1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
3.1. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
3.1.1. Key Highlights
3.1.1.1. Hardware
3.1.1.2. Software
3.1.1.3. Services
3.2. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
3.2.1. Key Highlights
3.2.1.1. Smart Cities
3.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
3.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
3.2.1.4. Content Delivery
3.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
3.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
3.3. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
3.3.1. Key Highlights
3.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
3.3.1.2. SMEs
3.4. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
3.4.1. Key Highlights
3.4.1.1. Manufacturing
3.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
3.4.1.3. Government and Defense
3.4.1.4. Telecommunications
3.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
3.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
3.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
3.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
3.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
3.5. Global Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
3.5.1. Key Highlights
3.5.1.1. North America
3.5.1.2. Europe
3.5.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.5.1.4. Latin America
3.5.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
4.1. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Hardware
4.1.1.2. Software
4.1.1.3. Services
4.2. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Smart Cities
4.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
4.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
4.2.1.4. Content Delivery
4.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
4.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
4.3. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
4.3.1.2. SMEs
4.4. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. Manufacturing
4.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
4.4.1.3. Government and Defense
4.4.1.4. Telecommunications
4.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
4.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
4.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
4.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
4.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
4.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
4.5. North America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1. Key Highlights
4.5.1.1. U.S. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.2. U.S. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.3. U.S. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.4. U.S. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.5. Canada Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.6. Canada Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.7. Canada Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.1.8. Canada Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
4.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
5.1. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Hardware
5.1.1.2. Software
5.1.1.3. Services
5.2. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Smart Cities
5.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
5.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
5.2.1.4. Content Delivery
5.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
5.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
5.3. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
5.3.1.2. SMEs
5.4. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Manufacturing
5.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
5.4.1.3. Government and Defense
5.4.1.4. Telecommunications
5.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
5.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
5.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
5.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
5.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
5.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5.5. Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1. Key Highlights
5.5.1.1. Germany Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.2. Germany Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.3. Germany Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.4. Germany Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.5. U.K. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.6. U.K. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.7. U.K. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.8. U.K. Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.9. France Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.10. France Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.11. France Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.12. France Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.13. Italy Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.14. Italy Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.15. Italy Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.16. Italy Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.17. Turkey Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.18. Turkey Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.19. Turkey Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.20. Turkey Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.21. Russia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.22. Russia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.23. Russia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.24. Russia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.25. Rest of Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.26. Rest of Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.27. Rest of Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.1.28. Rest of Europe Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
5.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
6.1. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Hardware
6.1.1.2. Software
6.1.1.3. Services
6.2. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Smart Cities
6.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
6.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
6.2.1.4. Content Delivery
6.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
6.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
6.3. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
6.3.1.2. SMEs
6.4. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. Manufacturing
6.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
6.4.1.3. Government and Defense
6.4.1.4. Telecommunications
6.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
6.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
6.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
6.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
6.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.5. Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1. Key Highlights
6.5.1.1. China Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.2. China Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.3. China Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.4. China Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.5. Japan Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.6. Japan Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.7. Japan Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.8. Japan Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.9. South Korea Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.10. South Korea Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.11. South Korea Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.12. South Korea Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.13. India Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.14. India Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.15. India Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.16. India Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.17. Southeast Asia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.18. Southeast Asia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.19. Southeast Asia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.20. Southeast Asia Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.21. Rest of Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.22. Rest of Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.23. Rest of Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.1.24. Rest of Asia Pacific Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
6.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
7.1. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Hardware
7.1.1.2. Software
7.1.1.3. Services
7.2. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.2.1. Key Highlights
7.2.1.1. Smart Cities
7.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
7.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
7.2.1.4. Content Delivery
7.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
7.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
7.3. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
7.3.1.2. SMEs
7.4. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Manufacturing
7.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
7.4.1.3. Government and Defense
7.4.1.4. Telecommunications
7.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
7.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
7.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
7.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
7.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.5. Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1. Key Highlights
7.5.1.1. Brazil Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.2. Brazil Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.3. Brazil Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.4. Brazil Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.5. Mexico Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.6. Mexico Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.7. Mexico Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.8. Mexico Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.9. Argentina Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.10. Argentina Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.11. Argentina Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.12. Argentina Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.13. Rest of Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.14. Rest of Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.15. Rest of Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.1.16. Rest of Latin America Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
7.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, 2018 - 2031
8.1. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Hardware
8.1.1.2. Software
8.1.1.3. Services
8.2. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Smart Cities
8.2.1.2. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)
8.2.1.3. Remote Monitoring
8.2.1.4. Content Delivery
8.2.1.5. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR)
8.2.1.6. Others (autonomous vehicles, drones, and gaming)
8.3. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Large Enterprises
8.3.1.2. SMEs
8.4. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. Manufacturing
8.4.1.2. Energy and Utilities
8.4.1.3. Government and Defense
8.4.1.4. Telecommunications
8.4.1.5. Media and Entertainment
8.4.1.6. Retail and Consumer Goods
8.4.1.7. Transportation and Logistics
8.4.1.8. Healthcare and Life Sciences
8.4.1.9. Others (BFSI and Education)
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.5. Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1. Key Highlights
8.5.1.1. GCC Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.2. GCC Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.3. GCC Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.4. GCC Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.5. South Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.6. South Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.7. South Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.8. South Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.9. Egypt Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.10. Egypt Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.11. Egypt Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.12. Egypt Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.13. Nigeria Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.14. Nigeria Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.15. Nigeria Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.16. Nigeria Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.17. Rest of Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.18. Rest of Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.19. Rest of Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Organization Size, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.1.20. Rest of Middle East & Africa Mobile Edge Computing Market by Vertical, Value (US$ Bn), 2018 - 2031
8.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Competitive Landscape
9.1. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
9.2. Competitive Dashboard
9.3. Company Profiles
9.3.1. ZTE Corporation
9.3.1.1. Company Overview
9.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.1.3. Financial Overview
9.3.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.2. Saguna Networks Ltd
9.3.2.1. Company Overview
9.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.2.3. Financial Overview
9.3.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.3. Nokia Corporation
9.3.3.1. Company Overview
9.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.3.3. Financial Overview
9.3.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.4. Juniper Networks Inc
9.3.4.1. Company Overview
9.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.4.3. Financial Overview
9.3.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.5. Intel Corporation
9.3.5.1. Company Overview
9.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.5.3. Financial Overview
9.3.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.6. IBM Corporation
9.3.6.1. Company Overview
9.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.6.3. Financial Overview
9.3.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.7. ADLINK Technology Inc
9.3.7.1. Company Overview
9.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.7.3. Financial Overview
9.3.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
9.3.8. Huawei Technologies Co Ltd.
9.3.8.1. Company Overview
9.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
9.3.8.3. Financial Overview
9.3.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
10. Appendix
10.1. Research Methodology
10.2. Report Assumptions
10.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations