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The Global Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Market 2025-2045

Report
256 Pages
February 2025
Region: Global
Future Markets, Inc
ID: 5956521

The global carbon dioxide removal (CDR) market is experiencing rapid growth driven by increasing corporate commitments to net-zero targets and growing recognition of the need for negative emissions technologies. Current market size is estimated at approximately $2 billion, with projections suggesting expansion to $50 billion by 2030 and potentially exceeding $250 billion by 2035.

The market encompasses various technologies, with direct air capture (DAC), bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), and enhanced weathering representing the leading engineered approaches. Natural solutions including afforestation, soil carbon sequestration, and ocean-based methods complement these technological approaches. Direct air capture, while currently small in scale, is attracting significant investment and corporate interest, with costs ranging from $200-900 per ton CO2 removed depending on technology and scale.

Technology development is advancing rapidly across multiple fronts. Direct air capture companies are scaling operations and reducing costs through improved designs and operational experience. Enhanced weathering projects are moving from research to commercial demonstration, while BECCS facilities are expanding in scale and efficiency. Novel approaches including bio-oil sequestration and mineralization technologies are emerging from research phases. Market growth is supported by increasing corporate demand for high-quality carbon removal credits, particularly from technology companies and financial institutions. Advanced market commitments and long-term purchase agreements are providing crucial revenue certainty for project developers. Government support through programs like the US 45Q tax credit and European Union innovation funding is improving project economics.

The voluntary carbon market is evolving to differentiate carbon removal credits from traditional avoidance credits, with removal credits commanding premium prices. Market infrastructure development includes new trading platforms, improved verification methodologies, and specialized financial products. Integration with existing carbon markets and development of standardized protocols are supporting market maturity.

Market prospects are strong, driven by increasing recognition of the need for carbon dioxide removal to meet climate goals. Technological advancement and scaling effects are expected to reduce costs significantly, potentially reaching $100-200 per ton for some approaches by 2035. Market growth faces challenges including high current costs, infrastructure requirements, and regulatory uncertainty.

Key trends shaping future development include integration of multiple CDR approaches, development of regional removal hubs, and increasing focus on permanence and verification. The market is likely to see consolidation among technology providers while maintaining diversity in removal approaches. Success requires parallel development of supporting infrastructure, particularly CO2 transport and storage networks.

Policy support is expected to strengthen globally, with carbon pricing mechanisms and regulatory frameworks evolving to support CDR deployment. International cooperation on standards and protocols could accelerate market development while ensuring environmental integrity. The sector is attracting increasing investment from both venture capital and strategic industrial players, supporting continued innovation and scaling.

The market outlook suggests significant growth potential, with estimates indicating the need for gigatonne-scale removal capacity by 2050. Achievement of this scale requires sustained commitment to technology development, infrastructure investment, and supportive policy frameworks. Integration with broader climate mitigation efforts and careful consideration of environmental impacts will be crucial for sustainable market growth.

The Global Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Market 2025-2045 provides detailed insights into technologies, market trends, and growth opportunities through 2045. The report examines the transformation from conventional carbon reduction approaches to active carbon removal solutions, offering crucial market forecasts and competitive intelligence across all major CDR technologies and approaches. The study provides extensive coverage of key technologies including Direct Air Capture (DAC), Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS), Enhanced Weathering, Ocean-based CDR, and nature-based solutions. It analyzes major application areas, market drivers, and deployment challenges while offering detailed market forecasts from 2025-2045 segmented by technology and geography.

Key features include:

Comprehensive analysis of carbon credit markets and pricing mechanisms
Detailed technology assessments and commercialization roadmaps
In-depth coverage of over 140 companies shaping the industry.
Analysis of policy frameworks and regulatory environments
Environmental impact and sustainability considerations
Strategic insights into market opportunities and challenges
Regional market analysis covering major global regions
Detailed cost analysis and economic viability assessments

The report provides particular focus on emerging technologies and innovative approaches, including mineralization-based CDR, soil carbon sequestration, and hybrid solutions. It examines the crucial role of carbon markets, pricing mechanisms, and verification systems in driving industry growth.

Extended coverage includes:

Technology readiness levels across all CDR approaches
Supply chain analysis and value chain optimization
Investment trends and funding analysis
Corporate commitments and market drivers
Infrastructure requirements and deployment challenges
Environmental impact assessments
Policy and regulatory frameworks

1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Main sources of carbon dioxide emissions
1.2 CO2 as a commodity
1.3 History and evolution of carbon markets
1.4 Meeting climate targets
1.5 Mitigation costs of CDR technologies
1.6 Market map
1.7 CDR in voluntary carbon markets
1.8 CDR investments
1.9 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
1.10 Market size
1.10.1 Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology
1.10.2 DACCS Carbon Removal
1.10.3 BECCS Carbon Removal
1.10.4 Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal
1.10.5 Mineralization Carbon Removal
1.10.6 Ocean-based Carbon Removal

2 INTRODUCTION

2.1 Conventional CDR on land
2.1.1 Wetland and peatland restoration
2.1.2 Cropland, grassland, and agroforestry
2.2 Main CDR methods
2.3 Novel CDR methods
2.4 Market drivers
2.5 Value chain
2.6 Deployment of carbon dioxide removal technologies

3 CARBON CREDITS

3.1 Description
3.2 Carbon pricing
3.3 Carbon Removal vs Carbon Avoidance Offsetting
3.4 Carbon credit certification
3.5 Carbon registries
3.6 Carbon credit quality
3.7 Voluntary Carbon Credits
3.7.1 Definition
3.7.2 Purchasing
3.7.3 Market players
3.7.4 Pricing
3.8 Compliance Carbon Credits
3.8.1 Definition
3.8.2 Market players
3.8.3 Pricing
3.9 Durable carbon dioxide removal (CDR) credits
3.10 Corporate commitments
3.11 Increasing government support and regulations
3.12 Advancements in carbon offset project verification and monitoring
3.13 Potential for blockchain technology in carbon credit trading
3.14 Buying and Selling Carbon Credits
3.14.1 Carbon credit exchanges and trading platforms
3.14.2 Over-the-counter (OTC) transactions
3.14.3 Pricing mechanisms and factors affecting carbon credit prices
3.15 Certification
3.16 Challenges and risks
3.17 Market size

4 BIOMASS WITH CARBON REMOVAL AND STORAGE (BICRS)

4.1 Feedstocks
4.2 BiCRS Conversion Pathways
4.3 Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS)
4.3.1 Biomass conversion
4.3.2 CO2 capture technologies
4.3.3 BECCS facilities
4.3.4 Cost analysis
4.3.5 BECCS carbon credits
4.3.6 Challenges
4.4 BIOCHAR
4.4.1 What is biochar?
4.4.2 Properties of biochar
4.4.3 Feedstocks
4.4.4 Production processes
4.4.4.1 Sustainable production
4.4.4.2 Pyrolysis
4.4.4.3 Gasification
4.4.4.4 Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)
4.4.4.5 Torrefaction
4.4.4.6 Equipment manufacturers
4.4.5 Biochar pricing
4.4.6 Biochar carbon credits
4.4.6.1 Overview
4.4.6.2 Removal and reduction credits
4.4.6.3 The advantage of biochar
4.4.6.4 Prices
4.4.6.5 Buyers of biochar credits
4.4.6.6 Competitive materials and technologies
4.5 Approaches beyond BECCS and biochar
4.5.1 Bio-oil based CDR
4.5.2 Integration of biomass-derived carbon into steel and concrete
4.5.3 Bio-based construction materials for CDR

5 DIRECT AIR CAPTURE AND STORAGE (DACCS)

5.1 Description
5.2 Deployment
5.3 Point source carbon capture versus Direct Air Capture
5.4 DAC and other Energy Sources
5.5 Deployment and Scale-Up
5.6 Costs
5.7 Technologies
5.7.1 Solid sorbents
5.7.2 Liquid sorbents
5.7.3 Liquid solvents
5.7.4 Airflow equipment integration
5.7.5 Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC)
5.7.6 Direct conversion
5.7.7 Co-product generation
5.7.8 Low Temperature DAC
5.7.9 Regeneration methods
5.7.10 Commercialization and plants
5.7.11 Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in DAC
5.8 DAC plants and projects-current and planned
5.9 Markets for DAC
5.10 Cost analysis
5.11 Challenges
5.12 SWOT analysis
5.13 Players and production

6 MINERALIZATION-BASED CDR

6.1 Overview
6.2 Storage in CO2-Derived Concrete
6.3 Oxide Looping
6.4 Enhanced Weathering
6.4.1 Overview
6.4.2 Benefits
6.4.3 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
6.4.4 Applications
6.4.5 Commercial activity and companies
6.4.6 Challenges and Risks
6.5 Cost analysis
6.6 SWOT analysis

7 AFFORESTATION/REFORESTATION

7.1 Overview
7.2 Carbon dioxide removal methods
7.2.1 Nature-based CDR
7.2.2 Land-based CDR
7.3 Technologies
7.3.1 Remote Sensing
7.3.2 Drone technology and robotics
7.3.3 Automated forest fire detection systems
7.3.4 AI/ML
7.3.5 Genetics
7.4 Trends and Opportunities
7.5 Challenges and Risks
7.6 SWOT analysis

8 SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION (SCS)

8.1 Overview
8.2 Practices
8.3 Measuring and Verifying
8.4 Companies
8.5 Trends and Opportunities
8.6 Carbon credits
8.7 Challenges and Risks
8.8 SWOT analysis

9 OCEAN-BASED CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL

9.1 Overview
9.2 CO2 capture from seawater
9.3 Ocean fertilisation
9.3.1 Biotic Methods
9.3.2 Coastal blue carbon ecosystems
9.3.3 Algal Cultivation
9.3.4 Artificial Upwelling
9.4 Ocean alkalinisation
9.4.1 Electrochemical ocean alkalinity enhancement
9.4.2 Direct Ocean Capture
9.4.3 Artificial Downwelling
9.5 Monitoring, Reporting, and Verification (MRV)
9.6 Ocean-based CDR Carbon Credits
9.7 Trends and Opportunities
9.8 Ocean-based carbon credits
9.9 Cost analysis
9.10 Challenges and Risks
9.11 SWOT analysis
9.12 Companies

10 COMPANY PROFILES (143 company profiles)11 ABBREVIATIONS12 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY13 REFERENCES

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. History and Evolution of Carbon Credit Markets
Table 2. Long-term marginal abatement costs of selected removal methods
Table 3. Companies in Voluntary Carbon Markets
Table 4. CDR investments and VC funding by company
Table 5. CDR versus CCUS
Table 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
Table 7. Carbon Dioxide Removal Revenues by Technology (Billion US$)
Table 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Table 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Table 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Table 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Table 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Table 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Table 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Table 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Table 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Table 17. Global purchases of CO2 removal (tonnes) 2019-2024
Table 18. Main CDR methods
Table 19. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) for Carbon Dioxide Removal Methods
Table 20. Carbon Dioxide Removal Technology Benchmarking
Table 21. Novel CDR Methods
Table 22. Market drivers for carbon dioxide removal (CDR)
Table 23. CDR Value Chain
Table 24. Engineered Carbon Dioxide Removal Value Chain
Table 25. Carbon pricing and carbon markets
Table 26. Carbon Removal vs Emission Reduction Offsets
Table 27. Carbon Crediting Programs
Table 28. Voluntary Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 29. Compliance Carbon Credits Key Market Players and Projects
Table 30. Comparison of Voluntary and Compliance Carbon Credits
Table 31. Durable Carbon Removal Buyers
Table 32. Prices of CDR Credits
Table 33. Major Corporate Carbon Credit Commitments
Table 34. Key Carbon Market Regulations and Support Mechanisms
Table 35. Carbon credit prices by company and technology
Table 36. Carbon Credit Exchanges and Trading Platforms
Table 37. OTC Carbon Market Characteristics
Table 38. Challenges and Risks
Table 39.Carbon Market 2024 and Forecast to 2035
Table 40. TRL of Biomass Conversion Processes and Products by Feedstock
Table 41. BiCRS feedstocks
Table 42. BiCRS conversion pathways
Table 43. BiCRS Technological Challenges
Table 44. CO2 capture technologies for BECCS
Table 45. Existing and planned capacity for sequestration of biogenic carbon
Table 46. Existing facilities with capture and/or geologic sequestration of biogenic CO2
Table 47. BECCS Challenges
Table 48. Summary of key properties of biochar
Table 49. Biochar physicochemical and morphological properties
Table 50. Biochar feedstocks-source, carbon content, and characteristics
Table 51. Biochar production technologies, description, advantages and disadvantages
Table 52. Comparison of slow and fast pyrolysis for biomass
Table 53. Comparison of thermochemical processes for biochar production
Table 54. Biochar production equipment manufacturers
Table 55. Competitive materials and technologies that can also earn carbon credits
Table 56. Bio-oil-based CDR pros and cons
Table 57. Advantages and disadvantages of DAC
Table 58. DAC vs Point-Source Carbon Capture
Table 59. Capture Cost of DAC
Table 60. Component Specific Capture Cost Contributions for DACCS
Table 61. CO2 Capture/Separation Mechanisms in DAC
Table 62. Emerging solid sorbent materials for DAC
Table 63.Solid Sorbent vs Liquid Solvent-based DAC
Table 64. Companies developing airflow equipment integration with DAC
Table 65. Companies developing Passive Direct Air Capture (PDAC) technologies
Table 66. Companies developing regeneration methods for DAC technologies
Table 67. DAC technology developers and production
Table 68. DAC projects in development
Table 69. Markets for DAC
Table 70. Costs summary for DAC
Table 71. Cost estimates of DAC
Table 72. Challenges for DAC technology
Table 73. TRLs of Direct Air Capture Companies
Table 74. DACCS Carbon Credit Sales by Company
Table 75. DAC companies and technologies
Table 76. Ex Situ Mineralization CDR Methods
Table 77. Source Materials for Ex Situ Mineralization
Table 78. Companies in CO2-derived Concrete
Table 79. Enhanced Weathering Applications
Table 80. Enhanced Weathering Materials and Processes
Table 81. Enhanced Weathering Companies
Table 82. Trends and Opportunities in Enhanced Weathering
Table 83. Challenges and Risks in Enhanced Weathering
Table 84. Cost analysis of enhanced weathering
Table 85. Nature-based CDR approaches
Table 86. Comparison of A/R and BECCS
Table 87. Forest Carbon Removal Projects
Table 88. Companies in Robotics in A/R
Table 89. Trends and Opportunities in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 90.Challenges and Risks in Afforestation/Reforestation
Table 91. Soil Carbon Sequestration Methods
Table 92. Soil Sampling and Analysis Methods
Table 93. Remote Sensing and Modeling Techniques
Table 94. Companies Using Microbial Inoculation for Soil Carbon Sequestration
Table 95. Marketplaces for SCS-based CDR Credits
Table 96. Challenges and Risks in Soil Carbon Sequestration
Table 97. Ocean-based CDR methods
Table 98. Technology Readiness Level (TRL) Chart for Ocean-based CDR
Table 99. Benchmarking of Ocean-based CDR Methods
Table 100. Ocean-based CDR: Biotic Methods
Table 101. Market Players in Ocean-based CDR

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Carbon emissions by sector
Figure 2. Overview of CCUS market
Figure 3. Pathways for CO2 use
Figure 4. Cost estimates for long-distance CO2 transport
Figure 5. Carbon Dioxide Removal Market Map
Figure 6. Carbon dioxide removal capacity by technology (million metric tons of CO2/year), 2020-2045
Figure 7. Carbon dioxide removal revenues by technology (billion US$), 2020-2045
Figure 8. DACCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Figure 9. DACCS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Figure 10. BECCS Carbon Removal Capacity Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Figure 11. Biochar and Biomass Burial Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Figure 12. BiCRS Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Figure 13. Mineralization Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Figure 14. Mineralization Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Figure 15. Ocean-based Carbon Removal Forecast (Million Metric Tons CO2/Year)
Figure 16. Ocean-based Carbon Credit Revenue Forecast (Million US$)
Figure 17. BiCRS Value Chain
Figure 18. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) process
Figure 19. Schematic of biochar production
Figure 20. Biochars from different sources, and by pyrolyzation at different temperatures
Figure 21. Compressed biochar
Figure 22. Biochar production diagram
Figure 23. Pyrolysis process and by-products in agriculture
Figure 24. CO2 captured from air using liquid and solid sorbent DAC plants, storage, and reuse
Figure 25. Global CO2 capture from biomass and DAC in the Net Zero Scenario
Figure 26. DAC technologies
Figure 27. Schematic of Climeworks DAC system
Figure 28. Climeworks’ first commercial direct air capture (DAC) plant, based in Hinwil, Switzerland
Figure 29. Flow diagram for solid sorbent DAC
Figure 30. Direct air capture based on high temperature liquid sorbent by Carbon Engineering
Figure 31. Global capacity of direct air capture facilities
Figure 32. Global map of DAC and CCS plants
Figure 33. Schematic of costs of DAC technologies
Figure 35. Operating costs of generic liquid and solid-based DAC systems
Figure 36. SWOT analysis: DACCS
Figure 37. Capture of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere using bricks of calcium hydroxide
Figure 38. Carbon capture using mineral carbonation
Figure 39. SWOT analysis: enhanced weathering
Figure 40. SWOT analysis: afforestation/reforestation
Figure 41. Soil Carbon Sequestration Value Chain
Figure 42. SWOT analysis: SCS
Figure 43. SWOT analysis: Ocean-based CDR
Figure 44. Schematic of carbon capture solar project
Figure 45. Capchar prototype pyrolysis kiln
Figure 46. Carbon Blade system
Figure 47. CarbonCure Technology
Figure 48. Direct Air Capture Process
Figure 49. Orca facility
Figure 50. Carbon Capture balloon
Figure 51. Holy Grail DAC system
Figure 52. Infinitree swing method
Figure 53. Mosaic Materials MOFs
Figure 54. Neustark modular plant
Figure 55. OCOchem’s Carbon Flux Electrolyzer
Figure 56. RepAir technology
Figure 57. Soletair Power unit
Figure 58. CALF-20 has been integrated into a rotating CO2 capture machine (left), which operates inside a CO2 plant module (right)
Figure 59. Takavator

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

A selection of companies mentioned in this report includes, but is not limited to:

R-BioPhosphate
44.01
8Rivers
AirCapture
Air Liquide
Air Quality Solutions
AspiraDAC
Avnos
Banyu Carbon
BC Biocarbon
Biochar Now
Bio-Logica Carbon
Biomacon
Biosorra
Blusink
Brineworks
Calcin8 Technologies
Cambridge Carbon Capture
Capchar
Captura Corporation
Captur Tower
Capture6
Carba
Carbon Blade
Carbon Blue
Carbon CANTONNE
Carbon Capture Inc.
Carbon Clean
Carbon Collect
CarbonCure Technologies
CarbonFree
CarbonQuest
CarbonStar Systems
Carbon Engineering
Carbon Reform
CarbonZero
Carbyon
Charm Industrial
Chiyoda Corporation
Clairity Technology
Climeworks
CO280
CO2CirculAir
Cool Planet Energy
CREW Carbon
C-Quester
Cquestr8
Decarbontek
Deep Sky
Drax
Ebb Carbon
EcoCera
EcoLocked
Eion Carbon
E-Quester
Equatic
Equinor
Freres Biochar
Funga
GigaBlue
Graphyte
Grassroots Biochar
GreenCap Solutions
Green Sequest
Greenlyte Carbon Technologies
Gulf Coast Sequestration
Heimdal CCU
Heirloom Carbon Technologies
High Hopes Labs
Holy Grail
Hydrocell
Hyvegeo
Infinitree
InnoSepra
Inplanet
InterEarth
ION Clean Energy
Kawasaki Heavy Industries
Levidian Nanosystems
Limenet
Lithos Carbon
Mantel Capture
Mercurius Biorefining
Minera Systems
Mission Zero Technologies
MOFWORX
Mosaic Materials
Myno Carbon
NEG8 Carbon
NeoCarbon
NetZero
Neustark
Nevel
Novocarbo
novoMOF
Noya
Nuada Carbon Capture
Occidental Petroleum
OCOchem
Octavia Carbon
Onnu
Parallel Carbon

Methodology

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Key features include:

Extended coverage includes:

Table of Contents

Companies Mentioned (Partial List)

Methodology

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