6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation delivers a thorough overview of the emerging sixth generation of wireless technology, presenting critical challenges of implementing 6G technologies including spectrum allocation, energy efficiency, security, interoperability, and more. Explaining ways we can use technologies to ensure a sustainable environment through renewable energy and a resilient industry, this book covers the applications and use cases such as smart grid, IoT, smart manufacturing, addressing security and privacy issues with privacy-preserving techniques and authentication control mechanisms.
This book discusses the analytical methods used to study the performance of 6G technologies, covering simulation techniques, performance metrics, and predictive modeling. Introducing the core principles of 6G technology, including the advantages and disadvantages of the technology and how wireless communications have evolved, energy-efficient hardware and the different types of green communication technologies is explained. Many case studies are included in this book with a detailed explanation.
Written by a team of experienced researchers, this book discusses: - Terahertz (ThZ) communication, massive MIMO and beamforming, quantum communication, bandwidth management, and ultra-dense networks and small cell deployments - Smart cities, telemedicine, and autonomous vehicles and schemes for waveform design, modulation, error correction, and advanced coding and modulation - Sensor networks, edge computing and mobile cloud computing, and spatial, quantum, and dew computing - Quantum-safe encryption, privacy-preserving technologies and techniques, threats and vulnerabilities, and authentication and access control mechanisms - Network slicing and service differentiation, multi-connectivity and heterogeneous networks, and wireless power transfer
6G-Enabled Technologies for Next Generation is a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for students, academics, and researchers, along with professionals in the telecommunications field.
Table of Contents
About the Authors xxiii
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxvii
1 6G-Enabled Technologies: An Introduction 1
1.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies 1
1.1.1 Key Features and Advancements 1
1.1.2 Challenges and Issues 2
1.2 Evolution of Wireless Communication Systems 2
1.3 Motivation for 6G Technology 4
1.4 Literature Review 6
1.5 Key Features and Objectives of 6G in Modern Era 8
1.6 Advantages vs Disadvantages of 6G 10
1.6.1 Advantages of 6G 10
1.6.2 Disadvantages of 6G 12
1.7 Open Issues and Important Challenges Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies 12
1.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Enabled Technologies in Near Future 14
1.9 An Open Discussion for 6G-Enabled Technologies-Based Modern Society 15
1.10 Summary 17
References 17
2 Fundamentals of 6G Networks 21
2.1 Introduction to 6G Networks 21
2.2 Literature Review 21
2.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication in 6G Networks 24
2.4 Massive MIMO and Beamforming in 6G Networks 25
2.5 Quantum Communication in 6G Networks 26
2.6 Artificial Intelligence in 6G 27
2.7 Spectrum Issues and Bandwidth Management in 6G Networks 29
2.8 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Techniques in 6G Networks 30
2.9 Ultra-Dense Networks and Small Cell Deployments in 6G Networks 31
2.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks 32
2.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks 34
2.12 Summary 36
References 36
3 Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 39
3.1 Introduction to Next-Generation Air Interfaces for 6G 39
3.2 Literature Review 41
3.3 Spectrum and Air Interface for 6G 43
3.3.1 Air Interface Design Issue 44
3.4 Waveform Design and Modulation Schemes for 6G 45
3.4.1 Challenges in 6G Waveform Design 46
3.4.2 Evolution of Modulation Schemes 46
3.5 Multiple Access Techniques for 6G Networks 47
3.5.1 Challenges in 6G Multiple Access 47
3.5.2 Evolution of Multiple Access Techniques 48
3.6 Advanced Coding and Error Correction Schemes for 6G 48
3.6.1 Challenges in 6G Communication 49
3.6.2 Innovations in Coding and Error Correction 49
3.7 Spectrum Challenges and Opportunities for 6G 50
3.7.1 Spectrum Challenges for 6G 50
3.7.2 Opportunities in Spectrum for 6G 50
3.8 THz Band Communication for 6G 51
3.8.1 Opportunities of THz Band Communication for 6G 51
3.8.2 Challenges and Innovations in THz Band Communication 52
3.9 Advanced Modulation Schemes for 6G 52
3.9.1 Challenges in 6G Modulation 53
3.10 Open Issues and Challenges Toward 6G 54
3.10.1 Technological Challenges 54
3.10.2 Security and Privacy Challenges 55
3.10.3 Socioeconomic Issue 55
3.11 Future Research Opportunities for 6G Network-Based Environment 56
3.11.1 Technological Advancements 56
3.11.2 Societal Implications 56
3.11.3 Economic and Industry Perspectives 57
3.12 Summary 57
References 58
4 Enabling Technologies for 6G-Based Advanced Applications 61
4.1 Introduction to Enabling Technologies and Their Role with 6G 61
4.1.1 Enabling Technologies of the Future 61
4.1.2 Role of 6G 63
4.1.3 Evolution of 1G to 6G 63
4.1.3.1 1G (First Generation) 64
4.1.3.2 2G (Second Generation) 64
4.1.3.3 3G (Third Generation) 64
4.1.3.4 4G (Fourth Generation) 64
4.1.3.5 5G (Fifth Generation) 65
4.1.3.6 6G (Sixth Generation) 65
4.2 Literature Review 65
4.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in 6G 68
4.3.1 Data Analytics and AI in 6G 70
4.3.2 Internet of Things (IoT) and Sensor Networks in 6G 72
4.3.3 Mobile Cloud Computing in 6G 73
4.3.4 Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing in 6G 74
4.3.4.1 Cloud Computing 74
4.3.4.2 Edge Computing 75
4.3.4.3 Mist Computing 75
4.3.4.4 Integration of Cloud, Edge, and Mist Computing 76
4.3.5 Spatial Computing in 6G 76
4.3.6 Dew Computing in 6G 78
4.3.7 Quantum Communications and Computing in 6G 80
4.3.7.1 Quantum-Secured Communication 80
4.3.7.2 Quantum Networking 80
4.3.7.3 Quantum-Secured IoT 80
4.3.7.4 Quantum-Computing Acceleration 80
4.3.7.5 Quantum ml 81
4.3.7.6 Quantum-Secured Edge Computing 81
4.4 Blockchain and Security in 6G Networks 81
4.4.1 Decentralized Identity Management 81
4.4.2 Secure Authentication and Access Control 82
4.4.3 Immutable Audit Trails and Forensics 82
4.4.4 Secure Data Exchange and Sharing 82
4.4.5 Resilient and Scalable Security Infrastructure 82
4.4.6 Tokenization and Micropayments 82
4.5 Photonic and Optical Technologies in 6G 83
4.5.1 Terahertz Communication 83
4.5.2 Optical Wireless Communication 84
4.5.3 Integrated Photonics 84
4.5.4 Optical Fiber Networks 84
4.5.5 Optical Sensors and Sensing Networks 85
4.6 Wireless Power Transfer and Energy Harvesting in 6G 85
4.6.1 Wpt 85
4.6.2 Energy Harvesting 86
4.6.3 Harvesting Ambient RF Energy 86
4.6.4 Integrated Power Management and Energy-Aware Networking 86
4.6.5 Self-Powered IoT Networks 87
4.7 Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 87
4.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing Emerging Technologies in 6G 88
4.9 Summary 90
References 90
5 Security and Privacy in 6G Networks 95
5.1 Introduction to Security and Privacy 95
5.1.1 Defining Security and Privacy 95
5.1.2 The Interplay Between Security and Privacy 96
5.1.3 Challenges in Ensuring Security and Privacy 96
5.1.4 The Need for a Holistic Approach 97
5.2 Types, Features, and Importance of Security and Privacy 97
5.2.1 Types of Security and Privacy 97
5.2.2 Features of Security and Privacy 98
5.2.3 Importance of Security and Privacy 99
5.3 Literature Review 99
5.4 Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 101
5.4.1 Principles of Quantum-Safe Encryption 101
5.4.2 Importance of Quantum-Safe Encryption for 6G 102
5.5 Privacy-Preserving Technologies for 6G 102
5.5.1 Key Privacy-Preserving Technologies 103
5.5.2 Challenges and Future Directions 104
5.6 Threats and Vulnerabilities in 6G Networks 104
5.6.1 Key Threats and Vulnerabilities 105
5.6.2 Mitigation Strategies 106
5.7 Authentication and Access Control Mechanisms for 6G 106
5.7.1 Challenges and Requirements 107
5.7.2 Authentication Mechanisms 107
5.7.3 Access Control Mechanisms 107
5.8 Issues and Challenges Toward Maintaining Security and Privacy in 6G 108
5.8.1 Mitigation Strategies 109
5.9 Future Research Opportunities for Improving Security and Privacy in 6G 110
5.9.1 Future Research Opportunities 110
5.10 Summary 111
References 111
6 Applications and Use Cases of 6G Technology 115
6.1 Introduction to 6G Technology Applications 115
6.2 Literature Review 117
6.3 IoT-Based Smart Cities and Smart Environment - In General 119
6.4 Smart Cities and Urban Connectivity Using 6G 121
6.5 Telemedicine and Healthcare - In General 123
6.6 Modern Healthcare Services with 6G 125
6.7 Autonomous Vehicles - In General 126
6.8 Autonomous Vehicles and Transportation Systems in 6G Networks 128
6.9 Virtual and Augmented Reality in 6G Networks 131
6.10 Other Applications with 6G Technology in Next Decade 133
6.11 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Applications 134
6.11.1 Technical Issues 134
6.11.2 Nontechnical Issues 135
6.12 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Applications in Near Future 136
6.13 Summary 137
References 138
7 Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 143
7.1 Introduction to Network Architecture and Protocols for 6G 143
7.2 Literature Review 145
7.3 Hexa-Cell and Nano-Cell Networks for 6G 148
7.3.1 Hexa-Cell Networks 148
7.3.2 Nano-Cell Networks 148
7.4 Cloud/Fog/Edge Computing in 6G 149
7.4.1 Cloud Computing in 6G 149
7.4.2 Fog Computing in 6G 150
7.4.3 Edge Computing in 6G 151
7.5 Satellite Integration via 6G in Near Future 152
7.6 Network Slicing via 6G 153
7.7 Network Slicing and Service Differentiation Using 5G and 6G 154
7.8 Multi-Connectivity and Heterogeneous Networks in 6G Technology 156
7.8.1 Multi-Connectivity 156
7.8.2 Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) 156
7.8.3 Integration and Interoperability 157
7.8.4 Dynamic Resource Allocation 157
7.8.5 Use Cases and Applications 157
7.9 QoS and Resource Management in 6G Networks 158
7.9.1 Dynamic QoS Provisioning 158
7.9.2 Network Slicing 158
7.9.3 AI-Driven Resource Optimization 158
7.9.4 Edge Computing and Caching 159
7.9.5 Interoperability and Standards 159
7.10 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 159
7.10.1 Technical Challenge 159
7.10.2 Nontechnical Challenges 160
7.11 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G-Based Protocols and Networks 161
7.11.1 Spectrum Exploration and Utilization 162
7.11.2 Ultralow Latency Communication 162
7.11.3 Massive Connectivity and IoT 162
7.11.4 AI-Driven Networking and Optimization 162
7.11.5 Quantum-Secure Communication 162
7.11.6 Edge Computing and Heterogeneous Networks 163
7.11.7 Green and Sustainable Networking 163
7.11.8 User-Centric Services and Experiences 163
7.11.9 Security, Privacy, and Trustworthiness 163
7.12 Summary 164
References 165
8 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 169
8.1 Introduction to Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 169
8.2 Literature Review 171
8.3 Energy-Efficient Hardware in Today’s Scenario (with 6G Networks) 172
8.4 Environmental Impact Assessment Using 6G Networks 174
8.5 Green Communication Technologies with 6G Networks 175
8.6 Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer Using 6G Networks 177
8.7 Energy Optimization and Management Techniques Using 6G Networks 179
8.8 Technical and Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 180
8.8.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 180
8.8.2 Nontechnical Issues and Challenges 181
8.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Energy Efficiency and Sustainability in 6G Networks 182
8.10 Summary 184
References 184
9 Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks 187
9.1 Introduction to Performance Evaluation and Optimization in 6G Networks 187
9.2 Literature Review 188
9.3 Channel Modeling and Propagation Characteristics in 6G Networks 190
9.4 Performance Metrics and Quality of Service (QoS) in 6G Networks 192
9.5 Optimization Algorithms and Techniques for 6G Networks 193
9.6 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation 195
9.6.1 Technical Challenges 195
9.6.2 Nontechnical Challenges 196
9.7 Future Research Opportunities Toward 6G Networks-Based Optimization and Performance Evaluation 196
9.8 An Open Discussion 198
9.9 Summary 199
References 200
10 Network Planning and Deployment for 6G-Based Systems in Real World 203
10.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Systems 203
10.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Communication Technologies 203
10.1.2 Anticipated Features and Capabilities of 6G 203
10.2 Literature Review 205
10.3 Network Planning and Dimensioning Strategies Using 6G Networks 206
10.4 Deployment of 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 208
10.4.1 Telecommunications 208
10.4.2 Healthcare 208
10.4.3 Manufacturing 209
10.4.4 Transportation 209
10.4.5 Smart Cities 209
10.4.6 Entertainment and Media 209
10.4.7 Education 210
10.5 Coverage and Capacity Optimization in 6G Networks 210
10.5.1 Antenna Technologies 210
10.5.2 Spectrum Management 211
10.5.3 Small Cell Deployments 211
10.5.4 Network Densification 211
10.5.5 Network Slicing 212
10.5.6 Edge Computing 212
10.6 Deployment Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 212
10.7 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 214
10.7.1 Technical Issues 214
10.7.2 Nontechnical Issues 215
10.7.3 Legal Issues 215
10.8 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 216
10.9 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G-Based Systems in Real-World Sectors 218
10.10 Summary 220
References 221
11 Standardization and Regulatory Aspects for 6G-Based Networks and Systems 225
11.1 Introduction to 6G-Based Networks Technology and Systems 225
11.2 Literature Review 226
11.3 Standardization Bodies and Organizations for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 228
11.3.1 International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 228
11.3.2 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 229
11.3.3 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 229
11.3.4 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 229
11.3.5 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) 229
11.3.6 National Telecommunications and Information Administration (ntia) 229
11.3.7 Other Industry Consortia and Forums 230
11.4 Spectrum Regulations and Policies for 6G 230
11.4.1 Frequency Bands Allocation 230
11.4.2 Dynamic Spectrum Access 230
11.4.3 Spectrum Auctions and Licensing 231
11.4.4 International Coordination 231
11.4.5 Spectrum Sharing and Unlicensed Bands 231
11.4.6 Security and Interference Mitigation 231
11.4.7 Future-Proofing Regulations 231
11.5 Global Collaboration and Interoperability for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 232
11.5.1 International Standardization Bodies 232
11.5.2 Cross-Industry Collaboration 232
11.5.3 Open Research and Innovation Platforms 232
11.5.4 Interoperability Testing and Certification 233
11.5.5 Regulatory Harmonization 233
11.5.6 Capacity Building and Knowledge Sharing 233
11.6 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues for 6G and 6G-Based Networks 233
11.6.1 Technical Issues 234
11.6.2 Nontechnical Issues 234
11.6.3 Legal Issues 235
11.7 Important Challenges Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications 235
11.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G and 6G-Based Networks in Real-World Applications 236
11.9 Summary 239
References 239
12 Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G Technology for Modern Society 243
12.1 Introduction to Necessity of Economic and Business Perspectives of 6G for Modern Society 243
12.2 Literature Review 244
12.3 Market Opportunities and Revenue Models Using 6G for Modern Society 245
12.4 Business Challenges and Monetization Strategies for 6G-Based Modern Society 247
12.5 Industry Collaboration and Partnerships Required for 6G-Based Modern Society 249
12.6 An Open Discussion for 6G-Based Modern Society to Achieve Sustainable Goals 250
12.7 Technical, Nontechnical Issues and Challenges Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society 253
12.7.1 Technical Issues and Challenges 253
12.7.2 Nontechnical Issues and Challenges 253
12.8 Future Research Opportunities Toward Implementing 6G for Business/Economic Reforms for Betterment of Society 254
12.9 Summary 256
References 257
13 Ethical and Social Implications of Using Artificial Intelligence in 6G Networks 261
13.1 Introduction to AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 261
13.2 Literature Review 262
13.3 Privacy, Surveillance, and Data Ethics for 6G-Based Systems, and Communication: From Society’s Perspective 264
13.4 Socioeconomic Impact and Digital Divide for 6G-Based Systems and Communication 266
13.5 Legal and Ethical Issues for Implementing AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade 267
13.6 Technical, Nontechnical and Legal Issues Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication in Next Decade 268
13.6.1 Technical Issues 268
13.6.2 Nontechnical Issues 269
13.6.3 Legal Issues 269
13.7 Challenges and Open Research Questions AI-Based 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 270
13.8 Interference and Coexistence Challenges Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 270
13.9 Business Models and Market Challenges with Using of AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 270
13.9.1 Business Models 270
13.9.2 Market Challenges 275
13.10 Future Research Opportunities Toward Using AI in 6G Networks, Systems, and Communication 276
13.10.1 AI-Driven Network Optimization 276
13.10.2 AI-Enabled Edge Computing 276
13.10.3 AI-Driven Security and Privacy 276
13.10.4 AI for Dynamic Spectrum Access 277
13.10.5 Ethical and Responsible AI Deployment 277
13.10.6 AI-Enabled Services and Applications 277
13.10.7 Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration 277
13.11 Summary 278
References 279
14 Future Trends and Research Directions for 6G 283
14.1 Beyond 6G: Vision for Future Generations 283
14.2 Literature Work 285
14.3 Emerging Technologies and Innovations for Next-Generation Society with 6G 286
14.4 Future Trends Beyond 6G 288
14.5 The Future of Wireless Communication 289
14.6 Future Potential Beyond 6G Technologies 291
14.7 Speculation on 7G and Beyond 293
14.8 Open Research Gaps, Technical/Nontechnical Challenges Beyond 6G 294
14.9 Technical/Nontechnical/Legal Issues Moving Beyond 6G 295
14.9.1 Technical Issues 296
14.9.2 Nontechnical Issues 296
14.9.3 Legal Issues 297
14.10 Important Challenges Toward Beyond 6G 297
14.11 Future Research Opportunities Beyond 6G 299
14.12 Summary 301
References 301
15 Evolution of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks: Technology, Barriers, Advancement, and Future 305
15.1 Introduction 305
15.1.1 Background 305
15.1.2 Evolution of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 306
15.1.3 Organization of the Work 308
15.2 Literature Review 308
15.2.1 Overview of Li-Fi, Wi-Fi Technologies, and Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 309
15.2.1.1 Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) Technology 310
15.2.1.2 Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 310
15.2.2 Existing Research and Technologies Toward Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 311
15.2.3 Advantages and Challenges of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 312
15.2.3.1 Advantages 312
15.2.3.2 Challenges 313
15.3 Li-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, and Transmission Techniques (in Li-Fi) 313
15.3.1 Li-Fi Applications and Use Cases in Modern Era 314
15.3.2 Current and Future Advancements in Li-Fi Technology 316
15.4 Wi-Fi Technology: Definition, Principles, Standards, and Protocols (of Wi-Fi) 317
15.4.1 Principles of Wi-Fi 317
15.4.2 Wi-Fi Standards and Protocols 318
15.4.2.1 Wi-Fi Applications and Use Cases 318
15.4.2.2 Current and Future Advancements in Wi-Fi Technology 321
15.5 Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks: Introduction 322
15.5.1 Integration of Li-Fi and Wi-Fi Technologies 322
15.5.2 Benefits and Features of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 325
15.5.2.1 Benefits 325
15.5.2.2 Features 326
15.5.3 Current and Future Advancements in Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 326
15.5.3.1 Current Advancements 327
15.5.3.2 Future Advancements and Trends 327
15.5.4 Simulators Existed for Implementing Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 328
15.6 Current Barriers and Challenges Toward Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 329
15.7 Future Directions and Research Opportunities Toward Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks 330
15.7.1 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks with 5G and Beyond 332
15.7.2 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks with Internet of Things (IoT), AI/ML, and Blockchain 333
15.7.2.1 Integration with IoT 333
15.7.2.2 Integration with AI/ML 334
15.7.2.3 Integration with Blockchain 334
15.7.2.4 Synergy of Technologies 334
15.7.3 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks with Quantum Computing 335
15.7.3.1 Quantum-Safe Encryption 335
15.7.3.2 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) 335
15.7.3.3 Quantum Networking 336
15.7.3.4 Quantum Machine Learning 336
15.7.3.5 Quantum Sensors 336
15.7.3.6 Quantum Computing as a Service 336
15.7.3.7 Quantum-Secured Blockchain 336
15.7.4 Integration of Hybrid Li-Fi-Wi-Fi Networks with Digital Twin 337
15.7.4.1 Real-Time Data Feeds 337
15.7.4.2 Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) 337
15.7.4.3 Smart Manufacturing and Industry 4.0 337
15.7.4.4 Smart Cities and Infrastructure 338
15.7.4.5 Healthcare and Telemedicine 338
15.7.4.6 Building Automation and Smart Environments 338
15.7.4.7 Education and Training 338
15.7.4.8 Retail and Customer Experience 338
15.8 Conclusion 339
References 339
16 6G-Enabled Emerging Technologies for Next-Generation Society: Challenges and Opportunities 343
16.1 Introduction to 6G-Enabled Technologies 343
16.1.1 Definition and Overview 344
16.1.2 Evolution from 5G to 6G 345
16.1.3 Literature Survey 346
16.2 Fundamentals of 6G-Enabled Technologies 352
16.2.1 Spectrum and Bandwidth Issues 353
16.2.2 Massive MIMO and Beamforming 354
16.2.2.1 Massive MIMO 354
16.2.2.2 Beamforming 355
16.2.3 Terahertz (THz) Communication 356
16.2.4 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Integration 357
16.2.5 Energy Efficiency and Sustainability 358
16.3 Applications and Use Cases of 6G 359
16.3.1 Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) 361
16.3.2 Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) 362
16.3.3 Large Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) 364
16.3.4 Internet of Things (IoT) and Industry 5.0 365
16.3.5 Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR), and Mixed Reality (MR) 367
16.3.6 Smart Cities and Autonomous Systems 368
16.3.7 Healthcare and Remote Surgery 370
16.3.7.1 Telemedicine and Remote Healthcare 370
16.3.7.2 Remote Surgery 371
16.3.8 Transportation and Intelligent Mobility 372
16.3.8.1 Connected and Autonomous Vehicles 372
16.3.8.2 Intelligent Mobility and Transportation Optimization 373
16.4 Challenges and Issues in 6G Development 374
16.4.1 Spectrum Allocation and Regulation 375
16.4.2 Network Architecture and Infrastructure 377
16.4.3 Security and Privacy 379
16.4.4 Interoperability and Standardization 380
16.4.5 Ethical and Social Implications 382
16.5 Impact of 6G on Various Industries and Sectors 383
16.5.1 Communication and Connectivity 385
16.5.2 Manufacturing and Industry 386
16.5.3 Healthcare and Life Sciences 388
16.5.4 Transportation and Logistics 389
16.5.5 Entertainment and Media 391
16.5.6 Education and Research 392
16.6 Analysis and Future Scope for 6G-Enabled Technologies 394
16.6.1 Analysis 394
16.6.2 Future Scope 394
16.6.3 Market Potential and Economic Impact 395
16.6.4 Timelines for Deployment and Adoption 397
16.6.5 Collaboration and Research Initiatives 397
16.6.6 Ethical, Legal, and Policy Issues 398
16.6.7 Predictions for 6G’s Role in Future Technological Advancements 399
16.7 Conclusion 401
References 402
17 Conclusion 407
17.1 Move to a New Era - A Glimpse into 6G 407
17.2 Unveiling the Power of 6G - A Leap Toward Hyper-connectivity 408
17.3 The Road to 6G - Issues and Challenges 409
17.4 Navigating the Road to 6G: Unveiling the Challenges 410
17.5 6G: Ushering in a New Era of Business Transformation 412
17.5.1 6G: A Gateway to Business Transformation 412
17.5.2 Demystifying 6G 412
17.5.3 The Business Case for 6G 412
17.5.4 Preparing for the 6G Revolution 413
17.5.5 6G and Industry 4.0 413
References 413
Index 417
