The truck transport market size has grown strongly in recent years. It will grow from $2048.4 billion in 2023 to $2237.39 billion in 2024 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9.2%. The expansion observed in the historical period can be ascribed to swift urbanization, the integration of artificial intelligence in truck manufacturing, and a favorable low-interest-rate environment.
The truck transport market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $3120.2 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.7%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period is linked to rising investments in truck transportation within end-use industries and the heightened impact of mergers and acquisitions, which are expected to propel market expansion. Key trends expected in this period encompass a concentration on fleet regionalization, the emphasis on platooning, the adoption of big data analytics, the utilization of artificial intelligence, and a focus on introducing new trucks leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT).
The growth of the truck transport market is supported by the anticipated stable economic growth in both developed and developing countries. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), global GDP growth is projected to reach 3.3% in 2020 and 3.4% in 2021. The recovery of commodity prices, following a significant decline in the historical period, is also expected to contribute to market growth. Developed economies are forecasted to experience steady growth during the projection period, with emerging markets continuing to outpace developed markets slightly. This stable economic growth is foreseen to stimulate investments in end-user markets, thereby acting as a driving force for the truck transport market.
The truck transport market is poised for growth due to the expanding e-commerce industry. E-commerce involves the electronic exchange of goods, services, or financial transactions over the internet. Truck transportation plays a crucial role in the e-commerce sector by ensuring timely and reliable product delivery to customers' doorsteps, enhancing overall order fulfillment efficiency. As an example, in September 2022, the International Trade Administration reported that consumer e-commerce constituted 30% of the UK's total retail sector (up from 20% in 2020), with an annual e-commerce revenue exceeding $120 billion. Thus, the burgeoning e-commerce industry is a key driver for the growth of the truck transport market.
Truck transportation companies are widely embracing fleet regionalization as a strategic approach to diminish operational costs and enhance transportation efficiencies. Consequently, businesses in the truck transportation sector are progressively shifting their focus from international and national operations to a more regional level. The adoption of fleet regionalization allows these companies to optimize operational efficiencies, curtail costs, and enhance both driver and truck turnaround times. Key benefits associated with fleet regionalization include expanded ports of entry, improved intermodal system capabilities, and shorter travel distances.
Leading companies in the truck transport market are intensifying their efforts to introduce hydrogen-fuel cell electric trucks, aiming to gain a competitive advantage in the industry. These commercial vehicles utilize hydrogen as a fuel source, generating electricity through a chemical reaction within fuel cells. For instance, in September 2022, Nikola Corporation, a US-based automotive company, unveiled its inaugural hydrogen fuel cell electric truck named Tre FCEV. This Class 8 semi-truck boasts a range of up to 500 miles and a rapid refueling time of 20 minutes. The truck operates on a hydrogen fuel cell that converts hydrogen into electricity, powering the vehicle's motor. The Tre FCEV represents one of the first commercially available hydrogen fuel cell trucks, playing a pivotal role in steering the transportation sector towards a more sustainable future.
Major companies operating in the truck transport market report are FedEx Corporation, Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., XPO Logistics, YRC Worldwide, J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc., LDI Dimotrans Group, Paige Logistics Ltd., Searcy Trucking Ltd., Transport Corporation of India, Vrl, Gati, ZARCAM, Agarwal Packers and Movers, United Parcel Service (UPS), Panalpina, TASA Logística, Shanghai CNEX Express Co. Ltd., Deppon Logistics Co. Ltd., HOAU Logistics Company Limited, Sohgo Security Services Co., Ltd., Skelton Truck Lines, Amazon Japan G.K, Schneider National, Inc., Van der Vlist Russia, Super Terminals, Konoike Transport Co., Ltd., Fukuyama Transporting Co. Ltd., Shanghai ANE Juchuang Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., Seino Transportation Co., Ltd., Gefco, Logistics Ekol Romania, Puma Cargo, Truckways Limited, Deutsche Post AG, Schneider Transport SA, Dachser Group SE & Co, HAVI Logistics GmbH, Yusen Logistics, Maxitrans, Frigoexpres, Schenker Aktiengesellschaft, J&R Transport Inc., Yamato Transport Co., Ltd., Panamerican Cargo, Nippon Express, MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company (Qatar) W.L.L, Brian Kurtz Trucking Ltd., SF Express Co. Ltd., Spoton logistics, JADE TRANSPORT Ltd., Trans-Nationwide Express, Om Logistics, Landstar System, Inc., Trans Sese SL, Dibiagi Transporte Internaciona, Rodovitor Transport and Vehicle Rental, Pronto Cargo, Galeon Logistics, Qatar Navigation (Milaha), Sagawa Express Co., Ltd., Old Dominion, Fox Brasil, Norte Brasil Logistica, Primafrio SL, McKevitt Trucking Limited, TFI International, Novatrade Brasil, Almas Movers International, GWC (Gulf Warehousing Company QPSC), S.C. PHARAON SPEED EXPRESS SRL, Gulf Agency Company – GAC Qatar, N&N Logistics Inc., Bin Yousef Cargo, E2E Qatar, DHL -Mall of Qatar, GMC Logistics, KOS Deliveries, Ts Network Co., Ltd., Admiral Trucker Limited, UPS Inc., BTXpress Universal Limited, Ekene Dili Chukwu Nigeria Limited, Konek Group.
Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the truck transport market in 2023. North America was the second largest region in the truck transport market. The regions covered in the truck transport market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.
The countries covered in the truck transport market report are Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, New Zealand, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, France, Germany, UK, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran, Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa. The truck transport market includes revenues earned by entities by transferring or moving cargo, personal effects, or deliveries for businesses between places like residences and workplaces or between the point of production and the point of sale. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included.
Within the truck transport market, two primary types are identified general freight trucking and specialized freight trucking. General freight trucking is dedicated to handling and moving goods, whether locally or over long distances, often utilizing containers. The market further classifies trucks by size, categorizing them as heavy trucks, medium trucks, and light trucks. Additionally, applications for truck transport span various sectors, including oil and gas, industrial and manufacturing, energy and mining, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, along with other industries.
The truck transport market research report is one of a series of new reports that provides truck transport market statistics, including truck transport industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a truck transport market share, detailed truck transport market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the truck transport industry. This truck transport market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
This product will be delivered within 3-5 business days.
The truck transport market size is expected to see strong growth in the next few years. It will grow to $3120.2 billion in 2028 at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.7%. The anticipated growth in the forecast period is linked to rising investments in truck transportation within end-use industries and the heightened impact of mergers and acquisitions, which are expected to propel market expansion. Key trends expected in this period encompass a concentration on fleet regionalization, the emphasis on platooning, the adoption of big data analytics, the utilization of artificial intelligence, and a focus on introducing new trucks leveraging the Internet of Things (IoT).
The growth of the truck transport market is supported by the anticipated stable economic growth in both developed and developing countries. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), global GDP growth is projected to reach 3.3% in 2020 and 3.4% in 2021. The recovery of commodity prices, following a significant decline in the historical period, is also expected to contribute to market growth. Developed economies are forecasted to experience steady growth during the projection period, with emerging markets continuing to outpace developed markets slightly. This stable economic growth is foreseen to stimulate investments in end-user markets, thereby acting as a driving force for the truck transport market.
The truck transport market is poised for growth due to the expanding e-commerce industry. E-commerce involves the electronic exchange of goods, services, or financial transactions over the internet. Truck transportation plays a crucial role in the e-commerce sector by ensuring timely and reliable product delivery to customers' doorsteps, enhancing overall order fulfillment efficiency. As an example, in September 2022, the International Trade Administration reported that consumer e-commerce constituted 30% of the UK's total retail sector (up from 20% in 2020), with an annual e-commerce revenue exceeding $120 billion. Thus, the burgeoning e-commerce industry is a key driver for the growth of the truck transport market.
Truck transportation companies are widely embracing fleet regionalization as a strategic approach to diminish operational costs and enhance transportation efficiencies. Consequently, businesses in the truck transportation sector are progressively shifting their focus from international and national operations to a more regional level. The adoption of fleet regionalization allows these companies to optimize operational efficiencies, curtail costs, and enhance both driver and truck turnaround times. Key benefits associated with fleet regionalization include expanded ports of entry, improved intermodal system capabilities, and shorter travel distances.
Leading companies in the truck transport market are intensifying their efforts to introduce hydrogen-fuel cell electric trucks, aiming to gain a competitive advantage in the industry. These commercial vehicles utilize hydrogen as a fuel source, generating electricity through a chemical reaction within fuel cells. For instance, in September 2022, Nikola Corporation, a US-based automotive company, unveiled its inaugural hydrogen fuel cell electric truck named Tre FCEV. This Class 8 semi-truck boasts a range of up to 500 miles and a rapid refueling time of 20 minutes. The truck operates on a hydrogen fuel cell that converts hydrogen into electricity, powering the vehicle's motor. The Tre FCEV represents one of the first commercially available hydrogen fuel cell trucks, playing a pivotal role in steering the transportation sector towards a more sustainable future.
Major companies operating in the truck transport market report are FedEx Corporation, Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc., XPO Logistics, YRC Worldwide, J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc., LDI Dimotrans Group, Paige Logistics Ltd., Searcy Trucking Ltd., Transport Corporation of India, Vrl, Gati, ZARCAM, Agarwal Packers and Movers, United Parcel Service (UPS), Panalpina, TASA Logística, Shanghai CNEX Express Co. Ltd., Deppon Logistics Co. Ltd., HOAU Logistics Company Limited, Sohgo Security Services Co., Ltd., Skelton Truck Lines, Amazon Japan G.K, Schneider National, Inc., Van der Vlist Russia, Super Terminals, Konoike Transport Co., Ltd., Fukuyama Transporting Co. Ltd., Shanghai ANE Juchuang Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd., Seino Transportation Co., Ltd., Gefco, Logistics Ekol Romania, Puma Cargo, Truckways Limited, Deutsche Post AG, Schneider Transport SA, Dachser Group SE & Co, HAVI Logistics GmbH, Yusen Logistics, Maxitrans, Frigoexpres, Schenker Aktiengesellschaft, J&R Transport Inc., Yamato Transport Co., Ltd., Panamerican Cargo, Nippon Express, MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company (Qatar) W.L.L, Brian Kurtz Trucking Ltd., SF Express Co. Ltd., Spoton logistics, JADE TRANSPORT Ltd., Trans-Nationwide Express, Om Logistics, Landstar System, Inc., Trans Sese SL, Dibiagi Transporte Internaciona, Rodovitor Transport and Vehicle Rental, Pronto Cargo, Galeon Logistics, Qatar Navigation (Milaha), Sagawa Express Co., Ltd., Old Dominion, Fox Brasil, Norte Brasil Logistica, Primafrio SL, McKevitt Trucking Limited, TFI International, Novatrade Brasil, Almas Movers International, GWC (Gulf Warehousing Company QPSC), S.C. PHARAON SPEED EXPRESS SRL, Gulf Agency Company – GAC Qatar, N&N Logistics Inc., Bin Yousef Cargo, E2E Qatar, DHL -Mall of Qatar, GMC Logistics, KOS Deliveries, Ts Network Co., Ltd., Admiral Trucker Limited, UPS Inc., BTXpress Universal Limited, Ekene Dili Chukwu Nigeria Limited, Konek Group.
Asia-Pacific was the largest region in the truck transport market in 2023. North America was the second largest region in the truck transport market. The regions covered in the truck transport market report are Asia-Pacific, Western Europe, Eastern Europe, North America, South America, Middle East, Africa.
The countries covered in the truck transport market report are Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Bangladesh, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Hong Kong, New Zealand, USA, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru, France, Germany, UK, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Russia, Czech Republic, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Iran, Turkey, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa. The truck transport market includes revenues earned by entities by transferring or moving cargo, personal effects, or deliveries for businesses between places like residences and workplaces or between the point of production and the point of sale. The market value includes the value of related goods sold by the service provider or included within the service offering. Only goods and services traded between entities or sold to end consumers are included.
Within the truck transport market, two primary types are identified general freight trucking and specialized freight trucking. General freight trucking is dedicated to handling and moving goods, whether locally or over long distances, often utilizing containers. The market further classifies trucks by size, categorizing them as heavy trucks, medium trucks, and light trucks. Additionally, applications for truck transport span various sectors, including oil and gas, industrial and manufacturing, energy and mining, food and beverages, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, along with other industries.
The truck transport market research report is one of a series of new reports that provides truck transport market statistics, including truck transport industry global market size, regional shares, competitors with a truck transport market share, detailed truck transport market segments, market trends and opportunities, and any further data you may need to thrive in the truck transport industry. This truck transport market research report delivers a complete perspective of everything you need, with an in-depth analysis of the current and future scenario of the industry.
The market value is defined as the revenues that enterprises gain from the sale of goods and/or services within the specified market and geography through sales, grants, or donations in terms of the currency (in USD, unless otherwise specified).
The revenues for a specified geography are consumption values that are revenues generated by organizations in the specified geography within the market, irrespective of where they are produced. It does not include revenues from resales along the supply chain, either further along the supply chain or as part of other products.
This product will be delivered within 3-5 business days.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary2. Truck Transport Market Characteristics4. Truck Transport Market Trends and Strategies68. Global Truck Transport Market Competitive Benchmarking69. Global Truck Transport Market Competitive Dashboard70. Key Mergers and Acquisitions in the Truck Transport Market
3. Truck Transport Product/Service Analysis -Product/Service Examples
5. Truck Transport Market - Macro Economic Scenario
6. Global Truck Transport Market Size and Growth
7. Truck Transport Market Segmentation
8. Truck Transport Market Regional and Country Analysis
9. Asia-Pacific Truck Transport Market
10. China Truck Transport Market
11. India Truck Transport Market
12. Japan Truck Transport Market
13. Australia Truck Transport Market
14. Indonesia Truck Transport Market
15. South Korea Truck Transport Market
16. Bangladesh Truck Transport Market
17. Thailand Truck Transport Market
18. Vietnam Truck Transport Market
19. Malaysia Truck Transport Market
20. Singapore Truck Transport Market
21. Philippines Truck Transport Market
22. Hong kong Truck Transport Market
23. New Zealand Truck Transport Market
24. Western Europe Truck Transport Market
25. UK Truck Transport Market
26. Germany Truck Transport Market
27. France Truck Transport Market
28. Italy Truck Transport Market
29. Spain Truck Transport Market
30. Austria Truck Transport Market
31. Belgium Truck Transport Market
32. Denmark Truck Transport Market
33. Finland Truck Transport Market
34. Ireland Truck Transport Market
35. Netherlands Truck Transport Market
36. Norway Truck Transport Market
37. Portugal Truck Transport Market
38. Sweden Truck Transport Market
39. Switzerland Truck Transport Market
40. Eastern Europe Truck Transport Market
41. Russia Truck Transport Market
42. Czech Republic Truck Transport Market
43. Poland Truck Transport Market
44. Romania Truck Transport Market
45. Ukraine Truck Transport Market
46. North America Truck Transport Market
47. USA Truck Transport Market
48. Canada Truck Transport Market
49. Mexico Truck Transport Market
50. South America Truck Transport Market
51. Brazil Truck Transport Market
52. Chile Truck Transport Market
53. Argentina Truck Transport Market
54. Colombia Truck Transport Market
55. Peru Truck Transport Market
56. Middle East Truck Transport Market
57. Saudi Arabia Truck Transport Market
58. Israel Truck Transport Market
59. Iran Truck Transport Market
60. Turkey Truck Transport Market
61. United Arab Emirates Truck Transport Market
62. Africa Truck Transport Market
63. Egypt Truck Transport Market
64. Nigeria Truck Transport Market
65. South Africa Truck Transport Market
66. Truck Transport Market Competitive Landscape and Company Profiles
67. Truck Transport Market Other Major and Innovative Companies
71. Truck Transport Market Future Outlook and Potential Analysis
72. Appendix
Executive Summary
Truck Transport Global Market Report 2024 provides strategists, marketers and senior management with the critical information they need to assess the market.This report focuses on truck transport market which is experiencing strong growth. The report gives a guide to the trends which will be shaping the market over the next ten years and beyond.
Reasons to Purchase
- Gain a truly global perspective with the most comprehensive report available on this market covering 50+ geographies.
- Understand how the market has been affected by the coronavirus and how it is responding as the impact of the virus abates.
- Assess the Russia-Ukraine war’s impact on agriculture, energy and mineral commodity supply and its direct and indirect impact on the market.
- Measure the impact of high global inflation on market growth.
- Create regional and country strategies on the basis of local data and analysis.
- Identify growth segments for investment.
- Outperform competitors using forecast data and the drivers and trends shaping the market.
- Understand customers based on the latest market shares.
- Benchmark performance against key competitors.
- Suitable for supporting your internal and external presentations with reliable high quality data and analysis.
- Report will be updated with the latest data and delivered to you along with an Excel data sheet for easy data extraction and analysis.
- All data from the report will also be delivered in an excel dashboard format.
Where is the largest and fastest growing market for truck transport? How does the market relate to the overall economy, demography and other similar markets? What forces will shape the market going forward? This report answers all these questions and many more.
The report covers market characteristics, size and growth, segmentation, regional and country breakdowns, competitive landscape, market shares, trends and strategies for this market. It traces the market’s historic and forecast market growth by geography.
- The market characteristics section of the report defines and explains the market.
- The market size section gives the market size ($b) covering both the historic growth of the market, and forecasting its development.
- The forecasts are made after considering the major factors currently impacting the market. These include:
- The impact of sanctions, supply chain disruptions, and altered demand for goods and services due to the Russian Ukraine war, impacting various macro-economic factors and parameters in the Eastern European region and its subsequent effect on global markets.
- The impact of higher inflation in many countries and the resulting spike in interest rates.
- The continued but declining impact of COVID-19 on supply chains and consumption patterns.
- Market segmentations break down the market into sub markets.
- The regional and country breakdowns section gives an analysis of the market in each geography and the size of the market by geography and compares their historic and forecast growth. It covers the growth trajectory of COVID-19 for all regions, key developed countries and major emerging markets.
- The competitive landscape chapter gives a description of the competitive nature of the market, market shares, and a description of the leading companies. Key financial deals which have shaped the market in recent years are identified.
- The trends and strategies section analyses the shape of the market as it emerges from the crisis and suggests how companies can grow as the market recovers.
Report Scope
Markets Covered:1) By Type: General Freight Trucking and Specialized Freight Trucking
2) By Size: Heavy Trucks; Medium Trucks and Light Trucks
3) By Application: Oil and Gas; Industrial and Manufacturing; Energy and Mining; Food and Beverages; Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare; Others
Sub segments: Long-Distance General Freight Trucking and Local General Freight Trucking; Dry Bulk Materials; Automobiles and Heavy Equipment; Forest Products; Refrigerated Goods; and Bulk Liquids
Key Companies Mentioned: FedEx Corporation; Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.; XPO Logistics; YRC Worldwide; J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc.
Countries: Australia; Brazil; China; France; Germany; India; Indonesia; Japan; Russia; South Korea; UK; USA; Canada; Italy; Spain
Regions: Asia-Pacific; Western Europe; Eastern Europe; North America; South America; Middle East; Africa
Time Series: Five years historic and ten years forecast
Data: Ratios of market size and growth to related markets, GDP proportions, expenditure per capita
Data Segmentation: Country and regional historic and forecast data, market share of competitors, market segments
Sourcing and Referencing: Data and analysis throughout the report is sourced using end notes
Delivery Format: PDF, Word and Excel Data Dashboard
Companies Mentioned
- FedEx Corporation
- Knight-Swift Transportation Holdings Inc.
- XPO Logistics
- YRC Worldwide
- J.B. Hunt Transport Services, Inc.
- LDI Dimotrans Group
- Paige Logistics Ltd
- Searcy Trucking Ltd
- Transport Corporation of India
- Vrl
- Gati
- ZARCAM
- Agarwal Packers and Movers
- United Parcel Service (UPS)
- Panalpina
- TASA Logística
- Shanghai CNEX Express Co. Ltd
- Deppon Logistics Co. Ltd
- HOAU Logistics Company Limited
- Sohgo Security Services Co., Ltd
- Skelton Truck Lines
- Amazon Japan G.K
- Schneider National, Inc.
- Van der Vlist Russia
- Super Terminals
- Konoike Transport Co., Ltd
- Fukuyama Transporting Co. Ltd
- Shanghai ANE Juchuang Supply Chain Management Co., Ltd
- Seino Transportation Co., Ltd
- Gefco
- Logistics Ekol Romania
- Puma Cargo
- Truckways Limited
- Deutsche Post AG
- Schneider Transport SA
- Dachser Group SE & Co
- HAVI Logistics GmbH
- Yusen Logistics
- Maxitrans
- Frigoexpres
- Schenker Aktiengesellschaft
- J&R Transport Inc
- Yamato Transport Co., Ltd
- Panamerican Cargo
- Nippon Express
- MSC Mediterranean Shipping Company (Qatar) W.L.L
- Brian Kurtz Trucking Ltd
- SF Express Co. Ltd
- Spoton logistics
- JADE TRANSPORT LTD
- Trans-Nationwide Express
- Om Logistics
- Landstar System, Inc.
- Trans Sese SL
- Dibiagi Transporte Internaciona
- Rodovitor Transport and Vehicle Rental
- Pronto Cargo
- Galeon Logistics
- Qatar Navigation (Milaha)
- Sagawa Express Co., Ltd
- Old Dominion
- Fox Brasil
- Norte Brasil Logistica
- Primafrio SL
- McKevitt Trucking Limited
- TFI International
- Novatrade Brasil
- Almas Movers International
- GWC (Gulf Warehousing Company QPSC)
- S.C. PHARAON SPEED EXPRESS SRL
- Gulf Agency Company – GAC Qatar
- N&N Logistics Inc
- Bin Yousef Cargo
- E2E Qatar
- DHL -Mall of Qatar
- GMC Logistics
- KOS Deliveries
- Ts Network Co., Ltd
- Admiral Trucker Limited
- UPS Inc
- BTXpress Universal Limited
- Ekene Dili Chukwu Nigeria Limited
- Konek Group
Methodology
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Table Information
Report Attribute | Details |
---|---|
No. of Pages | 400 |
Published | February 2024 |
Forecast Period | 2024 - 2028 |
Estimated Market Value ( USD | $ 2237.39 Billion |
Forecasted Market Value ( USD | $ 3120.2 Billion |
Compound Annual Growth Rate | 8.7% |
Regions Covered | Global |
No. of Companies Mentioned | 83 |