The Global Hydrogen Market 2025-2035- Product Image

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The Global Hydrogen Market 2025-2035

Report
491 Pages
March 2025
Region: Global
Future Markets, Inc
ID: 5931132

The global hydrogen market stands at a pivotal moment in its evolution, transitioning from its traditional industrial applications to becoming a cornerstone of the global energy transition. Currently valued at approximately $200 billion, the market has historically been dominated by "gray hydrogen" produced from natural gas without carbon capture, primarily serving ammonia production, petroleum refining, and chemical manufacturing. The market is undergoing a fundamental transformation driven by decarbonization imperatives. Green hydrogen (produced via renewable-powered electrolysis) and blue hydrogen (produced from natural gas with carbon capture) are gaining momentum as countries and corporations commit to net-zero targets. This shift is supported by plummeting costs of renewable electricity, technological advancements in electrolyzers, and expanding policy support worldwide.

Key regions leading hydrogen development include the European Union, which has committed to installing 40GW of electrolyzer capacity by 2030 as part of its Hydrogen Strategy. Similarly, Japan, South Korea, and China have established ambitious hydrogen roadmaps focusing on both domestic production and international supply chains. The United States has accelerated its hydrogen ambitions through significant investments in the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law and Inflation Reduction Act, establishing hydrogen hubs across the country.

The transportation sector represents one of hydrogen's most promising applications, particularly for heavy-duty vehicles, shipping, and aviation where battery electrification faces challenges. Major automotive manufacturers are investing in fuel cell vehicles, while hydrogen fueling infrastructure continues to expand globally, albeit from a small base. In the industrial sector, steel production is pioneering hydrogen use as a reduction agent to replace coal, with several demonstration projects already operational in Europe. Energy storage presents another significant opportunity, with hydrogen serving as a means to store excess renewable electricity over extended periods, addressing intermittency challenges. Additionally, hydrogen blending into existing natural gas networks is being tested as a transitional decarbonization strategy.

Despite this progress, the market faces substantial challenges. Production costs for green hydrogen remain higher than fossil alternatives, though the gap is narrowing. Infrastructure for transportation and storage requires massive investment, while regulatory frameworks are still evolving. Safety concerns and public perception issues also need addressing through standardization and education. The market outlook appears increasingly favorable. Projections suggest hydrogen could meet up to 24% of global energy demand by 2050, with the market potentially reaching $700 billion by 2040. Costs for green hydrogen are expected to decrease by 60-80% by 2030, achieving cost parity with gray hydrogen in many regions. Annual production could grow from approximately 90 million tonnes today to 500-700 million tonnes by 2050.

Investment trends confirm this optimistic outlook, with over $300 billion in hydrogen projects announced globally by 2024, though many remain in planning stages. The coming decade will be critical as the industry moves from pilot projects to commercial scale, requiring continued policy support, technological innovation, and cross-sector collaboration.

The Global Hydrogen Market 2025-2035 provides an in-depth analysis of the hydrogen market landscape from 2025-2035, covering all aspects of the hydrogen value chain, emerging technologies, competitive dynamics, and regional market developments.

Report contents include:

Market Overview and Dynamics

Detailed classification of hydrogen types: green, blue, pink, turquoise, and gray hydrogen by production method and carbon intensity
Deep analysis of national hydrogen initiatives across major regions including the European Union, United States, Japan, China, and emerging markets
Critical examination of market challenges including infrastructure needs, regulatory frameworks, and cost competitiveness

Hydrogen Production Technologies

Comprehensive technology breakdown of electrolysis methods including PEM, alkaline, solid oxide, and AEM technologies
Detailed assessment of blue hydrogen production including SMR, ATR, and emerging pyrolysis methods
Analysis of carbon capture technologies including pre-combustion, post-combustion, and direct air capture methods
Evaluation of nuclear-powered hydrogen production (pink hydrogen) and its role in the energy transition
Emerging production methods including plasma technologies, photosynthesis, bacterial processes, and biomimicry approaches

Storage and Transportation

Market analysis of compression, liquefaction, and alternative carrier technologies
Pipeline infrastructure development projections and investment forecasts
Road, rail, and maritime transport solutions and technological advancements
Underground storage potential and regional capacity assessment
Comprehensive evaluation of material innovations for hydrogen-compatible infrastructure

Hydrogen Utilization and Applications

Fuel cell market dynamics across transportation, stationary power, and portable applications
Hydrogen mobility adoption forecasts for light vehicles, heavy-duty transportation, marine applications, and aviation
Industrial decarbonization pathways focusing on steel production, ammonia synthesis, and methanol manufacturing
Power generation applications including turbines, combined cycle systems, and grid balancing capabilities
Synthetic fuel production analysis including e-fuels, methanol, and sustainable aviation fuels

Regional Market Analysis

United States hydrogen market with detailed assessment of DOE hydrogen hubs and regional production capacity
European Union developments including the European Hydrogen Strategy and national roadmaps
Asia-Pacific market expansion focusing on China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia
Middle East and North Africa emerging as major green hydrogen export regions
Latin America and Africa developing hydrogen potential through renewable resources

Competitive Landscape

Comprehensive profiles of over 280 companies across the hydrogen value chain. Companies Profiled include 8Rivers, Adani Green Energy, Advanced Ionics, ACSYNAM, Advent Technologies, Aemetis, AFC Energy, Agfa-Gevaert, Air Liquide, Air Products, Aker Horizons, Alchemr, AlGalCo, AMBARtec, Amogy, Aepnus, Arcadia eFuels, Asahi Kasei, Atawey, Atmonia, Atomis, Aurora Hydrogen, AquaHydrex, AREVA H2Gen, Avantium, AvCarb Material Solutions, Avium, Ballard Power Systems, BASF, Battolyser Systems, BayoTech, Blastr Green Steel, Bloom Energy, Boson Energy, BP, Bramble Energy, Brineworks, bse Methanol, Bspkl, Carbon Engineering, Carbon Recycling International, Carbon Sink, Cavendish Renewable Technology, Celcibus, Cemvita Factory, Ceres Power Holdings, Chevron Corporation, CHARBONE Hydrogen, Chiyoda Corporation, Cipher Neutron, Climate Horizon, CO₂ Capsol, Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen, Constellation Energy, Convion, Croft, Cummins, Cutting-Edge Nanomaterials, Cryomotive, C-Zero, Deep Branch Biotechnology, Destinus, Dimensional Energy, Dioxide Materials, Domsjö Fabriker, Dynelectro, Elcogen, Ecolectro, EH Group Engineering, Electric Hydrogen, Electriq Global, Electrochaea, Elogen H2, ENEOS Corporation, Ekona Power, Element 1 Corp, Endua, Enapter, Epro Advance Technology, Equatic, Erredue, Ergosup, Everfuel, EvolOH, Evolve Hydrogen, Evonik Industries, Fabrum, FirstElement Fuel, Flexens, FuelCell Energy, FuelPositive, FuMA-Tech BWY, Fusion Fuel, GenCell Energy, Graforce, GenHydro, GenH2, GeoPura, GKN Hydrogen, Green Fuel, Green Hydrogen Systems, GRZ Technologies, Hazer Group, Heimdal CCU, Heliogen, Hexagon Purus, HevenDrones, HiiROC, Hitachi Zosen, H2B2 Electrolysis Technologies, H2Electro, H2GO Power, H2Greem, H2 Green Steel, H2Pro, H2U Technologies, H2Vector Energy Technologies, H2X Global, Hoeller Electrolyzer, Honda, Honeywell UOP, Horisont Energi, Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies, H Quest Vanguard, H-Tec Systems, Hybitat, HYBRIT, Hycamite TCD Technologies, Hygenco, Hymeth, Hynamics, HydGene Renewables, Hydra Energy, Hydrogen in Motion, Hydrogenious Technologies, HydrogenPro, Hydrogenera, HydroLite, Hyundai Motor Company, HySiLabs, Hynertech, Hysata, Hystar, Hyzon Motors, IdunnH2, Immaterial, Inergio Technologies, Infinium Electrofuels, Inpex, Innova Hydrogen, Ionomr Innovations, ITM Power, Johnson Matthey, Jolt Electrodes, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Keyou, Kobelco, Koloma, Krajete, Kyros Hydrogen Solutions, Lavo, Leidong Zhichuang, Levidian Nanosystems, Lhyfe, The Linde Group, Lingniu Hydrogen Energy Technology, Liquid Wind, LONGi Hydrogen and more
Strategic initiatives and development roadmaps of key market players
Investment analysis of major funding rounds, mergers, acquisitions, and joint ventures
Technological positioning and intellectual property landscape
Start-up ecosystem evaluation and innovation hotspots

Investment Analysis and Future Outlook

Capital expenditure forecasts across production, infrastructure, and end-use applications
Levelized cost projections for different hydrogen production pathways through 2035
Policy and incentive analysis across major markets and influence on investment decisions
Risk assessment for hydrogen projects including regulatory, technological, and market risks
Long-term market scenarios under different energy transition pathways and climate policies

1 Introduction

1.1 Hydrogen classification
1.2 Global energy demand and consumption
1.3 The hydrogen economy and production
1.4 Removing CO2 emissions from hydrogen production
1.5 Hydrogen value chain
1.5.1 Production
1.5.2 Transport and storage
1.5.3 Utilization
1.6 National hydrogen initiatives
1.7 Market challenges

2 Hydrogen Market Analysis

2.1 Industry developments 2020-2025
2.2 Market map
2.3 Global hydrogen production
2.3.1 Industrial applications
2.3.2 Hydrogen energy
2.3.2.1 Stationary use
2.3.2.2 Hydrogen for mobility
2.3.3 Current Annual H2 Production
2.3.4 Hydrogen production processes
2.3.4.1 Hydrogen as by-product
2.3.4.2 Reforming
2.3.4.2.1 SMR wet method
2.3.4.2.2 Oxidation of petroleum fractions
2.3.4.2.3 Coal gasification
2.3.4.3 Reforming or coal gasification with CO2 capture and storage
2.3.4.4 Steam reforming of biomethane
2.3.4.5 Water electrolysis
2.3.4.6 The "Power-to-Gas" concept
2.3.4.7 Fuel cell stack
2.3.4.8 Electrolysers
2.3.4.9 Other
2.3.4.9.1 Plasma technologies
2.3.4.9.2 Photosynthesis
2.3.4.9.3 Bacterial or biological processes
2.3.4.9.4 Oxidation (biomimicry)
2.3.5 Production costs
2.3.6 Global hydrogen demand forecasts
2.3.7 Hydrogen Production in the United States
2.3.7.1 Gulf Coast
2.3.7.2 California
2.3.7.3 Midwest
2.3.7.4 Northeast
2.3.7.5 Northwest
2.3.8 DOE Hydrogen Hubs
2.3.9 US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, Planned and Installed

3 Types of Hydrogen

3.1 Comparative analysis
3.2 Green hydrogen
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Role in energy transition
3.2.3 SWOT analysis
3.2.4 Electrolyzer technologies
3.2.4.1 Introduction
3.2.4.2 Main types
3.2.4.3 Balance of Plant
3.2.4.4 Characteristics
3.2.4.5 Advantages and disadvantages
3.2.4.6 Electrolyzer market
3.2.4.6.1 Market trends
3.2.4.6.2 Market landscape
3.2.4.6.3 Innovations
3.2.4.6.4 Cost challenges
3.2.4.6.5 Scale-up
3.2.4.6.6 Manufacturing challenges
3.2.4.6.7 Market opportunity and outlook
3.2.4.7 Alkaline water electrolyzers (AWE)
3.2.4.7.1 Technology description
3.2.4.7.2 AWE plant
3.2.4.7.3 Components and materials
3.2.4.7.4 Costs
3.2.4.7.5 Companies
3.2.4.8 Anion exchange membrane electrolyzers (AEMEL)
3.2.4.8.1 Technology description
3.2.4.8.2 AEMEL plant
3.2.4.8.3 Components and materials
3.2.4.8.4 Costs
3.2.4.8.5 Companies
3.2.4.9 Proton exchange membrane electrolyzers (PEMEL)
3.2.4.9.1 Technology description
3.2.4.9.2 PEMEL plant
3.2.4.9.3 Components and materials
3.2.4.9.4 Costs
3.2.4.9.5 Companies
3.2.4.10 Solid oxide water electrolyzers (SOEC)
3.2.4.10.1 Technology description
3.2.4.10.2 SOEC plant
3.2.4.10.3 Components and materials
3.2.4.11 Other types
3.2.4.11.1 Overview
3.2.4.11.2 CO2 electrolysis
3.2.4.11.3 Seawater electrolysis
3.2.4.12 Companies
3.2.5 Costs
3.2.6 Water and land use for green hydrogen production
3.2.7 Electrolyzer manufacturing capacities
3.3 Blue hydrogen (low-carbon hydrogen)
3.3.1 Overview
3.3.2 Advantages over green hydrogen
3.3.3 SWOT analysis
3.3.4 Production technologies
3.3.4.1 Steam-methane reforming (SMR)
3.3.4.2 Autothermal reforming (ATR)
3.3.4.3 Partial oxidation (POX)
3.3.4.4 Sorption Enhanced Steam Methane Reforming (SE-SMR)
3.3.4.5 Methane pyrolysis (Turquoise hydrogen)
3.3.4.6 Coal gasification
3.3.4.7 Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
3.3.4.8 Biomass processes
3.3.4.9 Microwave technologies
3.3.4.10 Dry reforming
3.3.4.11 Plasma Reforming
3.3.4.12 Solar SMR
3.3.4.13 Tri-Reforming of Methane
3.3.4.14 Membrane-assisted reforming
3.3.4.15 Catalytic partial oxidation (CPOX)
3.3.4.16 Chemical looping combustion (CLC)
3.3.5 Carbon capture
3.3.5.1 Pre-Combustion vs. Post-Combustion carbon capture
3.3.5.2 What is CCUS?
3.3.5.2.1 Carbon Capture
3.3.5.3 Carbon Utilization
3.3.5.3.1 CO2 utilization pathways
3.3.5.4 Carbon storage
3.3.5.5 Transporting CO2
3.3.5.5.1 Methods of CO2 transport
3.3.5.6 Costs
3.3.5.7 Market map
3.3.5.8 Point-source carbon capture for blue hydrogen
3.3.5.8.1 Transportation
3.3.5.8.2 Global point source CO2 capture capacities
3.3.5.8.3 By source
3.3.5.8.4 By endpoint
3.3.5.8.5 Main carbon capture processes
3.3.5.9 Carbon utilization
3.3.5.9.1 Benefits of carbon utilization
3.3.5.9.2 Market challenges
3.3.5.9.3 Co2 utilization pathways
3.3.5.9.4 Conversion processes
3.3.6 Market players
3.4 Pink hydrogen
3.4.1 Overview
3.4.2 Production
3.4.3 Applications
3.4.4 SWOT analysis
3.4.5 Market players
3.5 Turquoise hydrogen
3.5.1 Overview
3.5.2 Production
3.5.3 Applications
3.5.4 SWOT analysis
3.5.5 Market players

4 Hydrogen Storage and Transport

4.1 Market overview
4.2 Hydrogen transport methods
4.2.1 Pipeline transportation
4.2.2 Road or rail transport
4.2.3 Maritime transportation
4.2.4 On-board-vehicle transport
4.3 Hydrogen compression, liquefaction, storage
4.3.1 Solid storage
4.3.2 Liquid storage on support
4.3.3 Underground storage
4.4 Market players

5 Hydrogen Utilization

5.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
5.1.1 Market overview
5.1.2 PEM fuel cells (PEMFCs)
5.1.3 Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs)
5.1.4 Alternative fuel cells
5.2 Alternative fuel production
5.2.1 Solid Biofuels
5.2.2 Liquid Biofuels
5.2.3 Gaseous Biofuels
5.2.4 Conventional Biofuels
5.2.5 Advanced Biofuels
5.2.6 Feedstocks
5.2.7 Production of biodiesel and other biofuels
5.2.8 Renewable diesel
5.2.9 Biojet and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF)
5.2.10 Electrofuels (E-fuels, power-to-gas/liquids/fuels)
5.2.10.1 Hydrogen electrolysis
5.2.10.2 eFuel production facilities, current and planned
5.3 Hydrogen Vehicles
5.3.1 Market overview
5.3.2 Commercialization
5.3.3 Hydrogen Storage Options
5.3.4 Key Challenges and Opportunities
5.4 Aviation
5.4.1 Market overview
5.4.2 Applications
5.4.3 Hydrogen Technology Approaches in Aviation
5.4.4 Hydrogen Storage Options
5.4.5 Key Projects and Timelines
5.4.6 Market and Adoption Forecasts
5.5 Ammonia production
5.5.1 Introduction
5.5.2 Decarbonisation of ammonia production
5.5.3 Green ammonia synthesis methods
5.5.3.1 Haber-Bosch process
5.5.3.2 Biological nitrogen fixation
5.5.3.3 Electrochemical production
5.5.3.4 Chemical looping processes
5.5.4 Blue ammonia
5.5.4.1 Blue ammonia projects
5.5.5 Chemical energy storage
5.5.5.1 Ammonia fuel cells
5.5.5.2 Marine fuel
5.5.6 Applications
5.5.7 Companies
5.5.8 Market Forecasts
5.6 Methanol production
5.6.1 Market overview
5.6.2 Sources
5.6.3 Methanol-to gasoline technology
5.6.3.1 Production processes
5.6.3.1.1 Anaerobic digestion
5.6.3.1.2 Biomass gasification
5.6.3.1.3 Power to Methane
5.6.4 Applications
5.6.5 Market Forecasts
5.6.6 Companies
5.7 Steelmaking
5.7.1 Market overview
5.7.2 Comparative analysis
5.7.3 Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI)
5.7.4 Applications
5.7.5 Market Forecasts
5.7.6 Companies
5.8 Power & heat generation
5.8.1 Market overview
5.8.1.1 Power generation
5.8.1.2 Heat Generation
5.8.2 Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Power and Heat
5.8.3 Roadmap
5.8.4 Market Forecasts
5.8.5 Companies
5.9 Maritime
5.9.1 Introduction
5.9.2 Applications
5.9.3 Companies
5.9.4 Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Maritime Applications
5.9.5 Market
5.10 Fuel cell trains
5.10.1 Market overview
5.10.2 Applications
5.10.3 Companies
5.10.4 Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Rail Applications
5.10.5 Market Forecasts
5.10.6 Case studies

6 Company Profiles (285 Company Profiles)7 Research Methodology8 References

List of Tables

Table 1. Hydrogen colour shades, Technology, cost, and CO2 emissions
Table 2. Main applications of hydrogen
Table 3. Overview of hydrogen production methods
Table 4. National hydrogen initiatives
Table 5. Market challenges in the hydrogen economy and production technologies
Table 6. Hydrogen industry developments 2020-2025
Table 7. Market map for hydrogen technology and production
Table 8. Industrial applications of hydrogen
Table 9. Hydrogen energy markets and applications
Table 10. Hydrogen production processes and stage of development
Table 11. Estimated costs of clean hydrogen production
Table 12. US Hydrogen Electrolyzer Capacities, current and planned, as of May 2023, by region
Table 13. Comparison of hydrogen types
Table 14. Characteristics of typical water electrolysis technologies
Table 15. Advantages and disadvantages of water electrolysis technologies
Table 16. Classifications of Alkaline Electrolyzers
Table 17. Advantages & limitations of AWE
Table 18. Key performance characteristics of AWE
Table 19. Companies in the AWE market
Table 20. Comparison of Commercial AEM Materials
Table 21. Companies in the AMEL market
Table 22. Companies in the PEMEL market
Table 23. Companies in the SOEC market
Table 24. Other types of electrolyzer technologies
Table 25. Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Technologies/
Table 26. Cost Comparison of CO2 Electrochemical Technologies
Table 27. Companies developing other electrolyzer technologies
Table 28. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
Table 29. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
Table 30. Technology Readiness Levels (TRL) of main production technologies for blue hydrogen
Table 31. Key players in methane pyrolysis
Table 32. Commercial coal gasifier technologies.138
Table 33. Blue hydrogen projects using CG
Table 34. Biomass processes summary, process description and TRL
Table 35. Pathways for hydrogen production from biomass
Table 36. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 37. Approaches for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) from point sources
Table 38. CO2 capture technologies
Table 39. Advantages and challenges of carbon capture technologies
Table 40. Overview of commercial materials and processes utilized in carbon capture
Table 41. Methods of CO2 transport
Table 42. Carbon capture, transport, and storage cost per unit of CO2
Table 43. Estimated capital costs for commercial-scale carbon capture
Table 44. Point source examples
Table 45. Assessment of carbon capture materials
Table 46. Chemical solvents used in post-combustion
Table 47. Commercially available physical solvents for pre-combustion carbon capture
Table 48. Carbon utilization revenue forecast by product (US$)
Table 49. CO2 utilization and removal pathways
Table 50. Market challenges for CO2 utilization
Table 51. Example CO2 utilization pathways
Table 52. CO2 derived products via Thermochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 53. Electrochemical CO2 reduction products
Table 54. CO2 derived products via electrochemical conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 55. CO2 derived products via biological conversion-applications, advantages and disadvantages
Table 56. Companies developing and producing CO2-based polymers
Table 57. Companies developing mineral carbonation technologies
Table 58. Market players in blue hydrogen
Table 59. Market players in pink hydrogen
Table 60. Market players in turquoise hydrogen
Table 61. Market overview-hydrogen storage and transport
Table 62. Summary of different methods of hydrogen transport
Table 63. Market players in hydrogen storage and transport
Table 64. Market overview hydrogen fuel cells-applications, market players and market challenges
Table 65. Categories and examples of solid biofuel
Table 66. Comparison of biofuels and e-fuels to fossil and electricity
Table 67. Classification of biomass feedstock
Table 68. Biorefinery feedstocks
Table 69. Feedstock conversion pathways
Table 70. Biodiesel production techniques
Table 71. Advantages and disadvantages of biojet fuel
Table 72. Production pathways for bio-jet fuel
Table 73. Applications of e-fuels, by type
Table 74. Overview of e-fuels
Table 75. Benefits of e-fuels
Table 76. eFuel production facilities, current and planned
Table 77. Market overview for hydrogen vehicles-applications, market players and market challenges
Table 78. Markets, Applications and Companies in Hydrogen Vehicles
Table 79. Technology Comparison for Hydrogen Vehicles
Table 80. Hydrogen Storage Options
Table 81. Key Challenges and Opportunities
Table 82. Markets, Applications and Companies in Hydrogen Aviation
Table 83. Hydrogen Technology Approaches in Aviation
Table 84. Hydrogen Storage Options for Aviation
Table 85. Key Projects and Timelines
Table 86. Market and Adoption Forecasts
Table 87. Ammonia Production Technologies Using Hydrogen
Table 88. Economic Analysis of Ammonia Production from Hydrogen
Table 89. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Ammonia Synthesis
Table 90. Blue ammonia projects
Table 91. Technical Comparison of Ammonia Production Methods
Table 92. Ammonia fuel cell technologies
Table 93. Market overview of green ammonia in marine fuel
Table 94. Summary of marine alternative fuels
Table 95. Estimated costs for different types of ammonia
Table 96. Comparative Lifecycle Analysis of Ammonia Production Pathways
Table 97. End-Use Applications for Ammonia Produced from Hydrogen
Table 98. Companies in Ammonia from Hydrogen Production
Table 99. Notable Ammonia from Hydrogen Projects
Table 100. Market Forecasts for Ammonia from Hydrogen
Table 101. Methanol Production Technologies Using Hydrogen
Table 102. Economic Analysis of Methanol Production from Hydrogen
Table 103. Hydrogen and Carbon Sources for Methanol Production
Table 104. Comparison of biogas, biomethane and natural gas
Table 105. Technical Comparison of Methanol Production Methods
Table 106. End-Use Applications for Methanol from Hydrogen
Table 107. Market Forecasts for Methanol from Hydrogen
Table 108. Companies in Methanol from Hydrogen Production
Table 109. Notable Methanol from Hydrogen Projects
Table 110. Hydrogen-Based Steelmaking Technologies
Table 111. Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Steelmaking
Table 112. Hydrogen-based steelmaking technologies
Table 113. Comparison of green steel production technologies
Table 114. Technical Comparison of Steel Production Routes
Table 115. Advantages and disadvantages of each potential hydrogen carrier
Table 116. Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Steelmaking
Table 117. Applications and Market Analysis for Low-Carbon Steel
Table 118. Market Forecasts for Hydrogen Steelmaking
Table 119. Companies in Hydrogen Steelmaking
Table 120. Notable Hydrogen Steelmaking Projects
Table 121. Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation Technologies
Table 122. Technical Comparison of Power Generation Technologies
Table 123. Technical Comparison of Heat Generation Technologies
Table 124. Hydrogen Supply and Infrastructure for Power and Heat
Table 125. Technological Roadmap for power & heat generation
Table 126. Market Forecasts for Hydrogen in Power and Heat
Table 127. Companies in Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation
Table 128. Notable Hydrogen Power and Heat Generation Projects
Table 129. Technical Comparison of Hydrogen and Alternative Maritime Fuels
Table 130. Economic Analysis of Maritime Hydrogen Implementation
Table 131. Maritime Hydrogen Applications by Segment
Table 132. Companies in Maritime Hydrogen
Table 133. Notable Maritime Hydrogen Projects
Table 134. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Maritime Applications
Table 135. Market Forecasts for Maritime Hydrogen
Table 136. Technical Comparison of Rail Propulsion Technologies
Table 137. Economic Analysis of Fuel Cell Train Implementation
Table 138. Fuel Cell Train Applications by Segment
Table 139. Companies in Fuel Cell Train Development
Table 140. Notable Fuel Cell Train Projects
Table 141. Hydrogen Production, Distribution and Infrastructure for Rail Applications
Table 142. Market Forecasts for Fuel Cell Trains
Table 143. Comparison of Regional Hydrogen Train Markets
Table 144. Case Studies - Operational Performance of Fuel Cell Trains

List of Figures

Figure 1. Hydrogen value chain
Figure 2. Current Annual H2 Production
Figure 3. Principle of a PEM electrolyser
Figure 4. Power-to-gas concept
Figure 5. Schematic of a fuel cell stack
Figure 6. High pressure electrolyser - 1 MW
Figure 7. Global hydrogen demand forecast
Figure 8. U.S. Hydrogen Production by Producer Type
Figure 9. Segmentation of regional hydrogen production capacities in the US
Figure 10. Current of planned installations of Electrolyzers over 1MW in the US
Figure 11. SWOT analysis: green hydrogen
Figure 12. Types of electrolysis technologies
Figure 13. Typical Balance of Plant including Gas processing
Figure 14. Schematic of alkaline water electrolysis working principle
Figure 15. Alkaline water electrolyzer
Figure 16. Typical system design and balance of plant for an AEM electrolyser
Figure 17. Schematic of PEM water electrolysis working principle
Figure 18. Typical system design and balance of plant for a PEM electrolyser
Figure 19. Schematic of solid oxide water electrolysis working principle
Figure 20. Typical system design and balance of plant for a solid oxide electrolyser
Figure 21. Estimated annual electrolyser manufacturing capacity, by manufacture's headquarters (a) and by type and origin (b), 2021-2024
Figure 22. Electrolyzer Installations Forecast (GW), 2020-2040
Figure 23. Global market size for Electrolyzers, 2018-2035 (US$B)
Figure 24. SWOT analysis: blue hydrogen
Figure 25. SMR process flow diagram of steam methane reforming with carbon capture and storage (SMR-CCS)
Figure 26. Process flow diagram of autothermal reforming with a carbon capture and storage (ATR-CCS) plant
Figure 27. POX process flow diagram
Figure 28. Process flow diagram for a typical SE-SMR
Figure 29. HiiROC’s methane pyrolysis reactor
Figure 30. Coal gasification (CG) process
Figure 31. Flow diagram of Advanced autothermal gasification (AATG)
Figure 32. Schematic of CCUS process
Figure 33. Pathways for CO2 utilization and removal
Figure 34. A pre-combustion capture system
Figure 35. Carbon dioxide utilization and removal cycle
Figure 36. Various pathways for CO2 utilization
Figure 37. Example of underground carbon dioxide storage
Figure 38. Transport of CCS technologies
Figure 39. Railroad car for liquid CO2 transport
Figure 40. Estimated costs of capture of one metric ton of carbon dioxide (Co2) by sector
Figure 41. CCUS market map
Figure 42. Global capacity of point-source carbon capture and storage facilities
Figure 43. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source, 2021
Figure 44. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 source
Figure 45. Global carbon capture capacity by CO2 endpoint
Figure 46. Post-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 47. Postcombustion CO2 Capture in a Coal-Fired Power Plant
Figure 48. Oxy-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 49. Liquid or supercritical CO2 carbon capture process
Figure 50. Pre-combustion carbon capture process
Figure 51. CO2 non-conversion and conversion technology, advantages and disadvantages
Figure 52. Applications for CO2
Figure 53. Cost to capture one metric ton of carbon, by sector
Figure 54. Life cycle of CO2-derived products and services
Figure 55. Co2 utilization pathways and products
Figure 56. Plasma technology configurations and their advantages and disadvantages for CO2 conversion
Figure 57. LanzaTech gas-fermentation process
Figure 58. Schematic of biological CO2 conversion into e-fuels
Figure 59. Econic catalyst systems
Figure 60. Mineral carbonation processes
Figure 61. Pink hydrogen Production Pathway
Figure 62. SWOT analysis: pink hydrogen
Figure 63. Turquoise hydrogen Production Pathway
Figure 64. SWOT analysis: turquoise hydrogen
Figure 65. Process steps in the production of electrofuels
Figure 66. Mapping storage technologies according to performance characteristics
Figure 67. Production process for green hydrogen
Figure 68. E-liquids production routes
Figure 69. Fischer-Tropsch liquid e-fuel products
Figure 70. Resources required for liquid e-fuel production
Figure 71. Levelized cost and fuel-switching CO2 prices of e-fuels
Figure 72. Cost breakdown for e-fuels
Figure 73. Hydrogen fuel cell powered EV
Figure 74. Green ammonia production and use
Figure 75. Classification and process technology according to carbon emission in ammonia production
Figure 76. Schematic of the Haber Bosch ammonia synthesis reaction
Figure 77. Schematic of hydrogen production via steam methane reformation
Figure 78. Estimated production cost of green ammonia
Figure 79. Renewable Methanol Production Processes from Different Feedstocks
Figure 80. Production of biomethane through anaerobic digestion and upgrading
Figure 81. Production of biomethane through biomass gasification and methanation
Figure 82. Production of biomethane through the Power to methane process
Figure 83. Transition to hydrogen-based production
Figure 84. CO2 emissions from steelmaking (tCO2/ton crude steel)
Figure 85. Hydrogen Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) process
Figure 86. Three Gorges Hydrogen Boat No. 1
Figure 87. PESA hydrogen-powered shunting locomotive
Figure 88. Symbiotic™ technology process
Figure 89. Alchemr AEM electrolyzer cell
Figure 90. HyCS® technology system
Figure 91. Fuel cell module FCwave™
Figure 92. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 93. CRI process
Figure 94. Croft system
Figure 95. ECFORM electrolysis reactor schematic
Figure 96. Domsjö process
Figure 97. EH Fuel Cell Stack
Figure 98. Direct MCH® process
Figure 99. Electriq's dehydrogenation system
Figure 100. Endua Power Bank
Figure 101. EL 2.1 AEM Electrolyser
Figure 102. Enapter - Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) Water Electrolysis
Figure 103. Direct MCH® process
Figure 104. Hyundai Class 8 truck fuels at a First Element high capacity mobile refueler
Figure 105. FuelPositive system
Figure 106. Using electricity from solar power to produce green hydrogen
Figure 107. Hydrogen Storage Module
Figure 108. Plug And Play Stationery Storage Units
Figure 109. Left: a typical single-stage electrolyzer design, with a membrane separating the hydrogen and oxygen gasses. Right: the two-stage E-TAC process
Figure 110. Hystar PEM electrolyser
Figure 111. KEYOU-H2-Technology
Figure 112. Audi/Krajete unit
Figure 113. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 114. CO2 hydrogenation to jet fuel range hydrocarbons process
Figure 115. The Plagazi ® process
Figure 116. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
Figure 117. Sunfire process for Blue Crude production
Figure 118. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 119. Tevva hydrogen truck
Figure 120. Topsoe's SynCORTM autothermal reforming technology
Figure 121. O12 Reactor
Figure 122. Sunglasses with lenses made from CO2-derived materials
Figure 123. CO2 made car part
Figure 124. The Velocys process

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

8Rivers
ACSYNAM
Adani Green Energy
Advanced Ionics
Advent Technologies
Aemetis
Aepnus
AFC Energy
Agfa-Gevaert
Air Liquide
Air Products
Aker Horizons
Alchemr
AlGalCo
AMBARtec
Amogy
AquaHydrex
Arcadia eFuels
AREVA H2Gen
Asahi Kasei
Atawey
Atmonia
Atomis
Aurora Hydrogen
Avantium
AvCarb Material Solutions
Avium
Ballard Power Systems
BASF
Battolyser Systems
BayoTech
Blastr Green Steel
Bloom Energy
Boson Energy
BP
Bramble Energy
Brineworks
bse Methanol
Bspkl
C-Zero
Carbon Engineering
Carbon Recycling International
Carbon Sink
Cavendish Renewable Technology
Celcibus
Cemvita Factory
Ceres Power Holdings
CHARBONE Hydrogen
Chevron Corporation
Chiyoda Corporation
Cipher Neutron
Climate Horizon
Cockerill Jingli Hydrogen
Constellation Energy
Convion
CO₂ Capsol
Croft
Cryomotive
Cummins
Cutting-Edge Nanomaterials
Deep Branch Biotechnology
Destinus
Dimensional Energy
Dioxide Materials
Domsjö Fabriker
Dynelectro
Ecolectro
EH Group Engineering
Ekona Power
Elcogen
Electric Hydrogen
Electriq Global
Electrochaea
Element 1 Corp
Elogen H2
Enapter
Endua
ENEOS Corporation
Epro Advance Technology
Equatic
Ergosup
Erredue
Everfuel
EvolOH
Evolve Hydrogen
Evonik Industries
Fabrum
FirstElement Fuel
Flexens
FuelCell Energy
FuelPositive
FuMA-Tech BWY
Fusion Fuel
GenCell Energy
GenH2
GenHydro
GeoPura
GKN Hydrogen
Graforce
Green Fuel
Green Hydrogen Systems
GRZ Technologies
H Quest Vanguard
H-Tec Systems
H2 Green Steel
H2B2 Electrolysis Technologies
H2Electro
H2GO Power
H2Greem
H2Pro
H2U Technologies
H2Vector Energy Technologies
H2X Global
Hazer Group
Heimdal CCU
Heliogen
HevenDrones
Hexagon Purus
HiiROC
Hitachi Zosen
Hoeller Electrolyzer
Honda
Honeywell UOP
Horisont Energi
Horizon Fuel Cell Technologies
Hybitat
HYBRIT
Hycamite TCD Technologies
HydGene Renewables
Hydra Energy
Hydrogen in Motion
Hydrogenera
Hydrogenious Technologies
HydrogenPro
HydroLite
Hygenco
Hymeth
Hynamics
Hynertech
Hysata
HySiLabs
Hystar
Hyundai Motor Company
Hyzon Motors
IdunnH2
Immaterial
Inergio Technologies
Infinium Electrofuels
Innova Hydrogen
Inpex
Ionomr Innovations
ITM Power
Johnson Matthey
Jolt Electrodes
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Keyou
Kobelco
Koloma
Krajete
Kyros Hydrogen Solutions
Lavo
Leidong Zhichuang
Levidian Nanosystems
Lhyfe
Lingniu Hydrogen Energy Technology
Liquid Wind
LONGi Hydrogen
The Linde Group

Methodology

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Report contents include:

Market Overview and Dynamics

Hydrogen Production Technologies

Storage and Transportation

Hydrogen Utilization and Applications

Regional Market Analysis

Competitive Landscape

Investment Analysis and Future Outlook

Table of Contents

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

Methodology

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