This book deals with the geological record and the evolution of ideas concerning the Variscan orogenic belt in France and neighboring regions.
Volume 1 is based on a general introduction concerning the imprint of the Variscan period on the geology of France, as well as on the particularities of the study of this ancient orogen. A history of the concepts applied to the Variscan belt is proposed in order to consider this orogen in the history of Earth Sciences. A paleogeodynamic analysis of the Variscan cycle sets the general framework for the evolution of the orogen, which is then tackled through the prism of the magmatic, metamorphic and tectonic record of the early phases (from Cambrian to Lower Carboniferous).
Volume 2 proposes an analysis of the late evolution of the Variscan orogenic belt, reflecting its dismantling in a high-temperature context during the Upper Carboniferous and Permian. The sedimentary archives are described, as well as the questions raised by the specificities of this ancient orogen.
Table of Contents
Foreword xi
Colette CAUVIN-REYMOND
Introduction xvii
Boris MERICSKAY
Chapter 1 The Multiple Facets of the Cartographer: Communication between Rules and Attraction 1
Christine ZANIN
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 The cartographer semiologist: how to use the map 4
1.3 The cartographer, a craftsman drawer 7
1.4 The cartographer, officer of political power 9
1.5 The cartographer, crossing borders from geography to social sciences 12
1.6 The cartographer, an expert in geographic data 16
1.7 The art of multiplying maps to communicate better 20
1.8 Conclusion 24
1.9 References 26
Chapter 2 Cartography as a Communication Tool: Thoughts on Models 31
Laurent JÉGOU
2.1 Introduction 31
2.2 Are maps a simple means of communication? 33
2.2.1 The communication model in cartography 33
2.2.2 First extensions of the model 34
2.3 Variations of the traditional model of cartographic communication 37
2.3.1 The semiology of graphics, an essential element of the model 37
2.3.2 Integrating the notion of intention of communication 38
2.3.3 Context, operating modes and reception in cartography 40
2.3.4 Disruptions induced by the multiplicity of users 43
2.4 How to integrate the esthetical map function? 46
2.4.1 Consideration of esthetics from the cartographer’s side 48
2.4.2 Consideration of esthetics from the user’s side 50
2.5 Which places of innovations are in the cartographic communication model? 52
2.5.1 The designing of the map 52
2.5.2 Using the maps 54
2.5.3 Diversification of communication flows 54
2.5.4 A new esthetic functioning 54
2.5.5 Focus on the reception of the maps 54
2.6 Limitations and conclusion 55
2.7 References 57
Chapter 3 Communication Challenges in Reproducible Multi-representation 61
Nicolas LAMBERT, Timothée GIRAUD and Ronan YSEBAERT
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Searching and communicating with maps 62
3.2.1 The map as a product of a scientific process 62
3.2.2 A highly political tool 63
3.2.3 Cartography: above all a matter of choice 65
3.2.4 The cartographic language and its rhetoric 65
3.2.5 Traceable and reproducible transformations 68
3.3 Multi-representation cartography: variation on a theme 68
3.3.1 Presentation of the multi-representation approach 68
3.3.2 Cartographic constants 72
3.3.3 Discourse and mode of cartographic representation 75
3.3.4 Breaking out of the geometric constraint 77
3.3.5 The public challenge 80
3.3.6 Cartographic representations for specific themes 82
3.4 Conclusion 85
3.5 References 88
Chapter 4 Mapping Flows and Movements 93
Françoise BAHOKEN
4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Theoretical and methodological considerations of the cartographic construction of flows 95
4.2.1 The flow line 95
4.2.2 The Links-Nodes logic of cartographic reasoning 97
4.2.3 From the type of matrix to the type of mapped flows 98
4.2.4 From flow to movement 103
4.3 The cartographic image of the flow: between continuity and technological disruptions 105
4.3.1 Permanence of an old method of representation 106
4.3.2 From a discrete approach to a continuous flow/movement approach 107
4.3.3 Mapping flows in the computerization era 109
4.3.4 Cartographic image of the flow on the Geoweb 110
4.4 Challenges related to flow mapping through the example of global maritime flows 113
4.4.1 Challenges of flow mapping at the global level 114
4.4.2 Geographical space in the representation of global flows 120
4.4.3 Approximating space in the representation of global flows 123
4.5 Conclusion 125
4.6 References 130
Chapter 5 Cartographic Communication on the Geoweb: Between Maps and Data 135
Matthieu NOUCHER
5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Is Geoweb a new word for a new reality? 138
5.2.1 A slow and progressive opening of the expert approach of geomatics 138
5.2.2 The Geoweb: a geospatial revolution? 140
5.2.3 The map’s place 142
5.3 The Geoweb era: new configurations between producers and users, amateurs and professionals 144
5.3.1 The malleability of maps (and data) in the Geoweb era 146
5.3.2 Individualization of sources and egocartography 150
5.4 Conclusion 153
5.5 References 155
Chapter 6 Rethinking Cartography on the Geoweb: Principles, Tools and Modes of Representation 159
Boris MERICSKAY
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Coming back to cartography in the Geoweb 160
6.2.1 The Geoweb, an environment for reading and writing maps 160
6.2.2 Cartographic communication in the movement of data (geo)visualization 161
6.3 Base maps and interactivity: a look at the basic elements of Geoweb maps 163
6.3.1 Base maps as referential of web maps 164
6.3.2 Interactivity as a central element of online maps 166
6.4 Overview of the Geoweb cartographic language 168
6.4.1 Back to the Geoweb semiology 168
6.4.2 The hegemony of map markers 170
6.4.3 Thematic cartography representation modes 172
6.4.4 Spatial representation of big data 173
6.4.5 The representation of spatial data in three dimensions 179
6.5 The importance of technology for cartographic communication on the Geoweb 183
6.5.1 The thematic cartography toolbox on the Geoweb 184
6.5.2 Increasing technicalization of practices 187
6.6 Conclusion and perspectives 188
6.7 References 190
Chapter 7 Geovisualization and Cartographic Communication: Style and Interaction 195
Sidonie CHRISTOPHE
7.1 Introduction 195
7.2 Geovisualization and cartographic communication 196
7.2.1 Geovisualization, a field of research and interdisciplinary practices 196
7.2.2 Challenges on data, user and usage 197
7.2.3 Linkages with cartography and data visualization 199
7.3 Geovisualization tools, between personalization and interaction 200
7.3.1 Map customization and visual data mining 200
7.3.2 Challenges around interaction with data 205
7.4 Interacting with style for more cartographic expressiveness 207
7.4.1 Back to the notion of style 208
7.4.2 Style in cartography, two levels of definitions 208
7.4.3 The example of topographic map styles 210
7.4.4 Pictorial, graphic and artistic styles 212
7.5 Diversification of representation modes and interaction for new forms of cartographic communication 215
7.5.1 Interaction with style to help visual focus 216
7.5.2 Interaction with styles for more realism 217
7.5.3 2D and 3D interactions to multiply points of view 218
7.5.4 Visual exploration in spatiotemporal scales 219
7.6 Conclusion 221
7.7 References 222
Conclusion 229
Boris MERICSKAY
List of Authors 233
Index 235
