Thematic Approaches to COVID-19

Table of Contents

Features, Transmission, Detection, and Case Studies in COVID-19

Preface

Section A: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in context: Systemic effects

2. Early warning of SARS-CoV-2 infection

3. Mobile phones and their use to study dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic

Section B: Structure, transmission and avoidance

4. Cis regulatory elements: A novel communication route between the host cell and the SARS-CoV-2 genome

5. SARS-CoV-2 ORF8: Structure, evolution, molecular function, and its contribution to the
pathogenicity of the virus

6. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding ligands and its application in COVID-19 therapeutics

7. SARS-CoV-2 bulldozes the autophagy pathway and unhinges mitochondrial quality control
thereby driving neurodegeneration-A hypothesis

8. The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2

9. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 spread in hospitals

10. Computational analysis of mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants spike protein and protein
interactions

11. Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2

12. Reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 with face masks: Its potential protective effects

13. Digital twin of ventilation system against COVID-19 transmission and infection risk

14. Pets and SARS-CoV-2: What is their role in the epidemiology of the disease?

15. SARS-CoV-2 transmission in dental practice

16. SARS-CoV-2 compared with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in terms of vertical
transmission

17. Reducing droplets and aerosols in the surgical setting and applications to the COVID-19
pandemic

18. SARS-CoV motion dynamics: Linking in droplet size

19. Ventilation and airborne particles in classrooms: Implications for the COVID-19 pandemic

20. Indoor transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus through aerosols emitted by e-cigarettes

Section C: Impact and effects

21. The Impact of COVID-19 on first responders

22. COVID-19 and suspected drug-induced liver injury

23. Pulmonary fibrosis in COVID-19

24. The effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on cancer: Clinical correlation and
potential pathological mechanism

25. Severe SARS-CoV-2, plateletendothelium interactions, and cardiovascular injury

26. Cardiometabolic syndrome and COVID-19: Pathophysiological aspects

27. COVID-19 and type 1 and 2 diabetes: An overview

28. COVID-19 and older adults: An overview

29. COVID-19 and male fertility

30. COVID-19 and obesity: An overview

Section D: Treatments, strategies, and vaccines

31. COVD-19 vaccines and their impact: An overview

32. Exploring the promise of COVID-19 vaccines: A review of preclinical studies

33. Drugs actively being investigated for use in COVID-19

34. The biology of neutralizing antibody therapy with REGEN-COV

35. The intensive care unit and percutaneous tracheostomy in patients with coronavirus disease
2019

36. Cardiac effects of drugs and vaccines used to treat and prevent COVID-19

37. COVID-19 pandemic and isolation: Impact on sleep

38. Strategies in the COVID-19 pandemic: Disinfection of gloved hands

39. In silico studies on established antivirals on SARS-CoV-2 RNAdependent RNA polymerase

40. The COVID-19 cytokine storm and its immunomodulatory treatment

41. Safety and efficacy of nebulization for reducing the intensity of viral load and clinical manifestations in patients with COVID-19

Section E: Detection and biomarkers

42. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and use in detection of SARS-CoV-2

43. SARS-CoV-2 testing and vaccination among people who use drugs

44. Homocysteine as a biomarker in COVID-19

45. Assessment of smell and taste in COVID-19

46. S-gene analysis: RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing applied to SARS-CoV-2 virus

47. False-negative results in screening for SARS-CoV-2

48. Sample pooling and SARS-CoV-2 assays

49. Biomarkers of invasive mechanical ventilation in obesity and metabolic syndrome in patients
with COVID-19

Section F: Case studies with mini review

50. Hypoxia and heart-lung interactions in COVID-19: The significance of right heart dysfunction and shunt

51. Ulnar nerve dysfunction as COVID-19 sequelae

52. Case study: Coronavirus disease 2019 and acute kidney injury

53. Case study: The detection and treatment of a pneumothorax in a patient with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia

54. Proposal and demonstration of a survey method for the prevention of airborne transmission: Case studies in healthcare and welfare facilities

Section G: Resources

55. Recommended resources for the features, transmission, and detection of coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19)



International and Life Course Aspects of COVID-19

Preface

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. COVID-19 and mortality in children

2. Congenital and perinatal COVID-19: Diagnostic challenges, current management, and
outcomes

3. COVID-19 vaccine strategies

4. Social and community responses to public health and social measures for COVID-19: Community engagement for risk preparedness

Section B: International aspects

5. The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Ecological background and epidemiological dynamics

6 COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria

7. A bird's eye view of the COVID-19 pandemic in India: The past, present, and future

8. COVID-19 pandemic in Europe Malgorzata Gruchola and Malgorzata

9. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)

10. COVID-19 in Sudan: A multiperspective review

11. Asymptomatic infection by SARSCoV-2 at the beginning of the epidemic in Cuba: Evidence from
case series

12. Stress and anxiety due to COVID-19 in India

13. COVID-19 pandemic in Korea: A focus on medical management

14. Stigma experienced by healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: Global and Egyptian
perspectives

Section C: Reproduction, pregnancy and new-borns

15. The COVID-19 pandemic and breastfeeding

16. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on female fertility

17. Fetal death due to maternal COVID-19

18. The COVID-19 pandemic and identification of SARS-CoV-2 in the prostate

19. COVID-19 in pregnant women: Clinical course, treatment, and maternal/fetal outcome of vaccination during pregnancy

20. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies and their vertical
transfer

21. COVID-19 vaccination during lactation

22. Being pregnant during the COVID-19 pandemic: Impact of the trimester of gestation and measures of maternal mental health

23. COVID-19 related maternal mortality and SARS-CoV-2 variants

24. COVID-19-associated complications in pregnant women and neonates

25. SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on the developing fetal neurologic system

26. Impact of maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the placenta

Section D: Children and adolescents

27. T cells and their subsets in children with COVID-19

28. Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome and SARS-CoV-2

29. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on nutritional status of children

30. COVID-19 in children: Nutrition care

31. Eating disorders in children during the COVID-19 pandemic

32. Body composition in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection: Short and long term consequences

33. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and childhood obesity

34. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the lockdown and the post-COVID-19 effects on
the family system of children with disabilities

35. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ordinary vaccination programs for very young children: BCG, MMR, poliomyelitis, and beyond

36. Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children

37. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: How physical fitness changes in children

38. The COVID-19 pandemic and children: Impact on physical activity

39. The COVID-19 pandemic and stress related to schooling

40. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

41. The COVID-19 pandemic: Attending to hand hygiene measures in young people
(a review of different studies)

42. Child and adolescent COVID-19 vaccination: Trends, hesitancy, and strategies for increasing vaccination

43. Social distancing behavior and mental health in US adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic

44. Thrombotic complications in children and adolescents with SARS-CoV-2 infection

45. Features of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in children: A focus on magnetic resonance imaging of the heart

46. SARS-CoV-2 infection and the cytokine levels and pathway in children: An updated narrative

Section E: Older adults

47. Risk factors related to COVID-19 among older adults

48. Reducing loneliness and social isolation among the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic

49. Features and measures of depression in the elderly and the impact of the COVID-19
pandemic: Linking in preexisting mental health

50. Experiences of disabled older adults in adult day care centers during the COVID-19 pandemic

51. Using single-cell analysis to investigate disease severity in elderly patients with COVID-19

52. COVID-19 and older adult food practices: A social determinants of health perspective

53. Older subjects and immunogenicity of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines

54. Noninvasive respiratory support in octogenarian patients with COVID-19

Section F: Case studies with mini review

55. Case study: COVID-19 severity in diabetic patients with and without seizure

56. Case study: Nonpharmaceutical interventions for COVID-19 and their social impact in Japan

57. Case study: Factors affecting vaccine uptake-Australian perspectives

58. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on an older disabled person

59. COVID-19 in the newborn: Clinical course and effects of maternal vaccination in pregnancy

Section G: Resources

60. Recommended resources for the international and life course aspects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)




Linking Neuroscience and Behavior in COVID-19

Preface

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. The historical aspects of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and the ensuing pandemic

2. Different variants of SARS-CoV-2

3. Lateral flow assay for SARS-CoV-2 infection: Uses and limitations

4. Linking community participation, mobility disabilities, and the COVID-19 pandemic

5. Influence of the sources used to obtain information on COVID-19 and their impact on mental health

Section B: Impact on behavior and psychology

6. The psychological experiences and distress of defined populations in the COVID-19 pandemic: Doctors

7. Impact of COVID-19 on behavior in autism spectrum disorder

8. Prepandemic stressors in mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic: Early life adversities and beyond

9. Compulsive hoarding in the COVID-19 pandemic

10. The psychological experiences and distress in Japan and Sweden during the COVID-19 pandemic

11. The COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, and sleep: Linking depression, anxiety, and perceived
stress

12. The COVID-19 pandemic and the occupational overload of health professionals: Indicators of
burnout

13. Neurocognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection: Pathogenesis, risk factors, assessment, and implications

14. Acute neurocognitive disorder as a presenting manifestation of COVID-19

15. Mental health and the impact of confinement

16. Cannabis use in the COVID-19 pandemic: Changes in different populations and implications
for policy

17. Impact of COVID-19 on mental health in women: Socioeconomic groups and global aspects

18. Quality of life assessment of patients after COVID-19

19. COVID-19 pandemic and remote working: Toward a new way of working

20. Long COVID and its persistence: A focus on mental health

21. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on behavioral and psychological features of vulnerable groups: Patients with multiple sclerosis and their quality of life

Section C: Effects on neurological structures and mechanisms

23. Linking pediatric COVID-19 with basal ganglia and dentate nucleus

24. Sensory disorders, neuroinflammation, and COVID-19

25. The effects of COVID-19 isolations on nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease

26. Myelitis following COVID-19: The road so far

27. The corpus callosum: Effects due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the mRNA vaccine

28. Assessing the impact of prenatal SARS-CoV-2 exposure on infants' neurodevelopment: A comprehensive analysis of current evidence

29. Electroencephalographic features with COVID-19

30. Survivors of COVID-19 and clinical neuropsychological domain characteristics

31. Neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection

32. Functional magnetic resonance imaging and depressive symptoms in subjects with COVID-19

33. Impact of COVID-19 on the brain: Antibodies against brain stem antigens

34. The kynurenine pathway and role in mental health of post-COVID-19 patients

Section D: Management, support and treatments

35. Management of brain tumors in the COVID-19 pandemic

36. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on ischemic stroke management: From hyperacute to chronic phase

37. Long COVID and the potential use of palmitoylethanolamide

38. Cognitive assessments in post-COVID syndrome: A focus on the neuropsychological tests and
protocols

39. Supporting individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities during the COVID-19
pandemic

40. Preserving well-being and quality of life through school-based interventions focused on physical
activity during the COVID-19 pandemic

41. Hesitancy in using COVID-19 prevention behaviors among African Americans: Strategies to
build confidence

42. New strategies for psychological well-being at work

43. Mitigating mental health changes with virtual reality technology during COVID-19: A narrative

44. Music therapy for patients with neurological disorders during COVID-19 pandemic

45. Mental health and the modulating effects of receiving the COVID-19 vaccination

46. Personalized cognitive behavioral therapy on patients with obesity in COVID-19 pandemic

47. Social anxiety disorder and COVID-19: Treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy

48. Burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic: Modulating role of mindfulness

Section E: Case studies with mini review

49. Case study: Evaluation of a long Covid assessment service (LCAS)

50. Case study: Navigating youth mental health and addictions care in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

51. Case study: Restless leg syndrome associated with COVID-19

Section F: Resources

52. Recommended resources for linking neuroscience and behavior in coronavirus disease
(COVID-19)




Management, Body Systems, and Case Studies in COVID-19

Preface

Section A: Introductory chapters and setting the scene

1. Hand hygiene strategies

2. Approved vaccines for the COVID-19 pandemic: Linking in future perspectives

3. Molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 variant detection

Section B: Management

4. Systematic patient assessment for acute respiratory tract ailments (SPARTA): A simple tool to improve outcomes from COVID-19

5. Point of care ultrasound for coronavirus disease 2019: The multiorgan approach to COVID-19

6. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: Features and guidelines

7. Management of COVID-19 and clinical nutrition

8. The management of head and neck cancer in COVID-19

9. The COVID-19 pandemic: Inventory management and allocation of personal protective
equipment

10. Clinical management in the COVID-19 pandemic: Rheumatic disease

11. Managing migraines during the COVID-19 pandemic: An Italian experience

12. Managing acute ischemic stroke in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

13. Impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic on patients with hypertension

14. Neurosurgical trauma management during COVID-19 restrictions

15. The COVID-19 pandemic and management of weight gain: Implications for obesity

16. COVID-19 and the management of heart failure using telemedicine

Section C: Guidelines for different treatment clinics

17. Guidelines for breast imaging in the COVID-19 pandemic

18. Vaccine-induced (immune) thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT): Diagnosis, guidelines,
and reporting

19. Lung cancer in the era of COVID-19

20. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children/pediatric inflammatory multisystem
syndrome: Clinical guidelines

Section D: Impact on the respiratory system

21. Ground-glass nodules in the lungs of COVID-19 patients

22. Cardiothoracic imaging in patients affected by COVID-19

23. Cystic fibrosis and bronchial epithelial cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection

24. Biomechanics and mechanobiology of the lung parenchyma following SARS-CoV-2 infection

25. Long noncoding RNA profiling in respiratory specimens from COVID-19 patients

26. COVID-19 and acute pulmonary embolism

27. The usefulness of the alveolar-arteriolar gradient during the COVID-19 pandemic

Section E: Effects on cardiovascular and hematological systems

28. Cardiac manifestations of COVID-19: An overview

29. Limb ischemia and COVID-19

30. Thrombosis and coagulopathy in COVID-19: A new narrative

31. COVID-19 myocarditis: Features of echocardiography

32. COVID-19 lockdown and impact on arrhythmias

33. Cardiometabolic disease and COVID-19: A new narrative

34. Postrecovery COVID-19 and interlinking diabetes and cardiovascular events

35. COVID-19 patients and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

36. Sars-CoV-2 infection in different hematological patients

Section F: Effects on body systems

37. Dermatological reactions associated with personal protective equipment use during
the COVID-19 pandemic

38. Hemodialysis patients, effects of infections by SARS-CoV-2 and vaccine response

39. Coinfections with COVID-19: A focus on tuberculosis (TB)

40. Patients with autoimmune liver disease and the impact of Sars-COV-2 infection

41. COVID-19 severity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

42. Changes in obesity and diabetes severity during the COVID-19 pandemic at Virginia
Commonwealth University health system

43. The diabetic patient and concomitant conditions rhinoorbital-cerebral mucormycosis
and COVID-19

44. Tissue location of SARS-CoV-2 RNA: A focus on bone and implications for skeletal health

45. Linking between gastrointestinal tract effects of COVID-19 and tryptophan metabolism

46. Organ damage in SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: A focus on acute kidney injury

47. Obesity, COVID-19 severity, and mortality

48. Upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms and manifestations of COVID-19

49. The COVID-19 survivors: Impact on skeletal muscle strength

Section G: Case studies with mini review

50. A case report: COVID-19 meningoencephalitis and intracranial hemorrhage

51. Case study: Oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19

52. Case study: COVID-19 pneumonia presented with cavitary lesions

53. Case study: Optic neuritis in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Section H: Resources

54. Recommended resources relevant to the body systems involvement
and management of COVID-19

Authors

Rajkumar Rajendram Consultant in Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajkumar Rajendram is a clinician scientist with a focus on internal medicine, anaesthesia, intensive care and peri-operative medicine. He graduated with distinctions from Guy's, King's and St. Thomas Medical School, King's College London in 2001. As an undergraduate he was awarded several prizes, merits and distinctions in pre-clinical and clinical subjects.

Dr Rajendram began his post-graduate medical training in general medicine and intensive care in Oxford. He attained membership of the Royal College of Physicians (MRCP) in 2004 and completed specialist training in acute and general medicine in Oxford in 2010. Dr Rajendram subsequently practiced as a Consultant in Acute General Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford.

Dr Rajendram also trained in anaesthesia and intensive care in London and was awarded a fellowship of the Royal College of Anaesthetists (FRCA) in 2009. He completed advanced training in regional anaesthesia and intensive care. He was awarded a fellowship of the Faculty of Intensive Care Medicine (FFICM) in 2013 and obtained the European diploma of intensive care medicine (EDIC) in 2014. He then moved to the Royal Free London Hospitals as a Consultant in Intensive Care, Anaesthesia and Peri-operative Medicine. He has been a fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh (FRCP Edin) and the Royal College of Physicians of London (FRCP Lond) since 2017 and 2019 respectively. He is currently a Consultant in Internal Medicine at King Abdulaziz Medical City, National Guard Heath Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Dr Rajendram's focus on improving outcomes from Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has involved research on point of care ultrasound and phenotypes of COVID-19. Dr Rajendram also recognises that nutritional support is a fundamental aspect of medical care. This is particularly important for patients with COVID-19. As a clinician scientist he has therefore devoted significant time and effort into nutritional science research and education. He is an affiliated member of the Nutritional Sciences Research Division of King's College London and has published over 400 textbook chapters, review articles, peer-reviewed papers and abstracts.

Victor R Preedy Professor, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, King's College Hospital, London, UK; Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, UK Visiting Professor, University of Hull, UK. Victor R. Preedy BSc, PhD, DSc, FRSB, FRSPH, FRSC, FRCPath graduated with an Honours Degree in Biology and Physiology with Pharmacology. After gaining his University of London PhD, he received his Membership of the Royal College of Pathologists. He was later awarded his second doctorate (DSc), for his contribution to protein metabolism in health and disease. He is Professor of Clinical Biochemistry (Hon) at King's College Hospital and Emeritus Professor of Nutritional Biochemistry at King's College London. He has Honorary Professorships at the University of Hull, and the University of Suffolk. Professor Preedy was the Founding Director and then long-term Director of the Genomics Centre at King's College London from 2006 to 2020. Professor Preedy has been awarded fellowships of the Royal Society of Biology, the Royal College of Pathologists, the Royal Society for the Promotion of Health, the Royal Institute of Public Health, the Royal Society for Public Health, the Royal Society of Chemistry and the Royal Society of Medicine. He carried out research when attached to the National Heart Hospital (part of Imperial College London), The School of Pharmacy (now part of University College London) and the MRC Centre at Northwick Park Hospital. He has collaborated with international research groups in Finland, Japan, Australia, USA, and Germany. To his credit, Professor Preedy has published over 750 articles, which includes peer-reviewed manuscripts based on original research, abstracts and symposium presentations, reviews and edited books. Vinood Patel Professor, University Westminster, UK. Vinood B. Patel, BSc, PhD, FRSC, is currently Professor in Clinical Biochemistry at the University of Westminster. In 2014 Dr Patel was elected as a Fellow to The Royal Society of Chemistry. Dr Patel graduated from the University of Portsmouth with a degree in Pharmacology and completed his PhD in protein metabolism from King's College London in 1997. His postdoctoral work was carried out at Wake Forest University Baptist Medical School, NC, USA studying structural-functional alterations to mitochondrial ribosomes, where he developed novel techniques to characterize their biophysical properties. Research is being undertaken to study the role of nutrients, antioxidants, phytochemicals, iron, alcohol and fatty acids in the pathophysiology of liver disease. Other areas of interest are identifying new biomarkers that can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of disease and understanding mitochondrial oxidative stress in neurological disorders and iron dysregulation in diabetes. Dr Patel is a nationally and internationally recognized researcher and has several edited biomedical books related to the use or investigation of active agents or components. These books include The Handbook of Nutrition, Diet, and Epigenetics, Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, Cancer: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Toxicology: Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants, Molecular Nutrition: Vitamins, The Neuroscience of Pain, Cognitive Behavioural Therapy. He is Editor of the ten-volume series Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications Colin R Martin Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director: Institute for Health and Wellbeing, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK. Colin R. Martin RN, BSc, MSc, PhD, MBA, YCAP, FHEA, C.Psychol, AFBPsS, C.Sci is Professor of Clinical Psychobiology and Applied Psychoneuroimmunology and Clinical Director of the Institute of Health and Wellbeing at the University of Suffolk, UK. He is a Chartered Health Psychologist and a Chartered Scientist. He also trained in analytical biochemistry, this aspect reflecting the psychobiological focus of much of his research within mental health. He has published or has in press well over 300 research papers and book chapters. He is a keen book author and editor having written and/or edited more than 50 books. These outputs include the prophetic insight into the treatment of neurological disease, Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition (2011), Nanomedicine and the Nervous System (2012), Oxidative Stress and Dietary Antioxidants in Neurological Disease (2020), Zika Virus Impact, Diagnosis, Control and Models (2021), Factors Affecting Neurodevelopment: Genetics, Neurology, Behavior and Diet (2021), Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury (2022), The Neurobiology, Physiology, and Psychology of Pain (2022) and The Handbook of Lifespan Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Childhood, Adolescence, Pregnancy, Adulthood, and Aging (2023). Professor Martin is particularly interested in all aspects of the relationship between underlying physiological substrates and behavior, particularly in how these relationships manifest in both acute and chronic psychiatric disorder. He has published original research germane to significant mental health disorders including the areas of schizophrenia, anxiety, depression, self-esteem, alcohol and drug dependency, high secure forensic mental health and personality disorder. He has a keen interest in the impact of postviral illness and is actively involved in clinical research post-Covid pandemic and in particular, the impact of Long Covid on psychological, neurological, physiological and social functioning. He is involved in collaborative International research with many European and Non-European countries.