This comprehensive study looks at who, how, and how often higher education faculty are using artificial intelligence applications to search for, cite and summarize information. The study provides highly distinct data sets for each of these purposes, and focuses on the precise use of specific applications, with separate data for use of ChatGPT, Bard, Bing and other applications.
The study enables its readers to find out exactly how higher education faculty are using AI and what their experience has been. For librarians focusing on information literacy and search strategy, it provides a highly detailed map of faculty experience with AI as a supplement to, or even a replacement of, traditional search engines and library search interfaces. This detailed report enables its readers to find out exactly how AI is beginning to reshape information and scholarly searching.
Data in the report is based on a representative survey of 777 higher education faculty; data is broken out by a range of personal and institutional variables, including but not limited to personal characteristics such as work title, academic field, gender, personal income, and race/ethnicity, and institutional attributes such as Carnegie class, public/private status, and enrollment.
Just a few of this 133-page report’s many findings are that:
- Department heads are more likely than other faculty to experiment with developing proper citations from AI searches.
- Untenured faculty who are on a tenure track are also much more likely than others to adjust their prompts to request specific sourcing information from AI applications.
- The majority of respondents (63.19%) expressed little to no confidence in the accuracy of sourcing and citation information from AI applications.
- Males were twice as likely as females to use AI to recommend journals to which to submit research articles.
- ChatGPT use was highest among faculty in architecture, fine and visual arts.
Table of Contents
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
- Characteristics of the sample
- Institutional Affiliations of the Survey Participants
SUMMARY OF MAIN FINDINGS
- Use of AI to Develop Citations for Scholarly Research
- Use of Specific AI Applications for Citation Development
- Use of AI to Identify Sources of Information, Including that from AI Searches (as Distinct from asking AI to Provide or Develop a Citation)
- General Experience with Generative Artificial Intelligence Applications
- Confidence in AI Sourcing and Citation Accuracy
- Usage of AI Applications for Journal Submission Suggestions
- Use of ChatGPT to Find Journals to Which to Submit Research
- Summary of Survey Data on AI Application Usage for Journal Recommendations
- Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications for Finding or Summarizing Journal Articles
- Routine Use of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Searching for Journal Articles or Other Content
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications?
Table 1.2 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by academic title
Table 1.3 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by enrollment
Table 1.4 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 1.5 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by public or private college
Table 1.6 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 1.7 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by political views
Table 1.8 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 1.9 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by tenure status
Table 1.10 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 1.11 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 1.12 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by academic field
Table 1.13 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by years at present institution
Which AI applications have you used for this purpose and what has been your experience with them?
Table 2.1 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries?
Table 2.2 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by academic title
Table 2.3 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by enrollment
Table 2.4 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 2.5 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by public or private college
Table 2.6 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 2.7 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by political views
Table 2.8 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 2.9 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by tenure status
Table 2.10 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 2.11 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 2.12 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by academic field
Table 2.13 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by years at present institution
Table 3.1 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often?
Table 3.2 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by academic title
Table 3.3 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by enrollment
Table 3.4 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 3.5 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by public or private college
Table 3.6 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 3.7 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by political views
Table 3.8 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 3.9 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by tenure status
Table 3.10 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 3.11 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 3.12 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by academic field
Table 3.13 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication?
Table 4.1.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard.
Table 4.1.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.1.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.1.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.1.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.1.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.1.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by political views
Table 4.1.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.1.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.1.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.1.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.1.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.1.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4.2.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing.
Table 4.2.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.2.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.2.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.2.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.2.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.2.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by political views
Table 4.2.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.2.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.2.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.2.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.2.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.2.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4.3.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT.
Table 4.3.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.3.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.3.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.3.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.3.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.3.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by political views
Table 4.3.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.3.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.3.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.3.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.3.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.3.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 5.1 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content?
Table 5.2 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by academic title
Table 5.3 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by enrollment
Table 5.4 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 5.5 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by public or private college
Table 5.6 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 5.7 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by political views
Table 5.8 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 5.9 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by tenure status
Table 5.10 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 5.11 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 5.12 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by academic field
Table 5.13 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by years at present institution
What have been the most rewarding and frustrating aspects of using artificial intelligence applications in searching for articles, summarizing articles and seeking scholarly outlets for your work?
Table 6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content?
Table 6.1.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard.
Table 6.1.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.1.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.1.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.1.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.1.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.1.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by political views
Table 6.1.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.1.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.1.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.1.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.1.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.1.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.2.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT.
Table 6.2.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.2.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.2.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.2.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.2.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.2.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by political views
Table 6.2.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.2.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.2.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.2.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.2.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.2.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.3.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing.
Table 6.3.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.3.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.3.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.3.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.3.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.3.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by political views
Table 6.3.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.3.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.3.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.3.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.3.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.3.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.4.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant.
Table 6.4.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.4.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.4.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.4.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.4.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.4.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by political views
Table 6.4.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.4.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.4.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.4.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.4.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.4.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.5.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI.
Table 6.5.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.5.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.5.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.5.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.5.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.5.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by political views
Table 6.5.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.5.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.5.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.5.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.5.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.5.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 7.1 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content?
Table 7.2 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by academic title
Table 7.3 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by enrollment
Table 7.4 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 7.5 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by public or private college
Table 7.6 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 7.7 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by political views
Table 7.8 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 7.9 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by tenure status
Table 7.10 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 7.11 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 7.12 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by academic field
Table 7.13 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by years at present institution
Table 1.2 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by academic title
Table 1.3 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by enrollment
Table 1.4 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 1.5 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by public or private college
Table 1.6 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 1.7 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by political views
Table 1.8 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 1.9 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by tenure status
Table 1.10 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 1.11 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 1.12 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by academic field
Table 1.13 Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications? Broken out by years at present institution
Which AI applications have you used for this purpose and what has been your experience with them?
Table 2.1 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries?
Table 2.2 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by academic title
Table 2.3 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by enrollment
Table 2.4 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 2.5 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by public or private college
Table 2.6 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 2.7 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by political views
Table 2.8 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 2.9 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by tenure status
Table 2.10 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 2.11 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 2.12 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by academic field
Table 2.13 In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries? Broken out by years at present institution
Table 3.1 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often?
Table 3.2 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by academic title
Table 3.3 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by enrollment
Table 3.4 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 3.5 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by public or private college
Table 3.6 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 3.7 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by political views
Table 3.8 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 3.9 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by tenure status
Table 3.10 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 3.11 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 3.12 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by academic field
Table 3.13 How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often? Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication?
Table 4.1.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard.
Table 4.1.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.1.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.1.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.1.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.1.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.1.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by political views
Table 4.1.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.1.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.1.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.1.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.1.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.1.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? Bard. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4.2.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing.
Table 4.2.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.2.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.2.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.2.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.2.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.2.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by political views
Table 4.2.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.2.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.2.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.2.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.2.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.2.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 4.3.1 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT.
Table 4.3.2 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic title
Table 4.3.3 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by enrollment
Table 4.3.4 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 4.3.5 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by public or private college
Table 4.3.6 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 4.3.7 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by political views
Table 4.3.8 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 4.3.9 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by tenure status
Table 4.3.10 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 4.3.11 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 4.3.12 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic field
Table 4.3.13 Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication? ChatGPT. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 5.1 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content?
Table 5.2 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by academic title
Table 5.3 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by enrollment
Table 5.4 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 5.5 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by public or private college
Table 5.6 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 5.7 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by political views
Table 5.8 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 5.9 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by tenure status
Table 5.10 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 5.11 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 5.12 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by academic field
Table 5.13 Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content? Broken out by years at present institution
What have been the most rewarding and frustrating aspects of using artificial intelligence applications in searching for articles, summarizing articles and seeking scholarly outlets for your work?
Table 6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content?
Table 6.1.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard.
Table 6.1.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.1.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.1.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.1.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.1.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.1.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by political views
Table 6.1.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.1.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.1.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.1.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.1.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.1.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Bard. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.2.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT.
Table 6.2.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.2.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.2.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.2.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.2.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.2.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by political views
Table 6.2.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.2.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.2.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.2.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.2.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.2.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? ChatGPT. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.3.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing.
Table 6.3.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.3.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.3.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.3.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.3.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.3.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by political views
Table 6.3.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.3.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.3.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.3.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.3.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.3.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? AI-enabled Bing. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.4.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant.
Table 6.4.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.4.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.4.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.4.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.4.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.4.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by political views
Table 6.4.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.4.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.4.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.4.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.4.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.4.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Dimensions AI Assistant. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 6.5.1 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI.
Table 6.5.2 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by academic title
Table 6.5.3 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by enrollment
Table 6.5.4 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 6.5.5 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by public or private college
Table 6.5.6 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by age of respondent
Table 6.5.7 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by political views
Table 6.5.8 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by annual personal income
Table 6.5.9 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by tenure status
Table 6.5.10 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 6.5.11 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 6.5.12 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by academic field
Table 6.5.13 Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content? Scopus AI. Broken out by years at present institution
Table 7.1 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content?
Table 7.2 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by academic title
Table 7.3 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by enrollment
Table 7.4 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by type of college or Carnegie Class
Table 7.5 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by public or private college
Table 7.6 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by age of respondent
Table 7.7 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by political views
Table 7.8 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by annual personal income
Table 7.9 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by tenure status
Table 7.10 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by gender of respondent
Table 7.11 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by race or ethnicity
Table 7.12 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by academic field
Table 7.13 Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content? Broken out by years at present institution
THE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Please answer the following:
A. Name:
B. Institution
C. Title (associate, professor, instructor, etc.)
D. Academic Field
E. Email Address
2. Which Carnegie Class description best fits your college?
A. Community College
B. BA-Granting Institution
C. Specialized College (i.e., performing arts, seminary, etc.)
D. MA-PHD Granting College
E. Level 1 or Level 2 Research University
3. Your college is:
A. Public
B. Private
4. What is the approximate full time equivalent enrollment of your college?
5. Which age band best describes you?
A. 30 or Under
B. 31-39
C. 40-49
D. 50-59
E. 60 or over
6. Which phrase best describes your political views?
A. Left of Liberal
B. Liberal
C. Middle of the Road
D. Conservative
E. Right of Conservative
7. Which phrase best describes your annual personal income from all sources? (do not include income from spouse or other life partner)
A. Less than $50,000
B. $50,000 to $75,000
C. $75,000+ to $100,000
D. $100,000 to $150,000
E. More than $150,000
8. You are:
A. Tenured
B. Not tenured but on a tenure track
C. Not tenured and not on a tenure track
9. Which phrase best describes your gender?
A. Female
B. Male
C. Transgender
10. Which phrase best describes your race or ethnicity
A. White or Caucasian
B. Black or African American
C. Hispanic or Latino
D. Asian or Asian American
E. Indigenous
F. Mixed Race
11. Your academic field is best described by which of the following designations
A. Social Sciences (except economics and psychology)
B. Economics/Finance
C. Business (other than economics/finance)
D. Performing Arts
E. Psychology & Social Work
F. Medicine
G. Law
H. Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Science
I. Hard Sciences (Chemistry, Biology, Physics)
J. Education or Library Science
K. Allied Health: Nursing, Occupation or Physical Therapy, Nutrition, etc.
L. Earth and Environmental Sciences
M. Architecture, Fine and Visual Arts
N. History
O. English, Literature & Languages
P. Other (please specify)
12. For how many years have you worked at your present institution?
A. 1 year or less
B. 1+ years to 3 years
C. 3+ years to 5 years
D. 5+ years to 10 years
E. 10+ years to 20 years
F. More than 20 years
13. Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications?
A. Yes
B. No
14. Which AI applications have you used for this purpose and what has been your experience with them?
15. In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries?
A. Yes, Frequently
B. Yes, Occasionally
C. No, because the sourcing is misleading
D. No, not my habit
E. No, don't use AI for research at all
16. How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often?
A. A great deal
B. A lot
C. A moderate amount
D. A little
E. None at all
17. Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication?
A. Bard
B. AI-enabled Bing
C. ChatGPT
18. Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content?
A. Yes
B. No
19. What have been the most rewarding and frustrating aspects of using artificial intelligence applications in searching for articles, summarizing articles and seeking scholarly outlets for your work?
20. Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content?
A. Bard
B. ChatGPT
C. AI-enabled Bing
D. Dimensions AI Assistant
E. Scopus AI
F. Other (please specify)
21. Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content?
A. Yes
B. No
A. Name:
B. Institution
C. Title (associate, professor, instructor, etc.)
D. Academic Field
E. Email Address
2. Which Carnegie Class description best fits your college?
A. Community College
B. BA-Granting Institution
C. Specialized College (i.e., performing arts, seminary, etc.)
D. MA-PHD Granting College
E. Level 1 or Level 2 Research University
3. Your college is:
A. Public
B. Private
4. What is the approximate full time equivalent enrollment of your college?
5. Which age band best describes you?
A. 30 or Under
B. 31-39
C. 40-49
D. 50-59
E. 60 or over
6. Which phrase best describes your political views?
A. Left of Liberal
B. Liberal
C. Middle of the Road
D. Conservative
E. Right of Conservative
7. Which phrase best describes your annual personal income from all sources? (do not include income from spouse or other life partner)
A. Less than $50,000
B. $50,000 to $75,000
C. $75,000+ to $100,000
D. $100,000 to $150,000
E. More than $150,000
8. You are:
A. Tenured
B. Not tenured but on a tenure track
C. Not tenured and not on a tenure track
9. Which phrase best describes your gender?
A. Female
B. Male
C. Transgender
10. Which phrase best describes your race or ethnicity
A. White or Caucasian
B. Black or African American
C. Hispanic or Latino
D. Asian or Asian American
E. Indigenous
F. Mixed Race
11. Your academic field is best described by which of the following designations
A. Social Sciences (except economics and psychology)
B. Economics/Finance
C. Business (other than economics/finance)
D. Performing Arts
E. Psychology & Social Work
F. Medicine
G. Law
H. Mathematics/Statistics/Computer Science
I. Hard Sciences (Chemistry, Biology, Physics)
J. Education or Library Science
K. Allied Health: Nursing, Occupation or Physical Therapy, Nutrition, etc.
L. Earth and Environmental Sciences
M. Architecture, Fine and Visual Arts
N. History
O. English, Literature & Languages
P. Other (please specify)
12. For how many years have you worked at your present institution?
A. 1 year or less
B. 1+ years to 3 years
C. 3+ years to 5 years
D. 5+ years to 10 years
E. 10+ years to 20 years
F. More than 20 years
13. Have you tried to use any artificial intelligence application to develop citations for your scholarly research and publications?
A. Yes
B. No
14. Which AI applications have you used for this purpose and what has been your experience with them?
15. In your AI searches, have you generally requested the AI applications (such as ChatGPT or Bard) to provide specific sourcing information when it provides answers to your queries?
A. Yes, Frequently
B. Yes, Occasionally
C. No, because the sourcing is misleading
D. No, not my habit
E. No, don't use AI for research at all
16. How much confidence do you have in the accuracy of the sourcing and citation information in the AI application that you use most often?
A. A great deal
B. A lot
C. A moderate amount
D. A little
E. None at all
17. Have you ever used any of the following to suggest journals to which to submit research to for publication?
A. Bard
B. AI-enabled Bing
C. ChatGPT
18. Have you ever used an AI application to seek recommendations on which journals to submit your ideas, articles or other content?
A. Yes
B. No
19. What have been the most rewarding and frustrating aspects of using artificial intelligence applications in searching for articles, summarizing articles and seeking scholarly outlets for your work?
20. Which of the following applications have you used to find or summarize journal articles or other content?
A. Bard
B. ChatGPT
C. AI-enabled Bing
D. Dimensions AI Assistant
E. Scopus AI
F. Other (please specify)
21. Would you say that you now use any of the AI applications listed above, or other AI applications, routinely in searching for journal articles or other content?
A. Yes
B. No
Institutional Affiliations of the Survey Participants
- A.T. Still University
- Abilene Christian University
- Adelphi
- Alabama State University
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine
- Alfred University
- Alvin Community College
- American International College
- American University
- American University of Iraq-Baghdad
- Appalachian State University
- APUS
- Arizona State University
- Arkansas State University-Mountain Home
- Art Department, Covenant College
- ASU
- Athens State University
- Austin Peay State University
- Baldwin Wallace University
- Ball State University
- Baylor College of Medicine
- Baylor University
- Bellevue University
- Bethel University
- BIDMC: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
- Binghamton University
- Blinn College
- Boston College
- Boston University
- Bowie State University
- Bowling Green State University
- Bradley University
- Brigham Young University
- Brigham Young University
- Brookdale Community College
- Bryant & Stratton College
- Bunker Hill Community College
- Butte Community College
- Calhoun Community College
- Calif. State University. L.A.
- California Baptist University
- California Lutheran University
- California State University Channel Islands
- California State University, Chico
- California State University, Los Angeles
- California State University, Northridge
- Caltech
- Cambridge College
- Carl Albert State College
- Carl Sandburg College
- Carleton College
- Carteret Community College
- Carthage College
- CCNY
- Central Texas College
- Cerritos College
- Chalmers University of Technology
- Champlain College
- Chapman University
- City College of New York
- City University of New York
- Clark University
- Clatsop Community College
- Clemson University
- Coker University
- College of DuPage
- College of San Mateo
- College of William & Mary
- Colorado Northwestern Community College
- Colorado School of Mines
- Columbia University
- Columbia-Greene Community College
- Columbus State University
- Concordia University, Saint Paul
- Cornell University
- Cornish College of the Ats
- County College of Morris
- CSU Channel Islands
- CSU Long Beach
- CSULA
- CT State Community College Housatonic
- Culinary institute of America
- CUNY
- CUNY Hunter College
- Cuyahoga Community College
- CWU
- Dallas Baptist University
- Dallas Christian College
- Defiance College
- Delaware County Community College
- Delaware State University
- Delta college
- Department of Oceanography, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh
- DePaul University
- Dewey
- Dodge City Community College
- Dominican University of California
- Drexel University
- Duke University
- Duquesne University
- Dutchess Community College
- East Carolina University
- East Texas Baptist University
- Eastern FL State College
- Eastern Illinois University
- Eastern Kentucky University
- Emory University
- Emory University
- Empire State University
- Emporia State University
- Eureka College
- Everett Community College
- Fairfield University
- Fairleigh Dickinson University
- Fairmont State University
- Faulkner University
- Fayetteville State University
- Florida A&M University
- Florida International University
- Florida State College at Jacksonville
- Fontbonne University
- Frank Phillips College
- Franklin College
- Franklin University
- Fresno State
- Geisinger Commonwealth Medical College
- George Mason University
- George Washington University
- Georgetown University
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Georgia Southern university
- Georgia State University
- Grand Valley State University
- Grand View University
- Gustavus Adolphus College
- GVSU
- Hampden-Sydney College
- Harding University
- Hawai’i Pacific University
- HGSE
- Hilbert College
- Hiram College
- Hofstra University
- Hope College
- Houston Community College
- Howard University
- Husson University
- Ichan School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
- Idaho State University
- Illinois Institute of Technology
- Illinois TECH
- Indiana Academy for Science, Mathematics, and Humanities
- Indiana University
- Indiana University of Pennsylvania
- Indiana University/Bloomington
- Interamerican University of P.R Metro Campus
- Iona University
- Iowa State University
- Irvine Valley College & Coastline College
- Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana- Evansville Campus
- Jackson State University
- Jacksonville State University
- James Madison University
- Jarvis Christian University
- Jefferson Community College
- Johns Hopkins University
- Johnson County Community College
- Juniata College
- Kansas State University
- Kansas Wesleyan University
- KCKCC
- Kean University
- Keiser University
- Kennedy Krieger Institute
- Kent State University
- Kenyon College
- Kettering University
- Kirkwood Community College
- La Roche university
- Lafayette College
- Lake Washington Tech
- Lawson State Community College
- Le Moyne College
- Lehigh University
- Lehman College (CUNY)
- Lenoir-Rhyne University
- Lewis University
- Liberty University
- Lincoln land Community College
- Linn-Benton Community College
- Livingstone College
- Loma Linda University
- Lone Star College
- Long Beach City College
- Longwood University
- Lorain County Community College
- Los Angeles Pierce College
- Los Angeles Southwest College
- Louisiana State University at Alexandria
- Lourdes University
- Loyola University
- Loyola University New Orleans
- LSU Health
- Luther College
- Macomb Community College
- Maharishi International University
- Manchester University
- Manhattan College
- Manthe
- Marist College
- Marymount university
- Marymount University, Malek School of Nursing
- McNeese State University
- Medical College of Wisconsin
- Medical University of South Carolina
- Medill/Northwestern U
- Merced College
- Mercer University
- Meredith College
- Merrimack College
- Merritt College
- Mesa Community College
- Messiah University
- Metropolitan College of New York
- Metropolitan State University of Denver
- Miami Dade College
- Michigan State University
- Mid State Technical College
- Middlesex Community College
- Midland College
- Midland University
- Mississippi Gulf Coast Community College
- Mississippi State University
- Missouri S&T
- Missouri Valley College
- MIT
- MIU
- MMA
- Montclair State University
- Montefiore
- Montgomery College
- Montgomery County Community College
- Montserrat College of Art
- Morningside University
- MSU
- MTC
- MTSU
- New Brunswick Theological Seminary
- New Jersey City University
- New Jersey Institute of Technology
- New Mexico State University
- New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary
- New York Institute of Technology
- New York University
- NHCTC
- NMSU-Dona Ana Comm. College
- Norfolk State University
- North Carolina State University
- Northeastern University - Boston, MA
- Northern Arizona University
- Northern Illinois University
- Northern Kentucky University
- Northwest State Community College
- Northwestern Michigan College
- Northwestern University
- Nova Southeastern University
- NY Institute of technology
- NYIT-College of Osteopathic Medicine
- NYU Langone School of Medicine
- Oakland University
- Ohio Northern University
- Ohio University
- Oklahoma State University
- Oppenheim
- OrthoTain
- Pace university
- Pacific University
- Park University
- Penn State
- Penn State Harrisburg
- Penn State University
- Penn West Edinboro University
- Pennsylvania State University
- PennWest
- Pennwest Edinboro
- PennWest University
- Pensacola State College
- Pima Community College
- Platt College
- Pontifical University
- Pratt Institute
- Presto Pictures
- Princeton University
- Queensborough Community College
- Raritan Valley Community College
- Regis University
- Remington College
- Ripon College
- Rochester Institute of Technology
- Rollins College
- Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science
- Rosalind Franklin/Chicago Medical School
- Rush University
- Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey
- Saddleback College
- Saint Joseph’s University
- Saint Leo University
- Saint Mary’s College of California
- Salem State University
- San Francisco State University
- Santa Ana College
- Santa Clara University
- Santa Monica College
- Scientific College of Design
- Seattle University
- Siena College
- Sierra College
- Sinclair College
- Skidmore College
- Smith College
- Sonoma State University
- South Plains College
- South Western Community College
- Southern Methodist University
- Southwest Minnesota State University
- Spokane Falls CC
- Spokane Falls Community College
- St Mary’s College
- St. John Fisher University
- St. Lawrence University
- St. Thomas University
- Stony Brook University
- SUNY Albany
- SUNY Empire State University
- SUNY Geneseo
- Temple University
- Texarkana College
- Texas A&M University
- Texas Christian University
- Texas Southern University
- Texas Tech University
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
- Texas Wesleyan University
- The George Washington University
- The Ohio State University at Mansfield
- The University of Alabama
- The University of North Texas
- The University of Tennessee at Martin
- The University of Texas at Tyler
- The University of Tulsa
- The University of Virginia's College at Wise
- Touro
- Towson University
- Truman State University
- Tulane
- Tyler Junior College
- UMass Dartmouth
- UMass Law
- UMASS Lowell
- UNC Chapel Hill
- UNC Charlotte
- UNCW
- Union College
- Union Institute and University
- Univ Alabama at Birmingham
- University of Northern Iowa
- University of South Alabama
- UNIV of TX, Rio Grande Valley
- Universidad El Bosque
- University of Virginia
- University of Akron
- University of Alabama
- University of Alabama at Birmingham
- University of Alaska Fairbanks
- University of Arizona
- University of Arkansas Monticello
- University of California Merced
- University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, Irvine
- University of California, Los Angeles
- University of Central Florida
- University of Chicago
- University of Cincinnati
- University of Colorado, Boulder
- University of Connecticut
- University of Evansville
- University of Florida
- University of Hartford
- University of Houston
- University of Idaho
- University of Illinois
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- University of Kansas
- University of Kentucky
- University of Louisville
- University of Maine
- University of Massachusetts
- University of Massachusetts--Boston
- University of Michigan
- University of Montana
- University of Nebraska Omaha
- University of Nebraska, Lincoln
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas
- University of New Hampshire
- University of New Hampshire College of Professional Studies
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- University of North Carolina Charlotte
- University of North Georgia
- University of North Texas
- University of Northwestern Ohio
- University of Oregon
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of Redlands
- University of Rhode Island
- University of Richmond
- University of Scranton
- University of Sioux Falls
- University of South Alabama
- University of South Carolina
- University of South Carolina Upstate
- University of South Dakota
- University of South Florida
- University of Southern California
- University of St. Thomas
- University of Tampa
- University of Tennessee
- University of Texas - San Antonio
- University of Texas at Tyler
- University of Texas Medical Branch
- University of the Cumberlands
- University of the Incarnate Word
- University of Utah
- University of Valley Forge
- University of Vermont
- University of Washington
- University of West Florida
- University of Wisconsin - Platteville
- University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee
- University of Pittsburgh
- University of California-Irvine
- UTRGV
- UTSA
- UVA
- UW-Madison
- Valley College
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Virginia Tech
- Wake Technical Community College
- Walden University
- Walla Walla University
- Washington State University
- Washington University in St. Louis
- Wayne State University
- Webster University
- Wentworth Institute of Technology
- West Chester University of Pennsylvania
- West Liberty University
- West Valley College
- West Virginia University
- Westchester Community College
- Western Illinois University
- Western Kentucky University
- Western Michigan University
- Western New Mexico University
- Western Seminary
- Westfield State University
- Wheaton College (MA)
- Wichita State University
- Wichita State University Physical Therapy
- William & Mary
- Wittenberg University
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
- Yakima Valley College
- Yeshiva University
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