1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2024
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. Regulatory Landscape
2.6. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.6.1. Supply
2.6.2. Demand
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Price Trend Analysis, 2019 - 2031,
3.1. Key Highlights
3.2. Prominent Factors Affecting Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Prices
3.3. Pricing Analysis
3.3.1. Subscription-based Pricing Analysis
3.3.2. Average Pricing Analysis by Hardware
4. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
4.1. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.1.1. Key Highlights
4.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
4.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
4.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
4.2. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.2.1. Key Highlights
4.2.1.1. Hardware
4.2.1.2. Software
4.2.1.3. Services
4.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
4.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
4.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
4.3. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.3.1. Key Highlights
4.3.1.1. Traffic management
4.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
4.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
4.3.1.4. Parking management
4.3.1.5. Access control
4.4. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.4.1. Key Highlights
4.4.1.1. Government
4.4.1.2. Commercial
4.4.1.3. Others
4.5. Global Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
4.5.1. Key Highlights
4.5.1.1. North America
4.5.1.2. Europe
4.5.1.3. Asia Pacific
4.5.1.4. Latin America
4.5.1.5. Middle East & Africa
4.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
5. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
5.1. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
5.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
5.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
5.2. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Hardware
5.2.1.2. Software
5.2.1.3. Services
5.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
5.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
5.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
5.3. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Traffic management
5.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
5.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
5.3.1.4. Parking management
5.3.1.5. Access control
5.4. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. Government
5.4.1.2. Commercial
5.4.1.3. Others
5.5. North America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1. Key Highlights
5.5.1.1. U.S. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.2. U.S. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.3. U.S. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.4. U.S. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.5. Canada Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.6. Canada Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.7. Canada Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.1.8. Canada Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
5.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
6.1. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
6.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
6.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
6.2. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Hardware
6.2.1.2. Software
6.2.1.3. Services
6.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
6.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
6.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
6.3. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Traffic management
6.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
6.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
6.3.1.4. Parking management
6.3.1.5. Access control
6.4. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. Government
6.4.1.2. Commercial
6.4.1.3. Others
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
6.5. Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1. Key Highlights
6.5.1.1. Germany Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.2. Germany Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.3. Germany Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.4. Germany Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.5. U.K. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.6. U.K. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.7. U.K. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.8. U.K. Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.9. France Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.10. France Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.11. France Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.12. France Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.13. Italy Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.14. Italy Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.15. Italy Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.16. Italy Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.17. Turkey Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.18. Turkey Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.19. Turkey Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.20. Turkey Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.21. Russia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.22. Russia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.23. Russia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.24. Russia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.25. Rest of Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.26. Rest of Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.27. Rest of Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.1.28. Rest of Europe Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
6.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
7.1. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
7.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
7.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
7.2. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.2.1. Key Highlights
7.2.1.1. Hardware
7.2.1.2. Software
7.2.1.3. Services
7.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
7.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
7.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
7.3. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Traffic management
7.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
7.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
7.3.1.4. Parking management
7.3.1.5. Access control
7.4. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Government
7.4.1.2. Commercial
7.4.1.3. Others
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7.5. Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1. Key Highlights
7.5.1.1. China Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.2. China Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.3. China Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.4. China Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.5. Japan Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.6. Japan Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.7. Japan Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.8. Japan Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.9. South Korea Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.10. South Korea Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.11. South Korea Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.12. South Korea Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.13. India Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.14. India Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.15. India Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.16. India Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.17. Southeast Asia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.18. Southeast Asia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.19. Southeast Asia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.20. Southeast Asia Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.21. Rest of Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.22. Rest of Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.23. Rest of Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.1.24. Rest of Asia Pacific Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
7.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
8.1. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
8.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
8.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
8.2. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Hardware
8.2.1.2. Software
8.2.1.3. Services
8.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
8.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
8.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
8.3. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Traffic management
8.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
8.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
8.3.1.4. Parking management
8.3.1.5. Access control
8.4. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. Government
8.4.1.2. Commercial
8.4.1.3. Others
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8.5. Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1. Key Highlights
8.5.1.1. Brazil Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.2. Brazil Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.3. Brazil Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.4. Brazil Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.5. Mexico Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.6. Mexico Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.7. Mexico Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.8. Mexico Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.9. Argentina Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.10. Argentina Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.11. Argentina Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.12. Argentina Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.13. Rest of Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.14. Rest of Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.15. Rest of Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.1.16. Rest of Latin America Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
8.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, 2019 - 2031
9.1. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.1.1. Key Highlights
9.1.1.1. Fixed ANPR system
9.1.1.2. Mobile ANPR system
9.1.1.3. Portable ANPR system
9.2. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.2.1. Key Highlights
9.2.1.1. Hardware
9.2.1.2. Software
9.2.1.3. Services
9.2.1.3.1. Installation and Integration
9.2.1.3.2. Support and Maintenance
9.2.1.3.3. Managed Services
9.3. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.3.1. Key Highlights
9.3.1.1. Traffic management
9.3.1.2. Law Enforcement
9.3.1.3. Electronic toll collection
9.3.1.4. Parking management
9.3.1.5. Access control
9.4. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.4.1. Key Highlights
9.4.1.1. Government
9.4.1.2. Commercial
9.4.1.3. Others
9.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9.5. Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1. Key Highlights
9.5.1.1. GCC Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.2. GCC Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.3. GCC Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.4. GCC Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.5. South Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.6. South Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.7. South Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.8. South Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.9. Egypt Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.10. Egypt Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.11. Egypt Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.12. Egypt Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.13. Nigeria Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.14. Nigeria Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.15. Nigeria Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.16. Nigeria Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.17. Rest of Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Type, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.18. Rest of Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Component, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.19. Rest of Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by Application, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.1.20. Rest of Middle East & Africa Automatic Number Plate Recognition System Market by End User, Value (US$ Bn), 2019 - 2031
9.5.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
10. Competitive Landscape
10.1. Company Market Share Analysis, 2024
10.2. Competitive Dashboard
10.3. Company Profiles
10.3.1. Kapsch TrafficCom
10.3.1.1. Company Overview
10.3.1.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.1.3. Financial Overview
10.3.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.2. Siemens
10.3.2.1. Company Overview
10.3.2.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.2.3. Financial Overview
10.3.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.3. Conduent Inc.
10.3.3.1. Company Overview
10.3.3.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.3.3. Financial Overview
10.3.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.4. HikVision
10.3.4.1. Company Overview
10.3.4.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.4.3. Financial Overview
10.3.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.5. Q-Free ASA
10.3.5.1. Company Overview
10.3.5.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.5.3. Financial Overview
10.3.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.6. Genetec Inc
10.3.6.1. Company Overview
10.3.6.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.6.3. Financial Overview
10.3.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.7. Axis communication
10.3.7.1. Company Overview
10.3.7.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.7.3. Financial Overview
10.3.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.8. ARH Incorporation
10.3.8.1. Company Overview
10.3.8.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.8.3. Financial Overview
10.3.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.9. Bosch security systems
10.3.9.1. Company Overview
10.3.9.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.9.3. Financial Overview
10.3.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
10.3.10. Digital Recognition Systems Ltd
10.3.10.1. Company Overview
10.3.10.2. Solution Portfolio
10.3.10.3. Financial Overview
10.3.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
11. Appendix
11.1. Research Methodology
11.2. Report Assumptions
11.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations