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Worldwide Data Center Colocation Market - Investment Prospects in 9 Regions and 51 Countries

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    Report

  • 419 Pages
  • March 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Arizton
  • ID: 5945962
UP TO OFF until Dec 31st 2024
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The worldwide data center colocation market by investment is expected to grow at a CAGR of 7.25% from 2022-2028.

KEY HIGHLIGHTS

  • Cloud and technology companies continued to dominate the global demand for data center capacity uptake - digitalization initiatives by public and private sector organizations and data localization laws further fuel colocation across Industry verticals.
  • Major data center hubs, namely North Virginia, Texas, California, Beijing, Shanghai, London, Frankfurt, Brazil, Paris, and Mumbai, continue witnessing sizable investments, cementing their dominance.
  • Power availability and supply chain constraints still daunt the data center market, causing the construction timelines to grow from an average of 18 months to around 30 months. Construction costs have also increased to around 20%-30% across key locations worldwide, increasing colocation rental pricing.

SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS

Segmentation by Infrastructure

  • Electrical Infrastructure
  • Mechanical Infrastructure
  • General Construction

Segmentation by Colocation Type

  • Retail Colocation
  • Wholesale Colocation

Segmentation by Electrical Infrastructure

  • UPS Systems
  • Generators
  • Transfer Switches & Switchgear
  • PDUs
  • Other Electrical Infrastructure

Segmentation by Mechanical Infrastructure

  • Cooling Systems
  • Racks
  • Other Mechanical Infrastructure

Segmentation by Cooling Systems

  • CRAC & CRAH Units
  • Chiller Units
  • Cooling Towers, Condensers & Dry Coolers
  • Economizers & Evaporative Coolers
  • Other Cooling Units

Segmentation by Cooling Technique

  • Air-Based
  • Liquid-Based

Segmentation by General Construction

  • Core & Shell Development
  • Installation & Commissioning Services
  • Engineering & Building Design
  • Fire Detection & Suppression
  • Physical Security
  • DCIM

VENDORS LIST

Prominent Data Center Investor

  • China Mobile International
  • China Telecom
  • China Unicom
  • Chindata Group
  • CoreSite
  • CyrusOne
  • Digital Realty
  • EdgeConneX
  • Equinix
  • GDS Services
  • NTT Data
  • STACK Infrastructure
  • ST Telemedia Global Data Centres
  • Vantage Data Centers
  • VNET

Other Prominent Vendors

  • 365 Data Centers
  • AdaniConneX
  • Africa Data Centres
  • AirTrunk
  • Aligned Data Centers
  • American Tower
  • Atman
  • atNorth (Partners Group)
  • AT TOKYO
  • Aruba
  • Big Data Exchange (BDx)
  • CDC Data Centres
  • Center3
  • Chayora
  • CloudHQ
  • Cologix
  • Colt Data Centre Services (Colt DCS)
  • Compass Datacenters
  • COPT Data Center Solutions
  • CtrlS Datacenters
  • Cyxtera Technologies (Brookfield Infrastructure Partners)
  • DATA4
  • DataBank
  • DC BLOX
  • DCI Indonesia
  • Edge Centres
  • ePLDT
  • Flexential
  • Global Switch
  • Green Mountain
  • Gulf Data Hub
  • H5 Data Centers
  • HostDime
  • Iron Mountain
  • Internet Thailand
  • KDDI
  • Keppel Data Centres
  • Khazna Data Centers
  • LG Uplus
  • MettaDC
  • NEXTDC
  • Open Access Data Centres
  • Orange Business Services
  • Princeton Digital Group
  • QTS Realty Trust
  • Rostelecom Data Centers
  • Sabey Data Centers
  • Skybox Datacenters
  • Stream Data Centers
  • Scala Data Centers
  • Sify Technologies
  • SUNeVison Holdings (iAdvantage)
  • Switch
  • T5 Data Centers
  • Tenglong Holding Group
  • TierPoint
  • Turkcell
  • Urbacon Data Centre Solutions
  • Viettel IDC
  • Wingu
  • Yondr
  • Yotta Infrastructure

New Entrants

  • AQ Compute
  • Corscale Data Centers
  • Gaw Capital Partners
  • EDGNEX Data Centres by DAMAC
  • ESR
  • Gatineau Data Hub (GDH)
  • iMCritical
  • IXAfrica
  • Kasi Cloud
  • PowerHouse Data Centers
  • Quantum Loophole
  • QScale
  • YCO Cloud
  • YTL Data Center

KEY TRENDS

  • Initiatives for sustainable operations involve transitioning to renewable energy sources. For example, major data center operators like Equinix and Vantage Data Centers actively invest in green bonds, tax credits, and partnerships with energy providers to support the shift to renewable energy.
  • The increase in rack power density prompts the adoption of innovative designs. For instance, large data centers implement liquid and precision air cooling to handle densities up to 50 kW efficiently. Data center operators are actively involved in this transition to support AI/ML workloads using liquid cooling.
  • The trend of connected devices exemplifies the adoption of IoT and big data technologies. Major players like Microsoft, Amazon Web Services, and Oracle are actively adopting ARM-based technology for efficient data processing. Additionally, companies like Meta are heavily investing in AR/VR technologies for the emerging Metaverse.
  • The Canadian government's tax credits for renewable energy projects, Europe's Climate Neutral Data Center Pact, and initiatives in regions like Latin America and APAC showcase the impact of government regulations on data center practices. Operators in the data center colocation market, like Equinix and Digital Realty, have ambitious plans for carbon neutrality. These operators are actively working towards significant reductions in carbon emissions by 2030 or 2040, aligning with global sustainability goals.
  • The Uptime Institute forecasts demand for approximately 326,700 full-time employees in data centers worldwide by 2025, highlighting the need for skilled professionals. Collaborations between industry and educational institutions, such as training programs, are essential. Collaboration with educational institutions addresses the shortage of skilled personnel in data centers.
  • The Russia-Ukraine conflict and the COVID-19 pandemic have led to supply chain disruptions impacting data center construction. To address this, operators are adopting measures like increasing the number of suppliers and using prefabrication to mitigate lead times. Government initiatives also play a role in boosting local supply.

GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS

  • The U.S. and China markets continued to dominate the worldwide data center colocation market in terms of colocation revenue and investments across the globe. Colocation revenue generated in the U.S. stands at around USD 18 billion, followed by China at around USD 12 billion. These countries will continue to add GW of power capacity YOY with around 300+ upcoming data center projects.
  • Latin American countries like Brazil, Chile, Colombia, and Mexico are making strides in green data center development. Brazil takes the lead as the dominant data center colocation market in Latin America, commanding over 45% of the region's investments.
  • The data center colocation market is thriving in Europe, particularly in Western Europe. The FLAP market continues to dominate in data center capacity additions. Secondary markets, namely Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Belgium, are witnessing strong growth through recent announcements. The Nordics stand out as a hub for sustainable investments, with Norway leading the race in 2022. Meanwhile, Central and Eastern Europe are witnessing increased interest, with over USD 450 million invested in the region in 2022.
  • Regarding revenue generated through colocation services, APAC takes the lead with investments of over USD 21 billion in 2022, with China being the major contributor in 2022.

Segmentation by Geography

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Western Europe
  • Nordics
  • Central & Eastern Europe
  • Middle East
  • Africa
  • APAC
  • Southeast Asia

KEY QUESTIONS ANSWERED

1. How big is the data center colocation market?
2. What are the key trends in the data center colocation market?
3. What is the growth rate of the worldwide data center colocation market?

Table of Contents

1. About2. Data Center Capabilities3. What's Included4. Segments Included5. Research Methodology6. Market at Glance7. Premium Insights
8. Investment Opportunities
8.1. Investment: Market Size & Forecast
8.2. Area: Market Size & Forecast
8.3. Power Capacity: Market Size & Forecast
8.4. Revenue: Market Size & Forecast
9. Market Dynamics
9.1. Market Opportunities & Trends
9.2. Market Growth Enablers
9.3. Market Restraints
9.4. Site Selection Criteria
10. Infrastructure Segmentation
10.1. Colocation Type
10.2. Electrical Infrastructure
10.3. Mechanical Infrastructure
10.4. Cooling Systems
10.5. Cooling Techniques
10.6. General Construction
11. Geography Segmentation
12. North America
12.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
12.2. Data Center Market by Investment
12.3. Data Center Market by Area
12.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
12.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
12.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
13. US
13.1. Market by Investment
13.2. Market by Area
13.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
13.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
13.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
14. Canada
14.1. Market by Investment
14.2. Market by Area
14.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
14.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
14.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
15. Latin America
15.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
15.2. Data Center Market by Investment
15.3. Data Center Market by Area
15.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
15.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
15.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
16. Brazil
16.1. Market by Investment
16.2. Market by Area
16.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
16.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
16.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
17. Mexico
17.1. Market by Investment
17.2. Market by Area
17.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
17.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
17.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
18. Chile
18.1. Market by Investment
18.2. Market by Area
18.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
18.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
18.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
19. Colombia
19.1. Market by Investment
19.2. Market by Area
19.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
19.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
19.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
20. Ireland
20.1. Market by Investment
20.2. Market by Area
20.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
20.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
20.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
21. Switzerland
21.1. Market by Investment
21.2. Market by Area
21.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
21.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
21.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
22. Italy
22.1. Market by Investment
22.2. Market by Area
22.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
22.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
22.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
23. Spain
23.1. Market by Investment
23.2. Market by Area
23.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
23.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
23.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
24. Belgium
24.1. Market by Investment
24.2. Market by Area
24.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
24.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
24.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
25. Portugal
25.1. Market by Investment
25.2. Market by Area
25.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
25.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
25.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
26. Other Western European Countries
26.1. Market by Investment
26.2. Market by Area
26.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
26.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
26.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
27. Nordics
27.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
27.2. Data Center Market by Investment
27.3. Data Center Market by Area
27.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
27.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
27.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
28. Denmark
28.1. Market by Investment
28.2. Market by Area
28.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
28.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
28.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
29. Sweden
29.1. Market by Investment
29.2. Market by Area
29.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
29.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
29.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
30. Norway
30.1. Market by Investment
30.2. Market by Area
30.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
30.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
30.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
31. Finland & Iceland
31.1. Market by Investment
31.2. Market by Area
31.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
31.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
31.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
32. Central & Eastern Europe
32.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
32.2. Data Center Market by Investment
32.3. Data Center Market by Area
32.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
32.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
32.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
33. Russia
33.1. Market by Investment
33.2. Market by Area
33.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
33.4. Russia-Ukraine Conflict
33.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
33.6. Market by Colocation Revenue
34. Poland
34.1. Market by Investment
34.2. Market by Area
34.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
34.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
34.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
35. Austria
35.1. Market by Investment
35.2. Market by Area
35.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
35.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
35.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
36. Czech Republic
36.1. Market by Investment
36.2. Market by Area
36.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
36.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
36.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
37. Other Central & Eastern European Countries
37.1. Market by Investment
37.2. Market by Area
37.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
37.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
37.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
38. Middle East
38.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
38.2. Data Center Market by Investment
38.3. Data Center Market by Area
38.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
38.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
38.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
39. Uae
39.1. Market by Investment
39.2. Market by Area
39.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
39.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
39.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
40. Saudi Arabia
40.1. Market by Investment
40.2. Market by Area
40.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
40.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
40.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
41. Israel
41.1. Market by Investment
41.2. Market by Area
41.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
41.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
41.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
42. Oman
42.1. Market by Investment
42.2. Market by Area
42.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
42.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
42.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
43. Qatar
43.1. Market by Investment
43.2. Market by Area
43.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
43.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
43.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
44. Kuwait
44.1. Market by Investment
44.2. Market by Area
44.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
44.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
44.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
45. Jordan
45.1. Market by Investment
45.2. Market by Area
45.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
45.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
45.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
46. Bahrain
46.1. Market by Investment
46.2. Market by Area
46.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
46.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
46.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
47. Other Middle Eastern Countries
47.1. Market by Investment
47.2. Market by Area
47.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
47.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
47.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
48. Africa
48.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
48.2. Data Center Market by Investment
48.3. Data Center Market by Area
48.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
48.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
48.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
49. South Africa
49.1. Market by Investment
49.2. Market by Area
49.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
49.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
49.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
50. Kenya
50.1. Market by Investment
50.2. Market by Area
50.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
50.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
50.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
51. Nigeria
51.1. Market by Investment
51.2. Market by Area
51.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
51.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
51.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
52. Egypt
52.1. Market by Investment
52.2. Market by Area
52.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
52.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
52.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
53. Ethiopia
53.1. Market by Investment
53.2. Market by Area
53.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
53.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
53.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
54. Other African Countries
54.1. Market by Investment
54.2. Market by Area
54.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
54.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
54.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
55. Apac
55.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
55.2. Data Center Market by Investment
55.3. Data Center Market by Area
55.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
55.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
55.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
56. China
56.1. Market by Investment
56.2. Market by Area
56.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
56.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
56.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
57. Hong Kong
57.1. Market by Investment
57.2. Market by Area
57.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
57.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
57.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
58. Australia
58.1. Market by Investment
58.2. Market by Area
58.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
58.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
58.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
59. New Zealand
59.1. Market by Investment
59.2. Market by Area
59.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
59.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
59.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
60. India
60.1. Market by Investment
60.2. Market by Area
60.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
60.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
60.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
61. Japan
61.1. Market by Investment
61.2. Market by Area
61.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
61.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
61.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
62. Taiwan
62.1. Market by Investment
62.2. Market by Area
62.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
62.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
62.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
63. South Korea
63.1. Market by Investment
63.2. Market by Area
63.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
63.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
63.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
64. Rest of Apac
64.1. Market by Investment
64.2. Market by Area
64.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
64.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
64.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
65. Southeast Asia
65.1. Market Snapshot & Key Highlights
65.2. Data Center Market by Investment
65.3. Data Center Market by Area
65.4. Data Center Market by Power Capacity
65.5. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
65.6. Data Center Market by Colocation Revenue
66. Singapore
66.1. Market by Investment
66.2. Market by Area
66.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
66.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
66.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
67. Malaysia
67.1. Market by Investment
67.2. Market by Area
67.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
67.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
67.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
68. Thailand
68.1. Market by Investment
68.2. Market by Area
68.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
68.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
68.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
69. Indonesia
69.1. Market by Investment
69.2. Market by Area
69.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
69.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
69.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
70. Philippines
70.1. Market by Investment
70.2. Market by Area
70.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
70.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
70.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
71. Vietnam
71.1. Market by Investment
71.2. Market by Area
71.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
71.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
71.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
72. Rest of Southeast Asia
72.1. Market by Investment
72.2. Market by Area
72.3. Power Capacity & Renewable Energy Adoption
72.4. Data Center Market by Support Infrastructure
72.5. Market by Colocation Revenue
73. Competitive Landscape74. Market Participants75. Quantitative Summary
76. Appendix
76.1. Abbreviations
76.2. Definitions

Companies Mentioned

  • China Mobile International
  • China Telecom
  • China Unicom
  • Chindata Group
  • CoreSite
  • CyrusOne
  • Digital Realty
  • EdgeConneX
  • Equinix
  • GDS Services
  • NTT Data
  • STACK Infrastructure
  • ST Telemedia Global Data Centres
  • Vantage Data Centers
  • VNET
  • 365 Data Centers
  • AdaniConneX
  • Africa Data Centres
  • AirTrunk
  • Aligned Data Centers
  • American Tower
  • Atman
  • atNorth (Partners Group)
  • AT TOKYO
  • Aruba
  • Big Data Exchange (BDx)
  • CDC Data Centres
  • Center3
  • Chayora
  • CloudHQ
  • Cologix
  • Colt Data Centre Services (Colt DCS)
  • Compass Datacenters
  • COPT Data Center Solutions
  • CtrlS Datacenters
  • Cyxtera Technologies (Brookfield Infrastructure Partners)
  • DATA4
  • DataBank
  • DC BLOX
  • DCI Indonesia
  • Edge Centres
  • ePLDT
  • Flexential
  • Global Switch
  • Green Mountain
  • Gulf Data Hub
  • H5 Data Centers
  • HostDime
  • Iron Mountain
  • Internet Thailand
  • KDDI
  • Keppel Data Centres
  • Khazna Data Centers
  • LG Uplus
  • MettaDC
  • NEXTDC
  • Open Access Data Centres
  • Orange Business Services
  • Princeton Digital Group
  • QTS Realty Trust
  • Rostelecom Data Centers
  • Sabey Data Centers
  • Skybox Datacenters
  • Stream Data Centers
  • Scala Data Centers
  • Sify Technologies
  • SUNeVison Holdings (iAdvantage)
  • Switch
  • T5 Data Centers
  • Tenglong Holding Group
  • TierPoint
  • Turkcell
  • Urbacon Data Centre Solutions
  • Viettel IDC
  • Wingu
  • Yondr
  • Yotta Infrastructure
  • AQ Compute
  • Corscale Data Centers
  • Gaw Capital Partners
  • EDGNEX Data Centres by DAMAC
  • ESR
  • Gatineau Data Hub (GDH)
  • iMCritical
  • IXAfrica
  • Kasi Cloud
  • PowerHouse Data Centers
  • Quantum Loophole
  • QScale
  • YCO Cloud
  • YTL Data Center

Methodology


Our research comprises a mix of primary and secondary research. The secondary research sources that are typically referred to include, but are not limited to, company websites, annual reports, financial reports, company pipeline charts, broker reports, investor presentations and SEC filings, journals and conferences, internal proprietary databases, news articles, press releases, and webcasts specific to the companies operating in any given market.

Primary research involves email interactions with the industry participants across major geographies. The participants who typically take part in such a process include, but are not limited to, CEOs, VPs, business development managers, market intelligence managers, and national sales managers. We primarily rely on internal research work and internal databases that we have populated over the years. We cross-verify our secondary research findings with the primary respondents participating in the study.



 

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