While complying with RF standard and regulations, Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments covers the recent advances in wireless and radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems where severe electromagnetic behavior and harsh conditions are taken into consideration, providing the reader with design rules and methodologies to obtain satisfactory performance and avoid the typical oversights and mistakes that can be made when first approaching this topic.
In addition to examples of real implementations, the book gives a general overview of RFID and wireless technologies as well as their pros and cons in terms of expected performance and future directions of technologies. The perspective and evolution towards IoT solutions and artificial intelligence (AI) are pointed out.
The book furthermore addresses chipless RFID frameworks from the theoretical perspective as well as that of implementation, including examples from scientific literature and commercial solutions. It also describes surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors in wired and wireless configurations and developments needed to implement the technology.
Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments includes discussion of: - Frequency diversity for robust Ultra-High Frequency (UHF)-RFID communication, a key technology for future sensor and actuator devices in the Internet of Things, and harmonic transponders for tracking and sensing- Resonator and reflective delay line configurations, and chipless RFID technology for operations in harsh environments - Potential of battery-less near-field communication (NFC) sensors using mobile phones as readers in severe environments- Chipless RFID channel modeling, considering the spatial multipath channel, 3D bi-static Radar Cross Section (RCS) tag model, and analogue effects
Providing comprehensive coverage of the subject and examples of successful implementations of wireless solutions exploiting RFID technologies and enabling systems for the Internet of Things (IoT), Wireless Identification and Sensing Systems for Harsh and Severe Environments is an essential resource for engineers and PhD students in wireless and RFID technologies.
Table of Contents
List of Contributors xv
About the Editors xix
Preface xxi
Section 1 RFID 1
1 UHF RFID Identification and Sensing for the Industrial Internet of Things (I- IoT) 3
Carolina Miozzi, Sara Amendola, Cecilia Occhiuzzi, and Gaetano Marrocco
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 I- IoT Ecosystem: Architectures and Components 5
1.2.1 Data Generation 6
1.2.2 Data Transmission 10
1.2.3 Data Management and Analysis 14
1.3 RFID for Product Monitoring at Item- Level 15
1.3.1 Construction 16
1.3.2 Conveyor Belt 18
1.3.3 Pharmaceuticals 19
1.4 RFID for Plant and Processes Monitoring 20
1.4.1 Filter Press in Chemical Industry 20
1.4.2 Electrical Equipment and Renewable Energy Plants 24
1.4.3 Fruits Monitoring in Ripening Rooms 27
1.5 Challenges and Countermeasures 30
1.6 Conclusions 34
References 35
2 RFID Sensing in Power- Plant Generators and Power Transformers 39
Konstantinos Zannas, Yvan Duroc, and Smail Tedjini
2.1 Introduction 39
2.2 Harsh Environment 40
2.2.1 Conductive Environment 41
2.2.2 Multipath Effects and Time- Variant Environment 47
2.2.3 High Electric and Magnetic Fields 48
2.3 Design and Measurement of RFID Sensor Tag 49
2.3.1 Design Considerations 49
2.3.2 Measurement of the Proposed UHF RFID Sensor Tag 50
2.4 RFID Sensors: Application in Power Transformers 52
2.4.1 Installation Procedure 52
2.4.2 Temperature Measurement with the RFID Sensor Tags 55
2.5 Conclusion 60
References 61
3 Design of Passive UHF RFID Sensors Meeting Food Industry Regulations 65
Benjamin Saggin, Arnaud Vena, Brice Sorli, Valérie Guillard, and Camille Ramade
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 RFID Sensors 66
3.2.1 Interest in RFID 66
3.2.2 Types of RAIN Sensors 67
3.3 Monitoring Food Spoilage 68
3.3.1 Food Spoilage Process 68
3.3.2 State of the Art on RFID- based Food Sensors 69
3.4 Food Spoilage Sensitive RFID Tag Design 71
3.4.1 Hardware Design 71
3.4.1.1 Position 71
3.4.1.2 Biopolymer Test Specimen 72
3.4.1.3 Interdigitated Capacitor 74
3.4.1.4 Sensing RFID Transponder 75
3.4.2 Measurement Reading 78
3.4.2.1 Common Software Framework 78
3.4.2.2 Turn- on Power Algorithm 79
3.4.2.3 Frequency Sweeps 81
3.4.2.4 Transponder- Embedded Calibration 82
3.5 Validation 83
3.5.1 In Simulated Conditions 83
3.5.2 In Real Conditions 85
3.6 Conclusion 87
References 87
4 Challenges of Using RFID for Outdoor Environmental Monitoring 91
Mathieu Le Breton, Rahul Bhattacharyya, and Mathieu Cassel
4.1 Versatile Data Acquisition Approaches 91
4.2 Weather and Environment Influence 96
4.2.1 Effect of Rainfall and Dew 96
4.2.2 Effect of Snow 97
4.2.3 Effect of Vegetation 99
4.2.4 Effect of Mud and Tag Burial 100
4.3 Aquatic Environments 101
4.3.1 Fish Population Estimation 101
4.3.2 Driftwood Movement Monitoring 104
4.3.3 Sediment Tracing 106
4.4 Landslide and Rockfall Detection 111
4.5 Agriculture 114
4.6 Infrastructure 116
4.7 Conclusion on the Main Challenges 118
References 121
5 Harmonic Transponders for Tracking and Sensing 133
Valentina Palazzi
5.1 Introduction 133
5.2 Harmonic Backscattering 135
5.3 Frequency Doubler for Harmonic Transponders 137
5.4 One- Bit Harmonic Transponders 141
5.5 Harmonic Tracking Systems 143
5.6 Multi- Bit Harmonic Transponders 144
5.7 Harmonic Tag for Rotation Sensing 147
5.8 Harmonic Tag for Temperature Sensing 148
5.9 Harmonic Tag for Vibration Sensing 150
5.10 Harmonic Tag for Crack Sensing 151
5.11 Harmonic Tags for Buried Items Localization 155
5.12 Conclusion 158
References 158
6 Passive Wireless Sensors in Radiation Environments 163
Jasmin Grosinger and Alicja Michalowska-Forsyth
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Passive Wireless RFID Sensors 165
6.2.1 UHF RFID Systems 167
6.2.2 RFID Reader 168
6.2.2.1 Reader Receiver 169
6.2.3 RFID Tags 172
6.2.3.1 Tag Chip 172
6.2.3.2 Tag Antenna 173
6.2.3.3 Radar Cross Section 174
6.2.4 Antenna- based RFID Sensors 175
6.2.4.1 Harsh Application Environments 177
6.3 Radiation Environments and Radiation Hardness 177
6.3.1 Radiation Environments 178
6.3.1.1 Space Radiation 178
6.3.1.2 Manmade Radiation Sources 179
6.3.2 Interactions with Materials 179
6.3.3 Radiation Effects in Electronic Devices 180
6.3.3.1 Total Ionizing Dose 181
6.3.3.2 Total Non- ionizing Dose 181
6.3.3.3 Single- event Effects 182
6.3.4 Radiation Hardening Techniques 184
6.3.4.1 Technology Level 185
6.3.4.2 Physical Layout Level 185
6.3.4.3 Architecture Level 187
6.3.5 Radiation Assurance Testing 188
6.4 RFID Sensors in Radiation Environments 189
6.4.1 RFID Tag Chip 190
6.4.2 Radiation Effects in RFID Tags 191
6.4.3 Radiation Hardening of RFID Tags 192
6.5 Conclusions 193
6.6 Biographies 194
References 195
Section 2 Chipless 203
7 SAW Devices Combining RFID and Sensor Functionalities for Harsh Environments 205
Omar Elmazria, Cécile Floer, Thierry Aubert, and Sami Hage- Ali
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Saw Sensor Principle 206
7.3 Principle of Wireless Sensors Including RFID Code 208
7.4 Resonator 209
7.5 Reflective Delay Line (R- DL) 209
7.5.1 Conventional Configuration of R- DL 209
7.5.2 R- DL with Connected IDTS 210
7.6 Saw Sensor for Harsh and Severe Environments 211
7.6.1 Piezoelectric Material for High Temperature 211
7.6.2 Metallic Material for Electrodes 217
7.7 Antennas for Harsh Environments 219
7.8 Packaging for Harsh and Severe Environments 220
7.8.1 Packaging for Saw Devices 220
7.8.2 Packageless Solution 220
7.9 Conclusion and Outlooks 223
References 225
8 Wireless Sensing for Harsh and Severe Environments Based on
Saw Sensors 233
Manuel Monedero, Robert Staraj, and Philippe Le Thuc
8.1 Introduction 233
8.2 State of the Art 234
8.2.1 Active Wireless Sensors 234
8.2.2 Passive Wireless Sensors 234
8.3 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors 235
8.3.1 The Different Types of SAW Sensors 236
8.3.2 Resonator SAW Sensors 236
8.3.3 Delay Line SAW Sensors 238
8.3.4 Two Resonators- One- Port Sensors 238
8.3.5 Temperature Effect on the Resonance Frequencies 239
8.4 Remote Interrogation System for Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors Based on Differential Mode 240
8.4.1 Operation of the Interrogation System in Transmission Mode (t X) 240
8.4.2 Operation of the Interrogation System in Reception Mode (r X) 242
8.5 Miniature Antenna/Saw Sensors Characterization 244
8.6 Global Modelization of a Wireless Saw Sensor Interrogation System 246
8.6.1 Theoretical Sensor Models 246
8.6.2 Radio Link Modeling 247
8.6.3 Impedance Matrix [Z] 247
8.6.4 Equivalent Circuit 248
8.6.5 Mutual Coupling Between Antennas Modeling 248
8.6.6 Theoretical Aspects of the Model 249
8.7 Conclusion 250
References 251
9 Microwave Encoders for Motion Control and Chipless- RFID Applications 255
Ferran Martín, Ferran Paredes, and Amirhossein Karami- Horestani
9.1 Introduction 255
9.2 Working Principle of Microwave Encoders and Case Example 257
9.3 Quasi- Absolute Synchronous Encoders 265
9.4 Chipless- RFID Application 269
9.5 Hybrid Approach 274
9.6 Conclusions 277
References 278
10 Chipless RFID Technology for Operations in Harsh Environments 283
Simone Genovesi, Filippo Costa, Michele Borgese, Francesco Alessio Dicandia, and Giuliano Manara
10.1 Introduction 283
10.2 Wireless Sensor Paradigms 286
10.2.1 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors 286
10.2.2 Near- Field Sensors 288
10.2.3 Far- Field Radio Frequency Backscattering 288
10.3 Sensors for Space 289
10.3.1 Temperature Sensors 290
10.3.2 Vehicle Health Monitoring Systems 291
10.4 Oil and Gas 293
10.5 Automotive 295
10.5.1 Tyre Monitoring 295
10.5.2 Torque Monitoring 298
10.6 Sensors for Industrial Tools Monitoring 300
10.7 Conclusion 306
References 306
Section 3 Systems 313
11 Energy- Autonomous Wireless Architectures for Predictive Maintenance in Harsh Closed Applications 315
Alessandra Costanzo, Diego Masotti, Francesca Benassi, and Giacomo Paolini
11.1 Introduction and State of the Art 315
11.2 Transmitter/Receiver Link Analysis and Illuminators Best Positioning Simulations 317
11.3 Design and Realization of the 2.45 GHz RF Power Source 322
11.4 Design of Low- Power Wireless Battery- Less Sensor Nodes 323
11.5 EH and Power Management: Rectification and WPT Performance Characterization 327
11.6 Case Study: Measurement Campaign in the Engine Compartment of a Car 330
11.7 Conclusions 332
References 333
12 Implanted NFC Tags: Study of Energy Harvesting and Reading by Means of Smartphones 337
Antonio Lázaro, Martí Boada, Ramón Villarino, and David Girbau
12.1 Introduction 337
12.2 General Considerations on the Proposed Systems 339
12.3 Description of the Two Systems 341
12.3.1 Reader Modeling 342
12.3.2 NFC IC Tag Modeling 344
12.3.3 Effect of the Body on the Implant 346
12.3.3.1 Study of the Implanted Antenna 347
12.3.3.2 Considerations of the Relay Antenna in a Three- Coil System 351
12.3.4 Coupling Coefficient in Systems Based on Two- and Three- Coils 352
12.3.5 Simulation of the Coupling Coefficient and the Power Delivered to the Implant 355
12.4 Experimental Measurements of Implants Using a Commercial Smartphone with NFC 361
12.4.1 Efficiency Characterization 361
12.4.2 Wireless Power Transfer Using a Smartphone as Reader 362
References 368
Index 373
