Bioderived Materials: Harnessing Nature for Advanced Biochemical Handiwork

Table of Contents

CHAPTER 1 PEPTIDOMIMETICS A VERSATILE SYNTHON FOR BIOMATERIALS:

• DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND SOLUTIONS
• Ankita Sharma, Naureen Khan, Vaibhav Shivhare, Rishabh Ahuja and Anita Dutt
• Konar

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. What are Peptides?
1.2. A Brief Overview of Different Amino Acids

2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS
2.1. Need for Protecting Groups
2.2. For Peptide System
2.3. Problems Encountered in Peptide Reactions

3. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IN PROTEINS
3.1. Primary (1°) Structure
3.2. Secondary (2°) Structure
3.3. Tertiary (3°) Structure
3.4. Quaternary (4°) Structure

4. TOOLS FOR STABILIZING SECONDARY STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF

• PROTEINS: INTRODUCTION TO TORSION ANGLES AND RAMACHANDRAN PLOT

5. DIFFERENT FOLDING PATTERNS/SECONDARY STRUCTURES OF PROTEINS
5.1. Helices
5.1.1. α-helix
5.1.2. 310-helix
5.1.3. π-helix
5.2. β-sheets
5.3. Reverse Turns
5.3.1. β-Turn
5.3.2. γ-Turns

6. Β-TURN PEPTIDOMIMETIC
6.1. Peptidomimetics and Their Importance
6.2. How Peptidomimetics Reduces Proteolysis and Increases Therapeutic Effects?

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2 BIOINSPIRED CATALYSIS WITH BIOMIMETIC CLUSTERS

• Abhishek Banerjee, Bishwajit Paul and Vijaykumar S. Marakatti

1. INTRODUCTION

2. NATURE OF CATALYSTS
2.1. Bioinorganic Catalysis by Nitrogenase Mimics
2.1.1. Composition of the Active Site of Nitrogenase
2.2. Bioinorganic Catalysis by Nitrogenase Mimics

3. BIOINORGANIC CATALYSIS BY β-LACTAMASE MIMICS
3.1. Mono- and Dinuclear Zinc Complexes as Metallo-β-Lactamase Mimics
3.2. Hydrolysis of Organophosphate Esters: Phosphotriesterase Activity of Metallo--

• -lactamase and its Functional Mimics

4. HETEROGENOUS CATALYSIS FOR THE ACTIVATION OF N2 IN AMMONIA

• SYNTHESIS

4.1. Electrides
4.2. Hydrides
4.3. Nitrides
4.4. Oxides
4.5. Novel Catalysts

• CONCLUSION
• OUTLOOK AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3 DESIGNER BIO-INSPIRED HYDROGELS : A KEY TO BIOMEDICAL

• CHALLENGES
• Naureen Khan, Vaibhav Shivhare, Rishabh Ahuja and Anita Dutt Konar

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Why Peptide Based Hydrogels?
1.2. Principle of Hydrogel Formation

2. UNDERSTANDING THE STRUCTURES OF THE SCAFFOLDS THAT LED TO THE

• FORMATION OF EFFICIENT GELS

2.1. Basic Recipe of Hydrogel Formation

3. MAIN CRITERIA FOR ANY HYDROGEL TO BE USED AS A MATERIAL
3.1. Rheology
3.1.1. Frequency Sweep and Amplitude Sweep Measurements

4. BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
4.1. Proteolytic Stability
4.2. Biocompatibility
4.2.1. The MTT Assay
4.2.2. Hemolysis
4.2.3. Lipid Peroxidation Assay
4.3. Injectability
4.3.1. Step Strain Measurement

5. FIRST FOCUS ON BIOMEDICAL APPLICATION IS
5.1. Drug Delivery
5.2. Antimicrobial Agents
5.2.1. Anti-Bacterial Agents
5.2.2. Antifungal Activities
5.2.3. Anti-inflammatory Activities
5.2.4. Wound Healing

6. WORKING PRINCIPLE

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4 NATURAL BIOMATERIALS: AN ESSENTIAL ELEMENT FOR IN VITRO

• DISEASE MODELING
• Sukanya Gayan, Malhar Chitnis, Disha Kshirsagar and Tuli Dey

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BIOMATERIALS
2.1. Biomaterials Originated from Plant
2.2. Biomaterials from Animal Sources
2.3. Natural Biomaterial-based Models
2.4. Recent Advances in the Field of in vitro Disease Modeling
2.4.1. Cardiovascular Diseases
2.4.2. Liver Diseases
2.4.3. Kidney Diseases
2.4.4. Neuronal Diseases
2.4.5. Cancer

• CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5 SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE

• COMPOSITES
• Juhi Singh, Anindya Basu and Sierin Lim

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PROPERTIES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE

3. BACTERIAL CELLULOSE COMPOSITES
3.1. Small Molecules
3.1.1. BC Composite for Drug Delivery
3.1.2. BC Wound Dressing
3.1.3. Physically Modified BC as Drug Delivery Matrix
3.2. Biomacromolecules
3.2.1. Polysaccharides
3.2.2. Proteins
3.2.3. Peptides
3.3. Polymers
3.4. Nanoparticles

4. SYNTHESIS AND DESIGN OF BC COMPOSITES
4.1. Modifications During Fermentation
4.1.1. Incorporation of Synthetic Molecules into Culture Media
4.1.2. Synthetic Biology
4.2. Modifications after Fermentation
4.2.1. As Obtained
4.2.2. Processed (Dried) BC Pellicles
4.2.3. Fibrillated State
4.2.4. Biofunctionalization

5. APPLICATIONS
5.1. Pharmaceutical Applications
5.1.1. Wound Healing and Tissue Regeneration
5.1.2. Drug Delivery
5.2. Diagnostic Applications
5.2.1. Biosensors
5.2.2. Conductive Materials and Optoelectronics
5.3. Food Applications
5.3.1. Food Packaging
5.3.2. Artificial Meat, Fat Replacer and Raw Material for Food
5.4. Cosmetics
5.5. Applications as Matrix
5.5.1. Adhesive Platforms
5.5.2. Immobilization Platform

• CONCLUSION
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6 BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES: NATURE’S OWN NANOMATERIALS

• Lipika Mirdha and Hirak Chakraborty

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. Architecture of Biomembranes
1.2. Significance of Bilayer Lipids Asymmetry and Composition Disparity
1.3. Membrane Properties

2. ROLE OF MEMBRANE BILAYER IN VARIOUS BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS
2.1. Protein Sorting
2.2. Lipid Biosynthesis and Sorting
2.3. Glycosylation and Acylation of Proteins
2.4. Signal Transduction
2.5. Electron Transfer
2.6. Oxidative Phosphorylation

• CONCLUDING REMARKS
• REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7 AN OVERVIEW OF MICROBE-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

• Manasi Varma, Sunil Kumar, Nikita Khanna, Vandita Kakkar and Sandip V. Pawar

1. INTRODUCTION

2. HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MICROBE-BASED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS

3. DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS AMONG MICROBES FOR DRUG DELIVERY

• SYSTEMS

3.1. Bacterial Motility
3.2. Production of Proteins in-situ
3.3. Bactofection
3.4. Guidance of Bacteria using Different Stimuli
3.4.1. Oxygen-Driven Bacterial Targeting
3.4.2. Temperature and pH-Aided Bacterial Targeting
3.4.3. Magnetic-Aided Bacterial Targeting
3.5. Toxin-Binding Bacteria

4. BACTERIAL ENVELOPES AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
4.1. Bacterial Ghosts (BGs)

5. USE OF BACTERIAL SPORES AS DRUG-DELIVERY SYSTEMS

6. BACTERIA-BASED BIOHYBRIDS FOR DRUG DELIVERY

7. ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION
7.1. Intra-Tumour Injection
7.2. Oral Administration
7.3. Intravenous Administration
7.4. Nasal Administration

8. BACTERIA-DERIVED POLYMERS AS DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
8.1. Polysaccharides
8.2. Polyamides
8.3. Polyesters
8.4. Polyanhydrides
8.5. Customised Biopolymers

9. VIRUSES AS DRUG CARRIERS
9.1. Desired Characteristics of Viruses
9.1.1. Ability to Evade the Immune System
9.1.2. Entry of Viral Particles into Cells
9.1.3. Endosomal Escape

10. VIRAL CARRIERS FOR DRUG DELIVERY
10.1. Viral Component-Containing Nanocarriers
10.2. Virosomes

Author

• Anindya Basu
• Anita Dutt Konar