PEATE'S BODY SYSTEMS
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
A CONCISE, ILLUSTRATED, AND ACCESSIBLE GUIDE TO THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Each of the twelve volumes in Peate’s Body Systems series is rooted in the belief that a deep and thorough understanding of the human body is essential for providing the highest standard of care. Offering clear, accessible and up-to-date information on different body systems, this series bridges the gap between complex scientific concepts and practical, everyday applications in health and care settings. This series makes for an invaluable resource for those committed to understanding the intricacies of human biology, physiology and the various systems that sustain life.
The Endocrine System is the perfect companion for students and newly registered practitioners across nursing and allied health fields with an interest in endocrinology, providing a comprehensive yet easy-to-digest guide for both academic and clinical application.
- Equips healthcare students and practitioners with the necessary information to provide safe and competent care
- Features colourful illustrations to aid comprehension, clarify complicated concepts, and render content more engaging and accessible
- Empowers readers to adapt to a rapidly evolving healthcare landscape, preparing them for the future of healthcare delivery
- Contains information necessary for effective patient care of those with hyper- and hypothyroidism, diabetes, and other diseases and conditions affecting the endocrine system
Table of Contents
Preface viii
Acknowledgements x
1 Anatomy and Physiology: The Endocrine System 1
Homeostasis 1
The Endocrine Organs 2
Endocrine, Paracrine, Exocrine and Autocrine Signalling 4
Hormones 5
The Transportation of Hormones 5
Control of Hormone Release 6
The Physiology of the Endocrine Organs 6
The Hypothalamus and the Pituitary Gland 6
Growth Hormone 8
Prolactin 9
Follicle‐stimulating Hormone and Luteinising Hormone (Gonadotrophins) 9
Thyroid‐stimulating Hormone 9
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone 9
The Thyroid Gland 10
Parathyroid Glands 12
The Adrenal Glands 13
The Pancreas 13
The Gonads 15
Other Endocrine Glands 16
Conclusion 17
Glossary of Terms 17
Multiple Choice Questions 18
References 20
2 Assessment of the Endocrine System 21
Assessing Needs 22
The Patient History 23
Empathy 23
A Focused Endocrine Assessment 26
Assessing the Thyroid Gland 32
Conclusion 33
Glossary of Terms 33
Multiple Choice Questions 34
References 35
3 Hyperthyroidism 36
The Thyroid Gland 36
Thyroxine and Triiodothyronine 36
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Hyperthyroidism 37
Epidemiology 39
Risk Factors 39
Clinical Presentation 41
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 43
Management 47
Health Teaching 48
Understanding Hyperthyroidism 49
Treatment Options 49
Long-term Management and Follow-up 50
Conclusion 50
Glossary of Terms 50
Multiple Choice Questions 51
References 52
4 Hypothyroidism 54
Total Thyroxine and Free Thyroxine 54
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Hypothyroidism 55
Myxoedema 55
Primary and Secondary Hypothyroidism 56
Epidemiology 57
Risk Factors 58
Clinical Presentation 61
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 63
Management 67
Health Teaching 68
Conclusion 69
Glossary of Terms 69
Multiple Choice Questions 70
References 71
5 Diabetes Mellitus 73
Type 1 Diabetes 73
Type 2 Diabetes 73
Gestational Diabetes 73
Diabetes Insipidus 73
Blood Glucose Regulation 74
Insulin 74
Glucagon 75
Other Factors Influencing Blood Glucose Regulation 75
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Diabetes Mellitus 77
Epidemiology 80
Risk Factors 82
Clinical Presentation 83
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 85
Management 87
Dietary Therapy 87
Non-insulin Therapy 88
Insulin Therapy 88
Monitoring Response to Therapy 91
Physical Activity 93
Education and Self-management Skills 95
Regular Medical Follow-up 96
Psychosocial Support 96
Complications, Screening and Prevention 96
Health Teaching 96
Conclusion 97
Glossary of Terms 98
Multiple Choice Questions 99
References 100
6 Cushing’s Syndrome 101
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Cushing’s Syndrome 101
Epidemiology 103
Risk Factors 104
Clinical Presentation 105
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 108
Management 114
Health Teaching 114
Conclusion 116
Glossary of Terms 116
Multiple Choice Questions 117
References 118
7 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 119
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 119
Epidemiology 120
Risk Factors 122
Clinical Presentation 124
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 125
Diagnostic Criteria 129
Management 129
Health Teaching 130
Conclusion 132
Glossary of Terms 133
Multiple Choice Questions 134
References 135
Hypopituitarism and Hyperpituitarism 139
Epidemiology 140
Risk Factors 141
Clinical Presentation 143
Clinical Investigations and Diagnosis 144
Management 148
Observation and Monitoring 149
Medication Therapy 149
Surgery 149
Radiation Therapy 150
Combination Therapy 150
Pituitary Carcinoma 150
Follow-up Care 150
Health Teaching 150
Conclusion 152
Glossary of Terms 152
Multiple Choice Questions 153
References 154
MCQ Answers 155
Index 156
8 Pituitary Tumours 136
The Pituitary Gland: An Overview 136
Pituitary Tumours 137
Pathophysiological Changes Associated with Pituitary Tumours 138
