in Characterization, Evaluation and Mitigation 984
Ming Gao and Ravi Krishnamurthy
58 Sulfide Stress Cracking 1035
Russell D. Kane
59 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Steel Equipment in Ethanol Service 1045
Russell D. Kane
60 AC Corrosion 1054
Lars Vendelbo Nielsen
61 Erosion-Corrosion in Oil and Gas Pipelines 1078
Siamack A. Shirazi, Brenton S. McLaury, John R. Shadley, Kenneth P. Roberts, Edmund F. Rybicki, Hernan E. Rincon, Shokrollah Hassani, Faisal M. Al-Mutahar and Gusai H. Al-Aithan
62 Managing Black Powder in Gas Transmission Pipelines 1103
Abdelmounam M. Sherik
Part VIII Protection 1123
63 Mitigating Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) Using Corrosion Inhibitors: Types and Application Methods 1125
Aisha H. Al-Moubaraki and Ime Bassey Obot
64 External Coatings 1141
Doug Waslen
65 Thermoplastic Liners for Oilfield Pipelines 1150
James F. Mason
66 Cathodic Protection 1160
Sarah Leeds
Part IX Risk Management 1193
67 Risk Management of Pipelines 1195
Lynne C. Kaley
68 Offshore Pipeline Risk, Corrosion, and Integrity Management with Lessons Learned 1224
Binder Singh and Ben Poblete
69 Pipeline Operational Intrusions 1257
Errol R. A. Eccles
Part X Case Histories 1277
70 Hydrogen-Assisted Cracking on Onshore Pipelines Driven by Cathodic Protection: Case Studies 1279
Pablo Cazenave, Katina Jimenez, Ming Gao, and Ravi Krishnamurthy
71 Buckling of Pipelines Under Repair Sleeves: A Case Study - Analysis of the Problem and Cost-Effective Solutions 1338
Arnold L. Lewis ii
72 Shell Flags Inspection Case Study 1346
J. Nonemaker, T. Steinvoorte and R. Subramanian
73 Deepwater, High-Pressure, and Multidiameter Pipelines - A Challenging In-Line Inspection Project 1351
Luciano Baptista, Tom Steinvoorte, Stephan Harmsen, and Carlos Enrique Sabido
Glossary
Part 1: Abbreviations 1360
Part 2: Selected Terms 1365
Index 1367
