Microbial Enzymes provides expert insight into diverse aspects of microbial enzymes, highlighting strategies for their production, purification, and manipulation, elucidating eco-friendly industrial applications, and discussing several production processes, such as the production of cellulose and non-synthetic indigo dye. This book emphasizes recent technological interventions in microbial enzyme technology like metagenomics, system biology, molecular biology, genomics, directed evolution, and bioinformatics.
The important microbial enzymes highlighted in this book include xylanases, ureases, methane monooxygenase, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pectinases, peroxidases, a-L-rhamnosidase, alkane hydroxylases, laccases, proteases, gallic acid decarboxylase, chitinases, beta-glucosidase, lipases, inulinases, tannase, mycozyme, ACC deaminase, ligninolytic enzymes, and many more.
Novel treatment methods involving strains of microorganisms with desirable properties applicable in the process of bioremediation through mitigating climate concern, increasing green production technology, improving agriculture productivity, and providing a means of earning a livelihood are discussed. Readers will also gain state-of-the-art background knowledge on existing technologies and their current challenges and future prospects.
Contributed to by leading experts in the field and edited by four highly qualified academics, Microbial Enzymes explores important topics including: - Strategies for the discovery and enhancement of enzyme function, and potentials of system biology to better understand the kinetics of industrially important enzymes- Production and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies in cancer and other diseases, and characterization of tannase as a virulence factor- Opportunities to produce enzymes through food waste and byproducts, and recent developments in computational tools- Use of Omics tools in the discovery of fungal enzymes and secondary metabolites
Microbial Enzymes is a thorough and highly practical reference on the subject for students, scientists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, and policymakers working in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences.
Table of Contents
Volume 1
About the Editors xix
Preface xxiii
1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1
Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 3
1.3 Structure 5
1.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 8
1.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 11
1.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 13
1.7 Industrial Food Applications 14
1.8 Future Trends 17
1.9 Conclusions 19
Acknowledgment 19
References 20
2 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31
Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand
2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 31
2.2 Urea Hydrolysis 31
2.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 32
2.4 Urease Purification 33
2.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 36
2.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40
References 41
3 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47
Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Classes of MMO 48
3.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 50
3.4 Mechanism of Action 52
3.5 Regulation of MMO 54
3.6 Sources of MMO 54
3.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 55
3.8 MMO Production 57
3.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 58
3.10 Limitations in MMO Production 61
3.11 Conclusion 61
References 62
4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67
Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 69
4.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 70
4.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 71
4.5 Tissue Engineering 71
4.6 Bio-implantation Patches 72
4.7 Drug Delivery 72
4.8 Surgical Applications 72
4.9 Orthopedic Applications 73
4.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 73
4.11 Agricultural Applications 75
4.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76
Acknowledgments 77
References 78
5 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87
Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav
5.1 Introduction 87
5.2 Microbial Pectinases 88
5.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 89
5.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 89
5.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 95
5.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 96
5.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 99
5.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 101
5.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 102
5.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102
References 107
6 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119
Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting
6.1 Introduction 119
6.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 120
6.2.1 Hydrocarbons 120
6.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 121
6.3 Mangrove Environments 123
6.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 126
6.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 131
6.6 Applications and Future Prospects 135
6.7 Conclusion 138
References 138
7 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149
Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda
7.1 Introduction 149
7.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 150
7.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 154
7.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 163
7.5 Conclusion 164
List of Abbreviations 164
Authors’ Contributions 164
Acknowledgments 165
References 165
8 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173
Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar
8.1 Introduction 173
8.2 Classification of Peroxidases 176
8.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 177
8.4 Conclusion 183
Acknowledgment 183
References 183
9 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189
Vinita Yadav
9.1 Introduction 189
9.2 Sources 190
9.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 190
9.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 196
9.5 Assay Method 196
9.6 Purification Method 198
9.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 199
9.8 Summary 201
References 202
10 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207
Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari
10.1 Introduction 207
10.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 208
10.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 209
10.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 211
10.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 212
10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219
References 220
11 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225
Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das
11.1 Introduction 225
11.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 227
11.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 229
11.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 231
11.5 Future Prospects 235
11.6 Conclusion 236
References 236
12 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243
Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Structure of Laccase 245
12.3 Mode of Action 247
12.4 Sources of Laccase 248
12.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 250
12.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 251
12.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 254
12.8 Applications of Laccases 254
12.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260
References 260
13 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm’s Gut as a Bioreactor 273
Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee
13.1 Introduction 273
13.2 Classification of Enzymes 274
13.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 275
13.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 277
13.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 278
13.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283
References 284
14 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293
Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 294
14.3 Thermophilic Proteases 297
14.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 298
14.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 299
14.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 300
14.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 301
14.8 Applications 302
14.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303
References 304
15 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309
Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta
15.1 Introduction 309
15.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 310
15.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 312
15.4 Screening of the Gene Library 315
15.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 318
15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320
List of Abbreviations 321
References 321
16 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329
Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma
16.1 Introduction 329
16.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 330
16.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 333
16.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 335
16.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 338
16.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 339
16.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339
References 339
17 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345
Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman
17.1 Introduction 345
17.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 347
17.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 352
17.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 356
17.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 360
17.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374
References 375
18 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383
Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale
18.1 Introduction 383
18.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 385
18.3 Computational Methods for Enzyme Function Prediction 391
18.4 Conclusion 397
Acknowledgments 398
References 398
19 Microbial Gallic Acid Decarboxylase: An Overview and Advancement in Application Potential Study Through Bioinformatics 407
Ishita Biswas, Debanjan Mitra, and Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra
19.1 Introduction 407
19.2 Isolation and Selection of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Producing Microbes 407
19.3 Purification of GAD Enzyme and Biomolecular Properties 409
19.4 Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Assay 409
19.5 Molecular Biological Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase with Special Reference to Human Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria 409
19.6 In Silico Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase 411
19.7 Discussion 416
19.8 Conclusions 417
References 417
20 Microbial Chitinases: Potential Applications in Agriculture 421
Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, Dinesh Yadav, and Maya Bar
20.1 Introduction 421
20.2 Chitin Structure and Its Degradation by Chitinases 422
20.3 Microbial Sources of Chitinase 424
20.4 Chitinolytic Microorganisms as Potential Biological Control Agents or Biopesticides 425
20.5 Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel New Microbial Chitinases 428
20.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 429
References 431
Volume 2
About the Editors xvii
Preface xxi
21 β-Glucosidase Production and Its Applications 437
Vaibhav Badoni, Gaurav S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma
22 Mining of Enzyme with Novel Activity Through Combination of Genomic Information andTraditional Biochemical Approach 477
Yutaka Kawarabayasi
23 Strategies for Discovery and Enhancement of Enzyme Function: Current Developments andOpportunities 491
Menaka D. Salam, Swati Tripathi, and Simran
24 Promises of Systems Biology to Better Understand the Kinetics of Industrially Important Enzymes505
Koel Mukherjee, Vinod Kumar Nigam, and Santhosh Pillai
25 Metagenomics: New Insight in Microbial Diagnosis 519
Deepika Chaudhary, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Sushila Maan
26 Production and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer and Other Diseases535
Ambuj Shahi, Girijesh K. Patel, Sushil Kumar, Madhuri Singh, Anshika Varshney, and Uday C. Ghoshal
27 Microbial Alkaline Protease: Production, Purification, and Applications 569
Degafneh Tadesse, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, and Chandran Masi
28 Microbial Lipases in Modern Detergency: Sources, Production, and Application 593
Shashwat Katiyar and Nand Lal
29 Production of Inulin Oligosaccharides from Microbial Inulinases and Their Applications 613
Priyanka, Hemant Ghai, and Wamik Azmi
30 Characterization of Phytopathogen’s Tannase as a Virulence Factor 637
Richa Naredi and Kanti P. Sharma
31 Mycozyme-based Functional Oligosaccharides 647
Suresh Nath, Hemant K. Rawat, Aamir Khan, and Naveen Kango
32 Microbial Laccases: Structure, Function, and Applications 665
Supriya Gupta, Aiman Tanveer, Shruti Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Morya, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav
33 Microbial ACC Deaminase: Stress Modulators in Plants 697
Lalita Pal, Vikas Dwivedi, Vikrant Dwivedi, and Diwakar M. Tripathi
34 Ligninolytic Enzyme: Microbial Sources, Production, Purification, and Biotechnological Applications721
Rohida A. Hoque, Meera Yadav, and Hardeo S. Yadav
35 Bioinformatic-driven Research in Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 739
Kanchan Yadav, Varsha Rani, Gautam Anand, Umesh Yadava, and Dinesh Yadav
36 Food Waste and By-products: An Opportunity to Produce Enzymes for Industrial Applications 761
Manoj Tripathi, Ajay Yadav, Dilip Pawar, Rajpal S. Jadam, and RahulM.Srivastva
37 Recombinant DNA Technology in the Improvement of Microbial Enzyme Production (Online)
Index783
