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Torque Sensors Market - Global Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2031 - By Product, Technology, Grade, Application, End-user, Region: (North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East and Africa)

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    Report

  • 300 Pages
  • August 2024
  • Region: Global
  • Fairfield Market Research
  • ID: 5990505
Torque sensors are crucial devices used to measure the torque of rotating systems such as electric motors, engines, gearboxes, and craft shifts. Torque measurement and monitoring are vital for the optimal performance and safety of machines and engines. The global torque sensor market is poised for significant growth driven by emerging applications, increased demand for precise torque measurement technology, and high demand from the automotive sector.

Market Drivers and Restraints

Emerging Applications and Increasing Demand: The growing need for precise torque measurement across various industries is a primary driver for market growth. Torque sensors are increasingly being utilized in automotive applications, robotics, medical prosthetics, and other sectors that demand high accuracy and reliability. This burgeoning demand is fostering the development and adoption of advanced torque measurement technologies.

Automotive Sector Demand: The automotive industry represents a significant segment for torque sensors, with applications including engine testing, electric motor testing, and efficiency testing. As vehicles become more technologically advanced, the need for accurate torque measurement is becoming more critical, propelling the demand for rotary torque sensors.

Technological Challenges: Despite the positive outlook, the market faces challenges due to the diverse application requirements of torque sensors. The need for different technological solutions to cater to various applications can act as a restraint, potentially hindering market expansion.

Key Trends in the Torque Sensors Market

High Demand for Rotary Torque Sensors: Rotary torque sensors are extensively used in the automotive sector for various applications. The continuous advancement in automotive technologies has led to the development of more sophisticated rotary torque sensors. Key market players are launching advanced products to meet the evolving needs of customers, further driving the market growth.

Accurate Torque Measurement Technology: The emphasis on performance optimization and quality control across different industries is encouraging the adoption of torque sensors. The need for accurate torque measurement is becoming more pronounced, particularly in new applications such as robotics and medical prosthetics, which are expected to drive significant market growth.

Development of Non-contact & Wireless Sensors: Manufacturers are focusing on integrating new torque sensing technologies, including non-contact and wireless sensors based on surface acoustic wave (SAW), magnetoelastic, and optical torque sensing technologies. These advancements, coupled with cost reductions, are expanding the applications of torque sensors and supporting market growth.

Strict Government Regulations: Developed countries like the U.S., U.K., Canada, Germany, and France have stringent regulations regarding machine safety, which is boosting the adoption of advanced systems like torque sensors. These regulations ensure enhanced safety and performance, driving the demand for high-accuracy torque sensors.

Regional Market Insights

East Asia: East Asia holds a significant share of the global torque sensors market and is expected to maintain its dominance. The region's robust manufacturing sector and technological advancements contribute to its leading position in the market.

North America: North America is the second-largest market for torque sensors and is anticipated to grow at a substantial rate. The region's focus on technological innovation and stringent safety regulations are key factors driving the market growth.

Europe, South Asia, and the Pacific: These regions also show promising growth in the torque sensors market, with steady sales and increasing adoption of advanced torque measurement technologies.

Impact of COVID-19 on the Torque Sensors Market

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the torque sensors market, primarily due to the disruptions in the manufacturing sector. Nationwide lockdowns and restrictions have led to reduced workforce attendance, lower production efficiency, and constrained procurement budgets. These factors are expected to hamper market growth in the near term. However, as industries recover and adapt to the new normal, the demand for torque sensors is likely to regain momentum.

Analyst Perspectives

The global torque sensors market is projected to grow steadily in the coming years. Stakeholders can leverage opportunities in Asia and North America to increase sales and profitability. The high demand for rotary torque sensors, driven by their extensive use in automotive applications, presents a significant growth avenue for manufacturers.

Segmentation of the Torque Sensors Market

The global torque sensors market is segmented based on product type, mechanical configuration, application, and region. Each segment offers unique growth opportunities and has been analyzed in detail.

By Product:

  • Rotary Torque Sensors
  • Reaction Torque Sensors
  • SAW Torque Sensors
  • Optical Torque Sensors
  • Others

By Mechanical Configuration:

  • Shaft Style
  • Flange Style

By Application:

  • Automotive & Transportation
  • Aerospace & Defense
  • Medical & Healthcare
  • Others

By Region:

  • North America
  • Latin America
  • Europe
  • APAC
  • MEA


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Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary
1.1. Global Torque Sensors Market Snapshot
1.2. Future Projections
1.3. Key Market Trends
1.4. Regional Snapshot, by Value, 2023
1.5. Analyst Recommendations
2. Market Overview
2.1. Market Definitions and Segmentations
2.2. Market Dynamics
2.2.1. Drivers
2.2.2. Restraints
2.2.3. Market Opportunities
2.3. Value Chain Analysis
2.4. Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
2.5. COVID-19 Impact Analysis
2.5.1. Supply
2.5.2. Demand
2.6. Impact of Ukraine-Russia Conflict
2.7. Economic Overview
2.7.1. World Economic Projections
2.8. PESTLE Analysis
3. Production Output and Trade Statistics, 2019-2023
3.1. Global Torque Sensors Production Output, by Region, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2023
3.1.1. North America
3.1.2. Europe
3.1.3. Asia Pacific
3.1.4. Latin America
3.1.5. Middle East and Africa
4. Price Analysis, 2023
4.1. Global Average Price Analysis, by Product, US$ Per Unit, 2023
4.2. Prominent Factor Affecting Torque Sensors Prices
4.3. Global Average Price Analysis, by Region, US$ Per Unit, 2023
5. Global Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
5.1. Global Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
5.1.1. Key Highlights
5.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
5.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
5.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
5.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
5.1.1.5. Others
5.2. Global Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
5.2.1. Key Highlights
5.2.1.1. Shaft Style
5.2.1.2. Flange Style
5.3. Global Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
5.3.1. Key Highlights
5.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
5.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
5.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
5.3.1.4. Others
5.4. Global Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Region, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
5.4.1. Key Highlights
5.4.1.1. North America
5.4.1.2. Europe
5.4.1.3. Asia Pacific
5.4.1.4. Latin America
5.4.1.5. Middle East & Africa
6. North America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
6.1. North America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.1.1. Key Highlights
6.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
6.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
6.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
6.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
6.1.1.5. Others
6.2. North America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.2.1. Key Highlights
6.2.1.1. Shaft Style
6.2.1.2. Flange Style
6.3. North America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.3.1. Key Highlights
6.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
6.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
6.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
6.3.1.4. Others
6.4. North America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1. Key Highlights
6.4.1.1. U.S. Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1.2. U.S. Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1.3. U.S. Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1.4. Canada Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1.5. Canada Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.1.6. Canada Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
6.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
7. Europe Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
7.1. Europe Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.1.1. Key Highlights
7.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
7.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
7.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
7.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
7.1.1.5. Others
7.2. Europe Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.2.1. Key Highlights
7.2.1.1. Shaft Style
7.2.1.2. Flange Style
7.3. Europe Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.3.1. Key Highlights
7.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
7.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
7.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
7.3.1.4. Others
7.4. Europe Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1. Key Highlights
7.4.1.1. Germany Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.2. Germany Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.3. Germany Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.4. U.K. Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.5. U.K. Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.6. U.K. Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.7. France Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.8. France Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.9. France Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.10. Italy Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.11. Italy Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.12. Italy Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.13. Türkiye Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.14. Türkiye Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.15. Türkiye Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.16. Russia Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.17. Russia Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.18. Russia Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.19. Rest of Europe Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.20. Rest of Europe Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.1.21. Rest of Europe Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
7.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
8. Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
8.1. Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.1.1. Key Highlights
8.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
8.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
8.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
8.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
8.1.1.5. Others
8.2. Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.2.1. Key Highlights
8.2.1.1. Shaft Style
8.2.1.2. Flange Style
8.3. Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.3.1. Key Highlights
8.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
8.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
8.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
8.3.1.4. Others
8.4. Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1. Key Highlights
8.4.1.1. China Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.2. China Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.3. China Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.4. Japan Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.5. Japan Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.6. Japan Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.7. South Korea Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.8. South Korea Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.9. South Korea Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.10. India Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.11. India Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.12. India Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.13. Southeast Asia Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.14. Southeast Asia Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.15. Southeast Asia Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.16. Rest of Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.1.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
8.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
9. Latin America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
9.1. Latin America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.1.1. Key Highlights
9.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
9.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
9.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
9.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
9.1.1.5. Others
9.2. Latin America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.2.1. Key Highlights
9.2.1.1. Shaft Style
9.2.1.2. Flange Style
9.3. Latin America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.3.1. Key Highlights
9.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
9.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
9.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
9.3.1.4. Others
9.4. Latin America Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1. Key Highlights
9.4.1.1. Brazil Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.2. Brazil Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.3. Brazil Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.4. Mexico Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.5. Mexico Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.6. Mexico Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.7. Argentina Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.8. Argentina Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.9. Argentina Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.10. Rest of Latin America Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.11. Rest of Latin America Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.1.12. Rest of Latin America Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
9.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
10. Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market Outlook, 2019-2031
10.1. Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.1.1. Key Highlights
10.1.1.1. Rotary Torque Sensors
10.1.1.2. SAW Torque Sensors
10.1.1.3. Optical Torque Sensors
10.1.1.4. Reaction Torque Sensors
10.1.1.5. Others
10.2. Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.2.1. Key Highlights
10.2.1.1. Shaft Style
10.2.1.2. Flange Style
10.3. Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market Outlook, By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.3.1. Key Highlights
10.3.1.1. Aerospace & Defence
10.3.1.2. Automotive & Transportation
10.3.1.3. Medical & Healthcare
10.3.1.4. Others
10.4. Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market Outlook, by Country, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1. Key Highlights
10.4.1.1. GCC Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.2. GCC Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.3. GCC Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.4. South Africa Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.5. South Africa Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.6. South Africa Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.7. Egypt Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.8. Egypt Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.9. Egypt Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.10. Nigeria Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.11. Nigeria Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.12. Nigeria Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.13. Rest of Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market By Product, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.14. Rest of Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market By Mechanical Configuration, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.1.15. Rest of Middle East & Africa Torque Sensors Market By Application, Value (US$ Bn) and Volume (Units), 2019-2031
10.4.2. BPS Analysis/Market Attractiveness Analysis
11. Competitive Landscape
11.1. Company Market Share Analysis, 2023
11.2. Competitive Dashboard
11.3. Company Profiles
11.3.1. ABB Ltd.
11.3.1.1. Company Overview
11.3.1.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.1.3. Financial Overview
11.3.1.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.2. FUTEK Advanced Sensor Technology, Inc.
11.3.2.1. Company Overview
11.3.2.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.2.3. Financial Overview
11.3.2.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.3. Interface Inc.
11.3.3.1. Company Overview
11.3.3.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.3.3. Financial Overview
11.3.3.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.4. Honeywell International, Inc.
11.3.4.1. Company Overview
11.3.4.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.4.3. Financial Overview
11.3.4.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.5. Kistler Holding AG
11.3.5.1. Company Overview
11.3.5.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.5.3. Financial Overview
11.3.5.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.6. HBM GmbH
11.3.6.1. Company Overview
11.3.6.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.6.3. Financial Overview
11.3.6.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.7. ATI Industrial Automation, Inc.
11.3.7.1. Company Overview
11.3.7.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.7.3. Financial Overview
11.3.7.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.8. Crane Electronics Ltd.
11.3.8.1. Company Overview
11.3.8.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.8.3. Financial Overview
11.3.8.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.9. Sensor Technology Ltd.
11.3.9.1. Company Overview
11.3.9.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.9.3. Financial Overview
11.3.9.4. Business Strategies and Development
11.3.10. Datum Electronic Limited
11.3.10.1. Company Overview
11.3.10.2. Product Portfolio
11.3.10.3. Financial Overview
11.3.10.4. Business Strategies and Development
12. Appendix
12.1. Research Methodology
12.2. Report Assumptions
12.3. Acronyms and Abbreviations

Companies Mentioned

  • ABB Ltd.
  • ATI Industrial Automation, Inc.
  • FUTEK Advanced Sensor Technology, Inc.
  • Interface Inc.
  • Honeywell International Inc.
  • Crane Electronics Ltd.
  • Kistler Holding AG
  • HBM GmBH
  • Sensor Technology Ltd.
  • Datum Electronics Limited

Methodology

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