This book provides valuable knowledge about environmentally friendly methods of nanoparticle synthesis. The contents present information about the subject from synthesis, characterization, advantages, disadvantages, route of administrations up to effects of drug combinations.
Starting with an introduction to the concept of green nanoparticles, the book summarizes different types of plant extracts and their components. Green methods for preparing nanotherapeutic agents utilizing algae and marine plants to synthesize metal-based nanoparticles are also explained. The book also places an emphasis on the improvement of metal nanoparticle formulations with polymers for antibacterial applications. A detailed review of the interaction of nanoparticles with or without drugs rounds the contents, with a guide to easily understand their site of action along with suitable reactions in the body.
This book is a primer on nanoparticle synthesis for pharmacology or nanomedicine programs that focus on sustainable and environmentally friendly methodologies for synthesizing therapeutics.
Readership
Students and academics in pharmacology and nanomedicine courses. Researchers studying sustainable methods for metal based nanoparticle production.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Green Nanoparticles: An Introduction
1. Introduction
2. Types of Nanotechnology
2.1. Descending (Top-Down)
2.2. Ascending (Bottom-Up)
2.3. Dry Nanotechnology
2.4. Wet Nanotechnology
2.5. Green Nanotechnology
3. What is a Nanoparticle?
3.1. Types of Nanoparticles
3.1.1. Metallic Nanoparticles
3.1.2. Metal Oxide Nanoparticle
3.1.3. Alloy Nanoparticles
3.1.4. Magnetic Nanoparticles
4. Principles of Green Chemistry
4.1. Prevention
4.2. Atom Economy
4.3. Safer Solvent
4.4. Less Risky Chemical Synthesis
4.5. Utilization of Renewable Feedstocks
4.6. Catalysis
4.7. Creating Safer Chemicals
4.8. Avoid Derivatives
4.9. Degradation Design
4.10. Real-Time Analysis for Pollution Prevention
4.11. Design for Energy Efficiency
4.12. Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accident Prevention
5. Nanoparticles Produced by Using Parts of Plants
5.1. Fruit
5.2. Root
5.3. Flower
5.4. Leaf
5.5. Seed
5.6. Bark
6. Green Nanoparticles
7. Types of Green Nanoparticles
7.1. Metals
7.2. Ceramics
7.3. Polymers
7.4. Composite
7.5. Semiconductors
7.6. Bio-Nanoparticles
7.7. Smart Nanoparticles
7.8. Nanoengineered Nanoparticles
7.9. Properties of Green-Nanoparticles
7.9.1. Antimicrobial Property
7.9.2. Catalytic Property
7.9.3. Removal of Pollutant Dyes
7.9.4. Heavy Metal Ion Sensing
7.10. Factors Impacting Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
7.10.1. Ph of the Reaction
7.10.2. Reaction Temperature
7.10.3. Pressure
7.10.4. Time
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 2 Synthesis, Characterization and Analysis of Green Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Green Production of Nanoparticles and Their Impacts
3. Techniques of Nanoparticle Synthesis
3.1. Biological Synthesis
3.2. Co-Precipitation
3.3. Template Synthesis
3.4. Hydrothermal Technique
3.4.1. Disadvantages of Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis
3.5. Microwave Assisted
3.6. Inert Gas Condensation
3.6.1. Advantages
3.6.2. Disadvantages
3.7. Laser Ablation
3.8. Micro-Emulsion
3.9. Spark Discharge
3.10. Sputtering
3.10.1. Advantages
3.10.2. Disadvantage
4. Synthesis of Nanoparticles
4.1. Physical Method
4.1.1. Thermal Decomposition Method
4.1.2. Mechanical Methods/ Ball-Milling Method
4.1.3. Lithographic Methods
4.1.4. Laser Ablation
4.1.5. Sputtering
4.2. Chemical Method
4.2.1. Chemical Vapour Deposition Method (Cvd)
4.2.2. Sol-Gel Method
4.2.3. Spinning
4.2.4. Pyrolysis
4.3. Biological Synthesis
4.3.1. Advantages of Biological and Green Synthesize
4.3.2. Plant Extract
4.3.3. Bacteria
4.3.4. Fungi
4.3.5. Yeast
5. Characterization
5.1. Uv-Visible Spectroscopy
5.2. Ftir
5.3. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis (Xrd)
5.4. Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (Edx)
5.5. Scanning Electron Microscopy (Sem)
5.6. Transmission Electron Microscopy (Tem)
5.7. Dynamic Light Scattering (Dls)
6. Side Effects or Disadvantages of the Chemical Based Nanoparticles
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 3 Biological Potential of Nanoparticles as Effective Pharmacological Agents
1. Introduction
2. Types of Nanoparticles and Their Use as a Drug
2.1. Polymer-Based Nanoparticles Particles
2.1.1. Dendrimers
2.1.2. Nanoparticle
2.1.3. Micelles
2.1.4. Drug Conjugates
2.1.5. Protein Nanoparticles
2.1.6. Nano Gels
2.1.7. Nanotubes of Carbon
2.1.8. Nano-Diamonds
2.2. Metallic Nanoparticles
2.2.1. Nanoparticles of Gold (Aunp)
2.2.2. Infrared Quantum Nanoparticles
2.2.3. Silica-Nanoparticles
2.3. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
2.3.1. Liposomes
2.3.2. Exosomes
2.4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (Sln)
2.4.1. Nanocrystalline Particles
3 . Targeted Delivery Applications of Therapeutic Nanoparticles 66
3.1. Cancer
3.2. Infectious Disorders
3.3. Autoimmune Disorders
3.4. Cardiovascular Diseases
3.5. Neurodegenerative Diseases
3.6. Disorders of the Eye
3.7. Disorders of the Lungs
3.8. Regenerative Therapy
4. Therapeutic Efficiency and Route of Administration Of Nanoparticles
4.1. Different Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles
4.1.1. Transdermal Drug Delivery (Tdd)
4.1.2. Blood-Brain Barrier Drug Delivery
4.1.3. Oral Route of Administration
4.1.4. Nasal Route of Administration
4.1.5. Intravenous Injection
5. Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutic Agents
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 4 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticles
1. Introduction
2. Application and Mechanism of Different Nano- Particles
2.1. As Antimicrobial Agent
2.2. Silver Nanoparticles
2.3. Gold Nanoparticles
2.4. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (Znonps)
2.5. Copper Nanoparticles (Cunps)
2.6. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
2.7. Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles
2.8. Copper Silicate Nanoparticles
3. Mechanism of Action of Chitosan Nanoparticles
3.1. Mechanism of Action of Antibacterial Properties of Doped Nanoparticles
3.2. Mechanism of Action of Ag, Zno, and Cuo Nanoparticles
3.2.1. Mechanism of Action in Photocatalysis
3.3. Mechanism of Action of Fabricating Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 5 Synergic Effects of Nanoparticles With Other Drugs And Their Combined Effects
1. Introduction
2. Advantages of Conjugation of Nanoparticles With Drugs
3. Quantitative Methods for Assessment of Drug Synergism
3.1. Drug Combination Analysis
3.1.1. Isoboles
3.1.2. Dose Equivalence
3.2. Optimizing the Drug Combination Dose Ratio
4. Mechanisms of Synergistic Effects
4.1. Synergistic Multi-Target Effects
4.2. Modulation of Physicochemical or Pharmacokinetic Effects
4.3. Interference With the Resistance Mechanisms
4.4. Elimination or Neutralization Potential
5. Synergism Effects on Various Diseases
5.1. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs as Antibiotics
5.1.1. Mechanism of Action of Agnps With Antibiotics
5.1.2. Mechanism of Action of Znonps With Antibiotics
5.2. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs as Antifungal
5.2.1. Mechanism of Action of Ag-Nps With Antifungal Drug
5.2.2. Mechanism of Action of Au-Nps With Antifungal Drug
5.3. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs as Antidiabetic Agents
5.4. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs as Anticancer Agents
5.5. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs as Antiviral Agents
5.6. Synergic Effects of NPS and Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease
Author
- Anita Rani
- Manoj Kumar
