Smart materials, also known as advanced or creative materials, are described as advanced materials that react intuitively to environmental changes or as materials that can return to their original shape in response to certain stimuli. Smart materials are classified as either active or passive based on their characteristics. There are two types of active materials. The first kind cannot change its characteristics when subjected to outside stimuli, for example photochromatic spectacles that only alter their color when exposed to sunlight. The other, which includes piezoelectric materials, can change one sort of energy (thermal, electrical, chemical, mechanical, or optical) into another. When subjected to external pressure, it can generate an electric charge. As an example, optical fibers can transmit electromagnetic waves. In contrast, passive smart materials can transmit a specific sort of energy. They have some amazing qualities that set them apart from other materials, such as transiency, meaning they can react to different kinds of external stimuli immediately, self-actuation or the capacity to change their appearance and shape, selectivity where the response is divided and expected, directness when the response is limited to the activating event, shape-changing where the material can change its shape to external stimuli, their ability to determine their own health, also known as self-diagnosis, and their ability to self-heal.
The ability to synthesize novel materials has substantially progressed thanks to science and technology over the past 20 years. They fall mostly into the following four categories: polymers, ceramics, metals, and smart materials. Among these, smart materials are gaining popularity since they have more uses than conventional materials. Smart materials are unusual substances that have the ability to alter their properties, such as those that can immediately change their phase when placed near a magnet or their shape simply by applying heat. Humanity will be significantly impacted by this new era of smart materials. For instance, some of them can adapt their properties to the environment, some have sensory capabilities, some can repair themselves automatically, and some can degrade themselves. These extraordinary properties of smart materials will have an effect on all facets of civilization. There are many different types of intelligent materials, including magnetorheological materials, electro-rheostat materials, shape memory alloys, piezoelectric materials, and more.
This book describes many forms of smart materials and their possible uses in various fields. A literature survey discusses the different types of smart materials, such as based ceramics, polymers, and organic compounds and their needs, advantages, disadvantages, and applications will be comprehensively discussed. A discussion of well-established smart materials including piezoelectric, magnetostrictive, shape memory alloy, electro-rheological fluid, and magnetorheological fluid materials will be discussed with their present prospects.
Table of Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xix
Scope of the Book xxi
1 Introduction: Historical Overview, Current and Future Perspective 1
Unni kisan, R.R. Awashthi and Sanjeev Kumar Trivedi
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Overview of Smart Material 4
1.3 About Smart Materials 6
1.4 Current and Future Perspectives of Smart Materials 11
2 Fabrication and Characterization Tools for Organic Semiconductors as Smart Materials in Optoelectronic Device Applications 17
Minakshi Sharma, Chandra Mohan Singh Negi, Parvez Ahmed Alvi and Saral Kumar Gupta
2.1 Introduction 18
2.2 Overview of Organic Semiconductors 18
2.3 Optoelectronic Properties of Conjugated Polymers 19
2.4 Optoelectronic Devices 19
2.5 Overview of Smart Materials 22
2.6 Methods and Techniques 25
2.7 Methodology 29
2.8 Characterization Techniques 30
2.9 Conclusion and Future Work 34
3 Smart Scaffold Constructs for Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering 39
Princy Choudhary, Ayushi Gupta, Saurabh Kumar Gupta, Shrey Dwivedi and Sangeeta Singh
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Applications of Smart Scaffolds in Different Areas 43
3.3 Future Advancements and Techniques to Improve Efficiency of Scaffolds 60
3.4 Conclusion 63
4 Application of Smart Materials in Dental Sciences 75
Ruqaiya Saleem, Amaresh Kumar Sahoo and Shalini Gupta
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Clinical Applications of Smart Materials in Various Branches of Dentistry 77
4.3 Conclusion 85
5 Graphene-Related Smart Material (GRSM): Synthesis, Characterization, and Application in Optoelectronics Devices 89
Varsha Yadav, Rahul Bhatnagar and Saral Kumar Gupta
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Experimental Methods and Materials 94
5.3 Results and Discussion 96
5.4 Conclusions 100
6 Synthesis and Characterization of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Fly-Ash-Reinforced Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Composite 105
Rahul Bhatnagar and Varsha Yadav
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Materials and Methods 109
6.3 Results and Discussion 112
6.4 Conclusion 115
7 Organic Smart Materials: Synthesis, Characterization, and Application 121
Shivaleela B. and S. M. Hanagodimath
7.1 Introduction 121
7.2 Organic Smart Materials 122
7.3 Materials and Experimental Methods 124
7.4 Synthesis of Organic Smart Materials 125
7.5 Results and Discussion 127
7.6 Applications 131
7.7 Conclusions 133
8 Magnetostrictive Material-Based Smart Materials, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications 135
inki Singh and Sonam Perween
8.1 Introduction 136
8.2 Overview of Smart Materials Based on Magnetostrictive Materials 137
8.3 Origin of Magnetostriction 138
8.4 Synthesis of Magnetostrictive Materials 140
8.5 Properties of Magnetostrictive Materials 141
8.6 Methods of Magnetostrictive Property Measurement 144
8.7 Application of the Magnetostrictive Smart Materials 145
8.8 Conclusion 148
9 Materials Development of Supercapacitors--Promising Device for Future Energy Storage Applications 151
Ram Chhavi Sharma
9.1 Introduction 151
9.2 Principle of Operation of Conventional Capacitors and Supercapacitor 154
9.3 Types of Supercapacitors 155
9.4 Development of Advanced Materials for Supercapacitors 160
9.5 Applications of Supercapacitors 164
9.6 Conclusion 166
10 Smart Solid Electrolyte Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Batteries 173
Pawan Kumar, Shalu Rani and Sanjay Kumar
10.1 Introduction 173
10.2 Fundamental Aspects, Different Types of Electrolytes, and the Role of the Electrolyte in Battery Technology 175
10.3 Conductivity Enhancement Approach in Solid Electrolyte Materials 182
10.4 Synthesis Approaches for Solid Electrolytes 184
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective 186
11 Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Solar Cells 191
Indu Sharma, Neha Bisht, Parag R. Patil, Pravin S. Pawar, Rahul Kumar Yadav, Yong Tae Kim and Jaeyeong Heo
11.1 Introduction 191
11.2 Types of Solar Cells 194
11.3 Future Trends and Possibilities for Tackling the Challenges in the Improvement of Smart Materials 209
11.4 Summary 212
12 Mixed-Dimensional 2D-3D Perovskite Solar Cells: Origin, Development, and Applications 221
Vani Pawar, Bhumika Sharma and Sushobhan Avasthi
12.1 Introduction 222
12.2 Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 223
12.3 Low-Dimensional (2D or 2D-3D Mixed) Perovskites 229
12.4 Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) Perovskites 231
12.5 Dion-Jacobson (DJ) Perovskites 239
12.6 Alternating Cation Interlayers 244
12.7 Additive Engineering 249
12.8 Compositional Engineering 252
12.9 Functional Perovskite Photovoltaics 254
12.10 Conclusion and Future Outlook 259
13 Advanced Materials in Energy Conversion Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 269
Amit Kumar Verma, Prerna Tripathi, Akhoury Sudhir Kumar Sinha and Shikha Singh
13.1 Introduction 269
13.2 Fuel Cell Types and Advancement in Electrode Materials 273
13.3 Current Application Status 279
13.4 Challenges 279
13.5 Conclusion 280
14 Smart Materials in Energy Storage Devices: Fuel Cells and Biofuel Cells 287
Baliram Gurunath Rathod and Venkata Giridhar Poosarla
14.1 Introduction 287
14.2 Relation of Smart Materials and MFCs 288
14.3 MFCs and Their Mechanism 289
14.4 Classification of MFCs 291
14.5 Microorganisms Involved in MFCs 291
14.6 MFC Systems 293
14.7 Design of MFCs 294
14.8 Functions/Operations of MFCs 296
14.9 Components of MFCs 297
14.10 Energy from MFCs 298
14.11 Recent Developments and Challenges in Smart Materials for Energy Storage Devices 299
14.12 Future Perspectives 299
14.13 Conclusion 300
15 Role of Smart Materials in Environmental Remediation: CO2 Capture and CO2 Reduction 305
Yogendra K. Gautam, Durvesh Gautam, Manohar Singh, Himani, Kavita Sharma, Beer Pal Singh and Anuj Kumar
15.1 Introduction 305
15.2 CO2 Reduction Techniques 307
15.3 Conclusion 318
16 Soft Perovskite Semiconductors for Future Optical Electronics 325
Rashmi Yadav and Bhoopendra Yadav
16.1 Introduction 325
16.2 Perovskite Structure and Characteristics 326
16.3 Composition Engineering Effects 327
16.4 Interface Engineering Effects 328
16.5 Bandgap Engineering Effects 328
16.6 Stability and Degradation Mechanism in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs) 330
16.7 Novel Applications 332
16.8 Conclusion 332
17 Band Gap Engineering and Nanopatterning of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beams Applicable for Futuristic Microelectronics 337
Dipak Bhowmik, Joy Mukherjee and Prasanta Karmakar
17.1 Introduction 337
17.2 Experimental Details 338
17.3 Nanopattern Formation on Mica Surface and Its Wettability Property by Low-Energy Ion 340
17.4 Band Gap Engineering of Muscovite Mica by Low-Energy Ion Beam svia Few-Layer and Monolayer Modification 350
17.5 Conclusion 356
Acknowledgments 357
References 357
About the Editors 361
Index 363
