This volume is a review of recent developments, opportunities, and challenges in the conversion of biomass from different sources to biodiesel or related fuel additives. Key features of the book include fully referenced chapters edited by experts, a blend of basic and current information on biodiesel and a summary of sustainable use of biodiesel byproducts like glycerol.
The volume presents a comprehensive range of 13 topics related to biodiesel production and fuel additives. It begins with a historical overview of biodiesel and related additives, followed by detailed chapters on biodiesel production from various sources such as soybean oil, palm oil, and Jatropha curcas oil. Recent advancements in catalytic thermochemical conversions of biomass into biofuels are explored, alongside discussions on algal biocrude as a feedstock. The role of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis in biodiesel production is examined, along with innovative techniques such as microwave and ultrasound-assisted synthesis. The book also presents information about the utilization of waste cooking oil and waste-derived catalysts, concluding with insights into solketal synthesis and catalytic biodiesel production via simultaneous esterification and transesterification.
The book imparts the technical know-how on biodiesel and relevant fuel additives for engineering and sustainability students, professionals and apprentices. It also informs policymakers in the energy sector on the benefits of biodiesel as a renewable energy resource.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives: A Brief History
1. Introduction
1.1. Background of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives
1.1.1. Biodiesel
1.1.2. Fuel Additives
1.2. State of the Art in Biofuel Production
2. Catalytic Biodiesel Production
2.1. Homogenous Catalyst
2.2. Heterogeneous Catalyst
3. Fuel Additives
3.1. Solketal
3.2. Glycerol Carbonate
4. Socio-Economic and Environmental Impact of Biofuel Production
- Conclusion and Future Outlook
- References
Chapter 2 Production of Biodiesel from Soybean Oil
1. Introduction
2. Different Types of Catalysts Utilized for Biodiesel Production From Soybean Oil
2.1. Homogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production
2.2. Heterogeneous Catalyst in Soybean Oil Biodiesel Production
2.3. Enzyme-Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Soybean Oil
3. Comparison of Catalysts Used in Soybean Oil Biodiesel
Production
4. Properties of Soybean Oil Biodiesel
5. Different Reactors Used in Soybean Oil Biodiesel Production
6. Economic Feasibility
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 3 Production of Biodiesel from Palm (Arecaceae) Oil
1. Introduction
1.1. Biodiesel Generation Route
1.2. Properties of Biodiesel
2. Crude Materials for the Generation of Biodiesel
2.1. Parameter Impacts for the Generation of Biodiesel
2.2. Types of Crude Materials
3. Arecaceae Oil as An Essential Source for Biodiesel Production 91
3.1. Historic Viewpoint
3.2. Advantages and Characteristics of Biodiesel from Arecaceae Oil
4. Applications of Arecaceae Biodiesel
4.1. Natural Effect
4.2. Social Aspect
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 4 Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas Oil
1. Introduction
1.1. Main Characteristics of Jatropha Curcas L. Variability and Its Influence on Biofuel Properties
1.2. Harvesting the Jatropha System
2. Jatropha Curcas Oil
2.1. Physical and Chemical Characteristics
2.2. Extraction Methods of Jatropha Oil
2.3. Supercritical Co2 Extraction
2.4. Subcritical Fluid Extraction
2.5. Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Extraction
2.6. Microwave-Assisted Oil Extraction
2.7. Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction
3. Production of Biodiesel from Jatropha Curcas Oil
3.1. Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis
3.2. Glycerolysis
3.3. Upstream and Downstream Processes
3.3.1. Sedimentation
3.4. Characteristics of the Final Product; Blends and Additives
3.4.1. Specifications Associated With the Raw Material
3.4.2. Specifications Associated With the Transesterification Reaction
3.4.3. Specifications Related to the Properties of Fatty Acid Esters
3.4.4. Fuel Storage
3.5. Potential Use of By-Products in a Circular Economy of Biodiesel Production
4. Current Technologies and Recent Advances in Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas
4.1. Lipases
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 5 Recent Advancements in Catalytic Thermo- Chemical Conversions of Biomass into Biofuels: a Comprehensive Review
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Biofuels
2.1. Based on the Physical State
2.1.1. Solid State Biofuels
2.1.2. Utilization and Development of Liquid Biofuels
2.1.3. Gaseous State Biofuels
2.2. Based on Technological Development
2.2.1. Traditional Biofuels
2.2.2. Contemporary Biofuels
2.2.3. Based on Feedstock Generation
3. Technologies for Converting Biofuels
3.1. Conversion Technology for Biofuels of First-Generation
3.1.1. Transesterification Techniques for the Generation of Biodiesel
3.1.2. Ethanol Conversion Procedures
3.1.3. Processes for Producing Biogas
3.2. Conversion Technology for Second-Generation Biofuels
3.3. Technology for Third-Generation Biofuel Conversion
4. Conventional Technologies for Biomass to Biofuel Conversion 168
4.1. Gasification
4.2. Liquefaction
4.2.1. Hydrothermal Liquefaction
4.2.2. Catalytic Liquefaction
5. Application of Nano-Catalysts in Biofuel Production
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 6 Algal Biocrude as Drop-In Feedstock for Green Fuel And Green Chemicals
1. Introduction
2. Algal Oil - Process Overview
3. Algal Biology
4. Cultivation
5. Co2 Management
6. Harvesting and Dewatering of Algae
7. Lipid Extraction
8. Hydrothermal Processing of Whole Algae
8.1. Water Chemistry
8.2. Hydrothermal Liquefaction
8.3. Current State of Htl Technology
9. Algal Biorefinery Approach for Biofuel and Biochemicals
10. Challenges in Algal Technology Commercialization
11. Summary
- References
Chapter 7 Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalysis in Biodiesel Production
1. Introduction: About Energy Consumption
2. Biodiesel as An Alternative Fuel
3. Transesterification of Biodiesel
4. Catalysts for Production of Biodiesel
4.1. Homogeneous Base Catalyzed Transesterification
4.2. Homogeneous Acid Catalyzed Transesterification
4.3. Two-Step Homogeneous Acid and Base-Catalyzed Transesterification
4.4. Base-Catalyzed Transesterification Carried Out in Heterogeneously
4.5. Heterogeneous Acid Catalyzed Reaction
5. Solid Acid Catalysts (Sacs)
5.1. Using Zeolites and Zeolite-Like Substances
5.2. Modified Clay Materials
5.3. Functionalized Metal Oxides
5.3.1. Sulphated Metal Oxides
5.3.2. Metal Oxide Loaded on Silica
5.4. Ion Exchange Resins
5.5. Some Other Catalysts
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 8 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Biodiesel and Related Fuel Additives
1. Introduction
1.1. Basics of Green Chemistry
1.2. Microwave Technology: Fundamentals, Advantages of Microwave-Assisted Synthesis 223
2. Bio-Fuels from Organic Sources
3. Microwave-Assisted Biodiesel Production
3.1. Biodiesel Production
3.2. Microwave-Assisted Methods
3.3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Biofuels
4. Fuel Additives
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 9 Ultrasound Assisted Biodiesel Production
1. Introduction
2. Ultrasounds and Cavitation
3. Ultrasound Parameters
4. General Considerations About Ultrasound-Assisted Biodiesel Production
5. Homogeneous Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification
6. Heterogeneous Base Ultrasound Assisted Transesterification 281
7. Enzymatic Catalyzed Ultrasound Assiste 284
8. Ultrasonic Reactors for the Production of Biodiesel From Vegetable Oils
9. Ultrasounds Combined With Microwave for Biodiesel Production
- Conclusion
- References
Chapter 10 Waste Cooking Oil to Biodiesel - A Review
1. Introduction
1.1. Definition
1.2. Historic Background
1.3. Working Principle
1.4. Environmental Problems for Disposing Cooking Oil
2. Types of Cooking Oil
2.1. Palm Oil
2.1.1. Plant Features
2.1.2. Pests
2.2. Rapeseed Oil
2.2.1. Characteristics of Plant
2.2.2. Pests
2.3. Sunflower Oil
2.3.1. Features of Plant
Author
- Pratibha S. Agrawal
- Samuel L. Rokhum
- C. Vanlalveni
- N. Shaemningwar Moyon
