The use of distributed systems is a big step forward in IT and computer science. As the number of tasks that depend on each other grows, a single machine can no longer handle all of them. Distributed computing is better than traditional computer settings in several ways. Distributed systems reduce the risks of a single point of failure, making them more reliable and able to handle mistakes. Most modern distributed systems are made to be scalable, which means that processing power can be added on the fly to improve performance. The internet of the future is meant to give us freedom and choices, encourage diversity and decentralization, and make it easier for people to be creative and do research. By making the internet more three-dimensional and immersive, the metaverse could introduce more ways to use it. Some people have expressed negative things about the metaverse, and there is much uncertainty regarding its future. Analysts in the field have pondered if the metaverse will differ much from our current digital experiences, and if so, whether people will be willing to spend hours per day exploring virtual space while wearing a headset. This book will look at the different aspects of the next-generation internet, distributed systems, distributed computing, and their effects on society as a whole.
Table of Contents
Preface xix
1 Introduction to Next-Generation Internet and Distributed Systems 1
Swapnil Gupta, Rajat Verma and Namrata Dhanda
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Traditional Network 4
1.3 Next-Generation Internet 5
1.4 Network Middleware 8
1.5 Software-Defined Network (SDN) 9
1.6 Edge Cloud-Based Next-Generation Internet 11
1.7 Network Architecture 13
1.8 Security and Safety 20
1.9 Distributed Systems 20
1.10 Distributed System Design 22
1.11 Distributed System Monitoring 23
1.12 Security in Distributed Systems 25
1.13 Blockchain and Distributed Systems 25
1.14 Blockchain-Based Distributed Control Systems 27
1.15 Blockchain for Distributed System Security 29
1.16 Conclusion and Future Scope 30
2 Decentralized System in Education and Research 35
Prashant Verma, Deepaks M. Ratnani, Shikha Verma and Sandhya Avasthi
2.1 Introduction 36
2.2 History of Decentralization in the Education System 38
2.3 Advantages and Challenges of Decentralization of the Education System 39
2.4 Impact of Decentralization in Education and Research 42
2.5 Current Approaches 44
2.6 Development Trend Towards Education and Research 46
2.7 Future Scope and Recommendations 47
2.8 Conclusion 48
3 Architecture of Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized Systems 53
Rohit Kumar, Sandhya Avasthi and Suman Lata Tripathi
3.1 Introduction 54
3.2 What is a Decentralized System? 54
3.3 Blockchain 57
3.4 Smart Contracts and Its Examples 59
3.5 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 60
3.6 Architecture for the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 64
3.7 Decentralized Todo App with Blockchain 67
3.8 Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System Development and Challenges 71
3.9 Future of the Blockchain-Enabled Decentralized System 72
3.10 Conclusion 73
4 Mobile Edge Computing for Decentralized Systems 75
Swati Gupta and Puneet Garg
4.1 Introduction 76
4.2 Edge Computing 79
4.3 Benefits of Edge Computing 81
4.4 Classification of Attacks in a 5G IoT System 83
4.5 Decentralized Dynamic Computation Offloading Method 84
4.6 Conclusion 85
5 Blockchain in Education 89
Shahnaz Fatima and Guru Dev Singh
5.1 Introduction 89
5.2 Benefits of Blockchain in Education 91
5.3 Challenges of Blockchain in Education 99
5.4 Use Cases of Blockchain in Education 106
5.5 Conclusion 110
6 Pattern Recognition Applications in Distributed Systems and Distributed Machine Learning 117
Kalyani S., Swarup K. S., Sandhya Avasthi and Tanushree Sanwal
6.1 Introduction 118
6.2 Data Generation and Preprocessing 120
6.3 Feature Selection 121
6.4 Design of Classifier 130
6.5 Designing Machine Learning Models for Distributed Environment 138
6.6 Role of Distributed Computing in Pattern Recognition 139
6.7 Conclusion 141
7 Next-Generation Distributed Computing for Cancer Detection 145
Kapil Kumar Gupta, Namrata Dhanda and Neeraj Kumar
7.1 Introduction 146
7.2 Research Motivation 147
7.3 Cancer Statistics 148
7.4 Modern Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Methods 149
7.5 Methodology 152
7.6 Technical Challenges 153
7.7 Future Directions 154
7.8 Conclusion 156
8 Benefits and Challenges of Decentralization in Education for Resource Optimization and Improved Performance 163
Ankita Singh, Shobhit Sinha, Satya Bhushan Verma and Bipin Kumar Singh
8.1 Introduction 164
8.2 The Centralization and Decentralization Concepts 167
8.3 Decentralized Systems in Education and Research: Policies and Practices 169
8.4 Building Capacity Across and Between Levels Within Education Systems 174
8.5 Developing Accountability Measures and Systems in Implementing a Decentralized Education Policy 175
8.6 Developing Local-Level Capacity Across All Education System Levels and Sectors 176
8.7 Education Policies in India to Achieve Decentralization in Education Systems 178
8.8 Research and Development Policies in India and Promoting Decentralization in R&D 180
9 Blockchain in Data Security and Transparency in Business Transactions 189
Rajat Verma and Namrata Dhanda
9.1 Introduction 190
9.2 Dimensions and Requirements of Data Security 191
9.3 Security Issues in Conventional Data Security 193
9.4 Diversity of Attacks in Conventional Data Security 195
9.5 Blockchain: The Complete Solution 196
9.6 The Decentralized and Immutable Approach 198
9.7 Comparison of ECC and RSA 199
9.8 Digital Signature Algorithm 200
9.9 Blockchain Technology Ensures Transparency 201
9.10 Blockchain Solutions for Traditional Data Security 201
9.11 Blockchain Types 203
9.12 Conclusion 205
10 A Comparative Study of Ad Hoc and Wireless Sensor Networks 215
Ankita Kumari and Ajita Pathak
10.1 Introduction 215
10.2 Ad Hoc Network 217
10.3 Wireless Sensor and Network 221
10.4 Challenges, Applications, and Limitations 225
10.5 Conclusion 226
11 Content Filtering-Based Movie Recommendation System Using Deep Learning 229
Atul Srivastava and Abhi Raj Singh
11.1 Introduction 230
11.2 Related Work 232
11.3 Method and Material 235
11.4 Experiments and Results 236
11.5 Possible Extension of Proposed Model into Distributed Environment 239
11.6 Conclusion 240
12 Mobile Edge Computing: A Paradigm Shift in Computing 243
Priti Kumari, Vandana Dubey, Parmeet Kaur and Sarika Shrivastava
12.1 Introduction 243
12.2 Why is MEC Important? 245
12.3 Background 246
12.4 Characteristics 247
12.5 Reference Architecture 248
12.6 Mobile Edge Computing Key Enablers 253
12.7 Advantages of Mobile Edge Computing 254
12.8 Potential Research Directions 255
12.9 Challenges and Issues 257
12.10 Conclusion 259
13 Descriptive Analysis of the Potential of 5G Technologies in Empowering Decentralized Systems 263
Megha Agarwal, Shahnawaz Alam, Dewansh, Avni Singh and Snehil Singh
13.1 Introduction 264
13.2 Building 5G Network 267
13.3 Blockchain on 5G Networks 268
13.4 Real-World Impact of 5G 269
13.5 Future of 5G 273
13.6 Limitations 274
14 Merging Blockchain and Deep Learning for Authentication and Security Architectures 277
Abhay Kumar Yadav and Satya Bhushan Verma
14.1 Introduction 278
14.2 Merger of Blockchain and DL 279
14.3 Application of Blockchain-Based DL Models 283
14.4 Study of Existing Integrated Models 286
14.5 Challenges and Issues 288
14.6 Conclusion 289
15 5G Embedded Decentralized Systems for Secure and Efficient Data Sharing 295
Asjad Suhail Akhtar, Garima Srivastava, Shikha Singh and Sachin Kumar
15.1 Overview of Decentralized Systems 295
15.2 5G Technology 300
15.3 5G for Decentralized Systems 305
15.4 Use Cases and Applications 310
15.5 Challenges and Opportunities 312
15.6 Conclusion 314
16 Artificial Intelligence in a Distributed System of the Future 317
Kadambri Agarwal, Ojasw Khare, Aastha Sharma, Ayushi Prakash and Abhishek Kumar Shukla
16.1 Introduction 318
16.2 AI in the Industrial Sector 319
16.3 AI in the Economic Sector 322
16.4 Environment Sector 324
16.5 Robotics Skill 325
16.6 Interaction Between the Human and the Machine 328
16.7 Recent Projects in AI 329
16.8 Terminologies Regarding AI for the Next Generation 330
16.9 Real-Time Project and Future Implementation 332
16.10 Conclusion 333
17 The Metaverse and Mental Health: The Future 337
Vandana Yadav and Namrata Dhanda
17.1 Introduction 338
17.2 How Has Technology and the Internet Already Impacted Mental Health? 339
17.3 Importance of Researching the Metaverse's Effects on Mental Health 341
17.4 Potential Positive Mental Health Effects of the Metaverse 342
17.5 Possible Detrimental Effects of the Metaverse on Mental Health 345
17.6 Considerations for Designing the Metaverse with Mental Health in Mind 348
17.7 The Future of Mental Health and Metaverse 349
17.8 Conclusion 351
18 Decentralization in Education Governance: A Case Study of India 355
Mani Dublish and Anita Pati Mishra
18.1 Introduction 356
18.2 Central Organizations 357
18.3 Decentralized Systems 359
18.4 Distributed Systems 360
18.5 Use of a Distributed Database in the Education System 363
18.6 Decentralized Education and Contemporary Solution 364
18.7 Conclusion 368
References 369
Index 371
