One-stop reference explaining the manufacturing, design, and many applications of MXenes in an easy-to-understand linear format
MXenes is a one-stop reference on MXenes, a promising new class of 2D materials, discussing the routes of functionalization and modifications towards high performance materials and providing broad coverage of lab synthesis methods. To aid in reader comprehension, this text presents the topic in a linear fashion, starting with an introduction to MXenes and ending with a comparison of MXenes to other similar 2D materials, discussing limitations, advantages, future perspectives, and challenges of both MXenes and MXene-based materials.
The text covers up-to-date research in the field with a strong focus on novel findings in various devices along with core technological advancements that have been made in recent years. MXenes discusses sample topics such as: - Properties of MXenes, including strong hydrophilicity, exceptional conductivity, high elastic mechanical strength, large surface-to-volume ratio, and chemical stability - Applications of MXenes in energy storage, optoelectronics, spintronics, biomedicine, electro-catalysis, photocatalysis, membrane separation, supercapacitors, and batteries - Performance factors that can hinder the efficacy of MXenes, including aggregation, difficulty obtaining a single layer, restacking, and oxidation of MXene nanosheets - State-of-the-art progress in the field of gas sensors and electrochemical biosensors for the detection of various biomolecules, pharmaceutical drugs, and environmental pollutants
Containing everything readers need to know about this exciting new class of 2D materials, MXenes is an essential reference for professionals working in advanced materials science, flexible electronics, nanoelectronics, and the energy industry, along with chemists, material scientists, and engineers in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Table of Contents
Editor Biographies xv
List of Contributors xix
Preface xxvii
Acknowledgment xxix
1 Introduction to MXenes a Next-generation 2D Material 1
Kshitij RB Singh, Sushma Thapa, Jay Singh, Shyam S. Pandey, and Ravindra Pratap Singh
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Properties 3
1.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of MXenes 5
1.4 Characterization of MXenes 7
1.5 Application of MXenes 8
1.6 Current Scenario, Risk Assessment, and Challenges 13
1.7 Conclusion and Prospects 14
2 Structure, Composition, and Functionalization of MXenes 23
Praveen Kumar, Ramakshi Rana, Arun Kumar, Pooja Rawat, and Jong Soo Rhyee
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 MXenes Composition 25
2.3 Structural Analysis Regarding MXenes 29
2.4 Structure Functionalization of MXene 35
2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 40
3 Synthesis of MXenes 45
Manish Kumar Dixit and Mrigendra Dubey
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Fabrication of MXene 45
3.3 Conclusion 61
4 Physicochemical and Biological Properties of MXenes 65
Neakanshika Chadha, Aman Sahu, Kshitij RB Singh, and Jay Singh
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 Structure and Synthesis of MXenes 66
4.3 Properties of MXenes 69
4.4 Conclusion and future Perspectives 76
5 Processing and Characterization of MXenes and Their Nanocomposites 85
Suji Mary Zachariah, Yves Grohens, and Sabu Thomas
5.1 Introduction 85
5.2 Processing Techniques 86
5.3 Characterization Techniques 91
5.4 Conclusion 94
6 Progressive Approach Toward MXenes Hydrogel 99
Abbas Mohammadi, Ghazal Amini, and Saman Abrishamkar
6.1 Hydrogels 99
6.2 MXene-Based Hydrogels 101
6.3 Conclusions 111
7 Comparison of MXenes with Other 2D Materials 117
Yoshiyuki Sato, Daisuke Nakane, and Takashiro Akitsu
7.1 Introduction of MXenes 117
7.2 MXenes vs. Carbon Materials 120
7.3 MXenes vs. 2D-chalcogenide/Carbide/Nitride 120
7.4 MXenes vs. 2D Metal--Organic Frameworks 122
7.5 Summary 124
8 Newly Emerging 2D MXenes for Hydrogen Storage 129
Sneha Lavate, Sankhula Lokesh, and Rohit Srivastava
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Structural Properties of MXene 132
8.3 Synthesis Techniques 132
8.4 H2 Storage Reaction Mechanisms 133
8.5 Factors Influencing H2 Storage 138
8.6 Recent Advances in MXene-Based Compounds for H2 Storage 138
8.7 Conclusions 145
8.8 Future Perspectives and Challenges 145
9 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications 153
Samaneh Shahsavarifar, Hamidreza Parsimehr, and Amir Ershad-Langroudi
9.1 Introduction 153
9.2 Two-dimensional MXenes Structure 154
9.3 MXenes’ Characteristics 155
9.4 MXenes as a Source of Energy Storage 157
9.5 Supercapacitor Systems of MXene and Hybrid 160
9.6 Prospects 163
9.7 Conclusion 164
10 MXenes-based Biosensors 171
Sushma Thapa, Kshitij RB Singh, Arunadevi Natarajan, Rout George Kerry, Jay Singh, Shyam S. Pandey, and Ravindra Pratap Singh
10.1 Introduction 171
10.2 Biosensing Application 172
10.3 Challenges and Limitations 180
10.4 Conclusion and Prospects 181
11 Advances in Ti3C2 MXene and Its Composites for the Adsorption Process and Photocatalytic Applications 189
Channe Gowda Sushma, Bangalore Nanjundappa Nagalaxmi, Raghavachari Kavitha, and Shivashankar Girish Kumar
11.1 Introduction 189
11.2 Ti3C2 as Adsorbent for the Metal Ions 190
11.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Organic Pollutants via Ti3C2 MXene and Its Derivatives 195
11.4 Ternary Heterostructures based on the Ti3C2 204
11.5 Gap Analysis 209
11.6 Conclusion 209
12 MXenes and its Hybrid Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing Applications in Breath Analysis 217
Sampada Koirala, Mahek Sadiq, and Danling Wang
12.1 Introduction 217
12.2 Discussion 220
12.3 Conclusion 225
13 MXenes for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis 231
Abel Inobeme, John Tsado Mathew, Alexander Ikechukwu Ajai, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abdullahi Mann, John Olusanya Jacob, Elijah Yanda Shaba, Stanley Osita Okonkwo, Gregory Edema, Efosa John Osarenren, Esther Bernard, Evbuomwan L., and Tedunjaiye O.H.
13.1 Introduction 231
13.2 Application of MXene for Catalytic Processes 233
13.4 Conclusion and Future Trend 237
14 MXene and Its Hybrid Materials for Photothermal Therapy 241
Chansi, Karan Hadwani, and Tinku Basu
14.1 Introduction 241
14.2 Photothermal Conversion 242
14.3 Optical and Thermal Properties of MXenes 249
14.4 Photothermal Conversion Mechanism of MXenes 250
14.5 Applications of MXenes in Photothermal Therapy 252
14.6 Conclusion 261
15 MXenes and Its Composites for Biomedical Applications 269
Aykut Arif Topcu, Seckin Kilic, and Adil Denizli
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 Various Biomedical Applications of MXenes 272
15.3 Conclusion 282
16 MXenes for Point of Care Devices (POC) 287
Fulden Ulucan-Karnak, Sachin Mishra, Sukirti Tiwari, and CansuIlke Kuru
16.1 Introduction 287
16.2 Characteristics of MXenes on Biosensing 288
16.3 Point-of-Care Diagnosing COVID-19: Methods Used to Date 290
16.4 Applications of MXenes as PoCs 292
16.5 Current Challenges and Future Outlook 294
16.6 Conclusion 294
17 MXenes and Their Hybrids for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications 301
Kadavil Subhash Lakshmy, Ananthu Prasad, Anandu M. Nair, Suji Mary Zachariah, Yves Grohens, and Sabu Thomas
17.1 Introduction 301
17.2 Properties of MXenes 302
17.3 Various MXene Hybrids For EMI-Hielding 303
17.4 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer-based 313
17.5 Graphene-based 314
17.6 Conclusion 316
18 Technological Aspects in the Development of MXenes and Its Hybrid Nanocomposites: Current Challenges and Prospects 323
Sujeet K. Mishra and Devendra Kumar
18.1 Introduction 323
18.2 Progressive Approach Towards MXene Composites and Hybrids 324
18.3 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Biomedical Sector 329
18.4 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Energy Sector 331
18.5 Technological Progress of MXene and Its Hybrids for Environment Sector 333
18.6 Technological Challenges and Outlook 335
References 337
Index 343
