The twenty chapters written by experts in the field of biopolymers and biomedical engineering, provide a complete resource that systematically discusses the most widely used biopolymers and their biomedical applications, and presents all the important research and developments that have occurred in the field.
In recent decades, significant progress has been made in polymer science for biomedical applications. The use of biopolymers specifically attracted the focus on the development of therapeutic polymeric systems. The exclusive features of biopolymers, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility make them highly sought after, and major research conducted with them has resulted in various therapeutic systems. However, until now only a few showed a potential to be appropriate for human use.
Each chapter covers a single biopolymer, its properties, and biomedical applications. The chapters are arranged systematically, with the most common biopolymers discussed early in the book to give more insight into the field. Further, a specific chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers for wound healing. Later, specific chapters are dedicated to the application of bioplastics and biopolymers for the development of medical devices and biosensors, respectively. Additionally, a chapter is dedicated to the application of biopolymers in the field of dentistry, with a special focus on their risk to human health. Keeping in mind recent advanced technologies, a chapter is dedicated solely to the latest progress of biopolymers in 3D and 4D printing for biomedical applications. The final chapter comprehensively explains the future perspectives of biopolymers in the biomedical field.
Audience
The book is a reference source for scientists, research scholars, chemical and polymer engineers, biologists, biotechnologists, polymer technologists, industrialists, health experts, and policymakers.
Table of Contents
Preface xix
1 Introduction to Biopolymers 1
Gurleen Kaur, Rajinder Kaur and Sukhminderjit Kaur
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Classification of Biopolymers 3
1.3 Commonly Used Biopolymers 3
1.4 Preparation of Biopolymers 7
1.5 Commercially Available Biopolymers 9
1.6 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers 11
1.7 Conclusion 20
2 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives 25
Hitesh Malhotra and Rupesh K. Gautam
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Characteristics of Chitosan 27
2.3 Application of Chitosan in Biomedicine 30
2.4 Conclusion 43
3 Biomedical Applications of Alginates 53
Payal Kesharwani, Swapnil Sharma, Vishal Chaudhary, Rajat Goyal and Rupesh K. Gautam
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 Structure and Characterization 56
3.3 General Properties of Alginates 57
3.4 Alginate and Alginate Composites as a Drug Delivery System 60
3.5 Biomedical Application of Alginates 62
3.6 Conclusion and Future Prospective of Alginates 74
4 Biomedical Applications of Cellulose 87
Abhishek Kanugo, Pallavi Chaudhari and Rupesh K. Gautam
4.1 Introduction 88
4.2 Structure and Properties of Cellulose 88
4.3 Types of Cellulose 90
4.4 Applications of Cellulose 90
4.5 Applications in Ocular Systems 108
4.6 Applications in Skeletal Systems 111
4.7 Miscellaneous 114
4.8 Conclusion 114
5 Biomedical Applications of Starch 129
Daud Hussain, Suhail Ayoub Khan, Annu and Tabrez Alam Khan
5.1 Introduction 130
5.2 Structure and Properties of Starch 132
5.3 Modified Starches 133
5.4 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications 137
5.5 Starch for Novel Drug Delivery 138
5.6 Encapsulants 139
5.7 Micro/Nanoparticle Hydrogels 140
5.8 Scaffolds for Wound Healing 140
5.9 Conclusions 142
6 Biomedical Applications of Carrageenan 151
Hitesh Chopra and Rupesh K. Gautam
6.1 Introduction 151
6.2 Structure of Carrageenan 152
6.3 Biomedical Applications 153
6.4 Toxicity 163
6.5 Challenges, Conclusion, and Future Trends 164
7 Biomedical Applications of Gums 175
Suhail Ahmed, Nagender Singh and Annu
7.1 Introduction 175
7.2 Physicochemical Properties of Gums 176
7.3 Biomedical Applications of Guar Gum 180
7.4 Biomedical Applications of Xanthan Gum 181
7.5 Biomedical Applications of Gum Arabic 183
7.6 Biomedical Applications of Gum Tragacanth 185
7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 187
8 Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin 199
Iftkhar Ahmad, Abu Taha, Annu, Athar Adil Hashmi and Saiqa Ikram
8.1 Introduction 200
8.2 Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin 201
8.3 Future Prospects 212
8.4 Conclusion 213
9 Biomedical Applications of Dextran 219
Sonia Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
9.1 Introduction 219
9.2 Biomedical Applications of Dextran 221
9.3 Conclusion 238
10 Biomedical Applications of Pullulan 253
Sudipta Roy, Swaraj Biswas, Soumalya Chakraborty, Sanjay Kumar Das and Richita Mondal
10.1 Introduction 254
10.2 Sources of Pullulan 255
10.3 Properties of Pullulan 256
10.4 Biomedical Applications 257
10.5 Conclusion 272
11 Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin 287
Jyoti Sarwan, Jasjeet Narang, Anushka Kumari, Monika Devi, Nazim Uddin, Savita Sharma and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
11.1 Introduction 287
11.2 Structure of Collagen 289
11.3 Modification of Collagen 293
11.4 Biomedical Applications of Collagen/Gelatin 296
11.5 Conclusion 307
12 Biomedical Applications of Pectin 315
Heenu Sharma, Jyoti Sarwan, Mariyam Chaudhary,Riya Chugh and Jagadeesh Chandra Bose K
12.1 Introduction 315
12.2 Biomedical Applications of Pectin 317
13 Biomedical Applications of Lignin Derived from Bio-Waste Materials 333
Nancy George, Anshika Adlakha, Mridula, Pragati Gupta and Abhrajit Debroy
13.1 Introduction 334
13.2 Structure of Lignin 335
13.3 Sources of Lignin 337
13.4 Extraction of Lignin 341
13.5 Properties of Lignin for Biomedical Applications 346
13.6 Biomedical Applications of Lignin 349
13.7 Therapeutic Applications of Lignin 354
13.8 Feasibilities, Challenges, and Prospects 360
13.9 Conclusion 361
14 Biomedical Applications of Polycaprolactone 373
Anindita Ray (Chakravarti) and Annu
14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 Structure of PCL 374
14.3 Characteristic Properties of PCL 375
14.4 Synthesis 376
14.5 Modifications of PCL 378
14.6 Biomedical Applications of PCL 380
14.7 Current Challenges 386
14.8 Conclusion 386
15 Biopolymers for Wound Healing Applications 393
Hitesh Chopra
15.1 Introduction 393
15.2 Wound Healing Stages 394
15.3 Biopolymers 396
15.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 407
16 Bioplastics in Medical Devices 417
Reshma Soman, Divyanshi Mangla and Annu
16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Plastics and Their Environmental Concern 418
16.3 Need for Bioplastics 420
16.4 Bioplastics 421
16.5 Biomedical Applications of Polylactic Acid 422
16.6 Biomedical Applications of PLGA 426
16.7 PLGA in Bone Tissue Engineering 426
16.8 Biomedical Applications of Poly(ԑ-caprolactone) 429
16.9 Conclusion 432
17 Biopolymers in Biosensors 439
Jincymol Kappen, Feba Anna John and Ajith James Jose
17.1 What are Biosensors? 439
17.2 Biopolymers 440
17.3 Conclusion 450
18 Biopolymers in Dentistry: A Risk Assessment on Human Health 459
Stanley C. Onwubu, Chibuzor Stellamaria Okonkwo, Mokgadi Ursula Makgobole and Phumlane Selby Mdluli
18.1 Introduction 459
18.2 Biopolymers in Healthcare 461
18.3 Classification of Biopolymers 461
18.4 Biopolymers Used in Dentistry 462
18.5 Risk Assessment of Biopolymers in Dentistry 467
18.6 Discussion 469
18.7 Conclusion 471
19 Progress of Biopolymers in 3D and 4D Printing for Biomedical Applications 479
Randeep Singh and Young-Ho Ahn
19.1 Introduction 480
19.2 Overview on 3D and 4D Printing Technologies 480
19.3 4D Printing 483
19.4 Overview on Biopolymers for 3D and 4D Printing 485
19.5 Stimuli for 4D Transformation 487
19.6 Biopolymers Used for 3D and 4D Printing 490
19.7 Biomedical Applications of Biopolymers Based 3D- and 4D-Printed Bioconstructs 491
19.8 Other Applications 496
19.9 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 498
20 Future Perspectives of Biopolymers for Biomedical Applications 509
Hitesh Chopra, Shivani Sharma, Mohd Shabbir, Annu and Dong-Kil Shin
20.1 Introduction 510
20.2 Role of Biopolymers in 3D Printing 511
20.3 Biopolymers in Recent Intelligent Biomedical Systems 515
20.4 Critical Aspects of Biopolymers in Biomedical Applications 521
20.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 521
References 522
Index 531
